1. Two basin transition events occurred at ca. 295–265 Ma and ca. 250–240 Ma.
2. Retroarcbasin evolved from Carboniferous extension to Permian
3. Retroarcdrainage reorganization in syn-orogenic basin occurred at mid-Triassic.
4. Retroarcbasin fluctuation coincided with changing tectonic regime of the
5. An evolving Andean-type arc system across the northern North China was depicted.

Atmospheric wind and temperature are essential for understanding weather and atmospheric dynamics. We developed a new lidar receiver that measures both quantities from the same atmospheric backscatter signal without frequency scanning. Field experiments demonstrated wind measurements from 2 to 20 km and simultaneous wind and temperature measurements from 5.3 to 20 km, with good agreement with radiosondes.

We examined how winter rain falling on snow may change across northwestern Eurasia as the climate warms. Using projections from nine climate models, we found more winter precipitation and a larger portion falling as rain. Rain-on-snow events become less concentrated in spring and occur over more of the winter, while some southern areas lose spring events as snow cover becomes less persistent. These changes could affect snow conditions, reindeer herding, ecosystems, transport and infrastructure.