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This study shows how an optimized cropping system including no-tillage, cover crops and organic amendments is able to store up to 10 % more water for the crop than conventional management for rainfed cereal cropping in a semi-arid Mediterranean area in Navarre (Spain).

Solar climate intervention using stratospheric aerosol injection is a proposed method of reducing global mean temperatures to reduce some of the consequences of climate change. We present here a new modeling protocol and an ensemble of simulations using one of the most comprehensive Earth system models: the Assessing Responses and Impacts of Solar climate intervention on the Earth system with stratospheric aerosol injection (ARISE-SAI) simulations.

We describe a method to incorporate uncertainty in downscaled model ensemble projections of climate hazards, and use this uncertainty to create probabilistic projections. The uncertainty comes from two distinct sources: 1) the intrinsic natural variability of each model in the ensemble and 2) the differences, or spread, among the models. Both sources of uncertainty are used to create finite mixture distributions that can be used to form hazard and loss probability for any projected time period.

Fuel burning involves two types of emissions to the environment: CO₂ and heat. Recently, increases in both CO₂ and heat emissions have been taking place. So far, mostly the effect on atmospheric temperature of carbon dioxide has been studied. This paper studies the effect of anthropogenic heat on the atmospheric temperature. It was shown that approximately half of the temperature increase is due to the direct emission of heat, and the other half is due to the greenhouse gas effect.

Wind work at the air-sea interface is the scalar product of winds and currents and is the transfer of kinetic energy between the ocean and the atmosphere. Using a new, global, coupled ocean-atmosphere simulation performed at kilometer resolution, we show that all scales of winds and currents impact the ocean dynamics at spatial and temporal scales. The consequential interplay of surface winds and currents in the numerical simulation motivates the need for a winds-and-currents satellite mission.

In this study, we use high-resolution 3D reflection seismic data from the Orange Basin (South Africa) to provide an in-depth examination of the transitional domain from a buried deep-water fold-and-thrust belt (DWFTB) system. The study has shown the difference in structural styles and effects of a Late Cretaceous transitional and compressional domain and how they have influenced mass transport systems and deposits of the Cenozoic.

Abrupt dieback of the Amazon rainforest resulting from drying under global warming has long been recognised as a potential future tipping point. The latest generation of climate models show that multiple localised abrupt shifts can occur in the vegetation carbon under increased levels of CO₂ . Many detected abrupt shifts are proceeded by an increase in the temperature seasonal cycle amplitude, offering a promising early warning signal for Amazon forest dieback.

We present a study on the climatology of the metal sodium layer in the upper atmosphere, from the ground-based measurements obtained from a lidar network, the Odin satellite measurements, and a global model of meteoric sodium in the atmosphere. Comprehensively comparisons show good agreement and some discrepancies between ground-based observations, satellite measurements, and global model simulations.

The hydrological evolution of deep water carried within the lower limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is analysed from a combination of ship-based and Deep-Argo data gathered between 2015 and 2018. In our study, we show that its evolution through a main fracture zone of the Reykjanes Ridge have a large impact on the lower limb of the AMOC in compensating fresh inputs of dense water from the interior of the Irminger Sea.

Precise and accurate measurements of vertical winds at the mesosphere and lower thermosphere are rare. Although meteor radars have been used for decades to observe horizontal winds, their ability to derive reliable vertical wind measurements was always questioned. In this article, we provide mathematical concepts to retrieve mathematical and physical consistent solutions, which are compared to the state-of-the-art non-hydrostatic model UA-ICON.

This study endorses RCMs' added-value upon their driving GCMs in representing observed heat wave magnitudes. The future increase of heat wave magnitudes projected by GCMs is attenuated when downscaled by RCMs. Within the downscaling, uncertainties can be attributed almost equally to choice of RCMs and to the driving data associated with different GCMs. Uncertainties of GCMs in simulating heat wave magnitudes are transformed by RCMs in a complex manner, rather than simply inherited.

Methane emissions decreased after a seawater inflow and a preceding drought in freshwater rewetted coastal peatland. However, our microbial and greenhouse gas measurements do not indicate that methane consumers increased. Rather, methane producers co-existed in high numbers with their usual competitors, the sulfate-cycling bacteria. We studied the peat soil interdisciplinary and aimed to cover the soil-atmosphere continuum to better understand the sources of methane production and consumption.

Below-ground urban stormwater networks (BUSNs) play a critical and irreplaceable role in preventing or mitigating urban floods. But they are often not available for urban flood modeling at the regional or larger scales. We develop a novel algorithm to estimate existing BUSNs using ubiquitously available above-ground data at large scales based on the Graph theory. The algorithm has been validated in different urban areas and thus is well transferable.

Despite its importance in global climate, our knowledge of Antarctic sea-ice changes throughout the last glacial-interglacial cycle is extremely limited. As part of the Cycles of Sea Ice Dynamics in the Earth system (C-SIDE) Working Group, we here review marine- and ice core-based sea-ice proxies to provide insigths in their applicability and limitations. By compiling published records, we provide information on Antarctic sea-ice dynamics over the past 130,000 years.

There is rising concern in numerous fields regarding the inequitable distribution of human risk to floods. The co-occurrence of river and surface flooding is largely excluded from the leading flood hazard mapping services, therefore underestimating hazards. Using high-resolution elevation data and a region specific social vulnerability index, we developed a method to estimate flood impacts at the household level in near real-time.

Tsunamis caused by volcanoes are a challenge for warning systems as they are difficult to predict and detect. In Southeast Asia there are many active volcanoes close to the coast, so it is important to identify the most likely volcanoes to cause tsunamis in the future. For this purpose, we developed a point-based score system, allowing us to rank volcanoes by the hazard they pose. The results may be used to improve local monitoring and preparedness in the affected areas.

The Swarm-Echo Satellite carries two magnetometers that allows us to obtain two independent measurements of the changes that occur in the Earth’s magnetic field during events such as aurora. Magnetometers must be independently calibrated to ensure they remain accurate. If no magnetic reference is available, a model magnetic field must be used. This paper discusses the method used to calibrate the magnetometers on Swarm-Echo and show the improvements the calibration has made to the data product.

This study assesses the detailed water budget of the Saq-Ram Aquifer System using satellite-gravity data. Spatial heterogeneities regarding the groundwater recharge were identified: i) Irrigation excess is great enough to artificially recharge the aquifer; ii) Volcanic lava deposits, which cover 8 % of the domain, contribute to more than 50 % of the total natural recharge. This indicates a major control of geological context on arid aquifer recharge which has been poorly discussed hitherto.

The bursting of bubbles from breaking waves produce vital ocean aerosols for our planet. After a thorough analysis of the physics and statistics of the film and jet droplets from bursting bubbles, a global model describing the overall statistics of the ocean spray is proposed. The remarkable agreement of this model with a large number of experimental measurements suggests that the contribution of jet droplets from very small bubbles to the submicrometer oceanic spray is of crucial importance.

The origin of many volcanic archipelagos on the Earth remains uncertain. By using 3D modelling of mantle flow and melting, we investigate the interaction between the convective mantle near the continental-oceanic transition and rising hot plumes. We believe that this phenomenon is the origin behind some archipelagos, in particular the Canary Islands. Analysing our results, we reconcile observations that were previously enigmatic, such as the complex patterns of volcanism in the Canaries.

According to our results, we found that the variations of POC were characterized with higher proportions of autochthonous components in summer and the size spectra of DOC illustrated a distinct seasonal variation pattern. Moreover, the strong correlation of δ¹³C values between HMW-DOC and POC suggested their relationships in origin and composition. Together with available literature data, DOC concentrations, POC (%), δ¹³C, and δ¹⁵N all showed a significant increase over the past decades.

This article aimed to explore the interaction between tropical cyclones and the ocean on a relatively less studied regarding these events. Tropical cyclones generally create an area of colder waters behind, which in turn can contribute to an increase in biological activity. We found that, for the Azores region, the intensity and track geometry of the cyclones are the most important factors to determine these responses. On the other hand, the speed of the cyclone was less important.

The flood that hit Europe in July 2021, specifically the Eifel, Germany, was more than a lot of fast-flowing water. The heavy rain that fell during the 3 d before also caused the slope to fail, recruited tree trunks that clogged bridges, and routed debris across the landscape. Especially in the upper parts of the catchments the flood was able to gain momentum. Here, we discuss how different landscape elements interacted and highlight the challenges of holistic future flood anticipation.

NOAA’s Geostationary Extended Observations (GeoXO) constellation is planned to consist of an atmospheric composition instrument (ACX) to support air quality forecasting and monitoring. As design trade-offs are being studied, we investigated one parameter, the polarization sensitivity, which has yet to be fully documented for NO₂ retrievals. Our simulation study explores these impacts to inform the ACX’s development and better understand polarization’s role in trace gas retrievals.

The 18.6-year lunar nodal cycle arises from variations in the angle of the Moon’s orbital plane and affects ocean tides. In this work we use a climate model to examine the effect of this cycle on the ocean, surface and atmosphere. The timing of anomalies is consistent with the so-called slowdown in global warming, and have implications for when global temperatures will exceed 1.5 C above pre-industrial levels. Regional anomalies have implications for seasonal climate over Europe especially.

In this manifesto, we offer six points of reflection that higher education geoscience educators can act upon to recognize and unlearn their biases and diversify the geosciences in higher education, complementing current calls for institutional and organizational change. This serves as a starting point to gather momentum to establish community-built opportunities for implementing and strengthening diversity, equity, inclusion, and justice holistically in geoscience education.

Major soil carbon pools and fluxes were assessed along a climatic gradient expanding 4 °C in (MAT) for two important boreal conifer forest stand types; Species and climate affected soil organic matter (SOM) cycling but not stocks. Contrarily to common hypotheses, SOM lability was not reduced by warmer climatic conditions and perhaps increased. Results apply to cold and wet conditions and a stable vegetation composition along the climate gradient.

We use a chemistry climate model to analyze the perturbations to the stratospheric dynamics caused by an injection of carbonaceous aerosol comparable to the ones caused by a series of pyrocumulonimbi that formed over British Columbia, Canada on August 13, 2017. The injection of light-absorbing aerosol in an otherwise clean lower stratosphere cause the formation of long-lasting stratospheric anticyclones at the synoptic scale.

Under tectonic forces, the upper part of the crust can break along different types of faults, depending on the orientation of the applied stresses. We show, using scaled analogue models, that the relative magnitude of compressional and extensional forces as well as the presence of inherited structures resulting from previous stages of deformation control the location and type of faults. Our results gives insights into the tectonic evolution of areas showing complex patterns of deformation.

We examined the potential effect of stratospheric aerosol injections (SAI) on extreme temperature and precipitation. SAI may cause daytime temperatures to cool but nighttime to warm. Daytime cooling may occur in all seasons across the globe, with largest decreases in the summer. In contrast, nighttime warming may be greatest at high latitudes in the winter. SAI may reduce the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall. The combined changes may exacerbate drying over parts of the global South.