Resolving the mesoscale at reduced computational cost with FESOM 2.5: efficient modeling approaches applied to the Southern Ocean

Beech, Nathan; Rackow, Thomas; Semmler, Tido; Jung, Thomas

doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1496

Preprints

https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1496

Preprints

14 Jul 2023

| 14 Jul 2023

Resolving the mesoscale at reduced computational cost with FESOM 2.5: efficient modeling approaches applied to the Southern Ocean

Nathan Beech, Thomas Rackow, Tido Semmler, and Thomas Jung

Abstract. Several cost-efficient, high-resolution modeling approaches are applied to simulations of the Southern Ocean in past, present, and future climates. The results are compared with an ensemble of medium-resolution, eddy-present simulations and evaluated based on their ability to reproduce observed mesoscale activity and to reveal a response to climate change distinct from natural variability. The high-resolution simulations reproduce the observed magnitude of Southern Ocean eddy kinetic energy (EKE) well, but differences remain in local magnitudes and the spatial distribution of EKE. The coarser, eddy-present ensemble simulates a similar pattern of EKE but underrepresents observed levels by 50 %. Five years of simulated data in each time period is found to produce consistent results when evaluating mean conditions and assessing change in the region as a whole. At 1 °C of warming, the high-resolution simulations produce no change in overall EKE, in contrast to the increase projected by the eddy-permitting ensemble and despite full ensemble agreement. At 4 °C of warming, both datasets produce consistent levels of EKE rise in relative terms, although not absolute magnitudes, as well as an increase in EKE variability. Simulated EKE rise is concentrated where flow interacts with topographic features in regions already known to be eddy-rich. Regional EKE change in the high-resolution simulations is consistent with changes seen in at least four of five eddy-permitting ensemble members at 1 °C of warming, and all ensemble members at 4 °C. However, substantial noise would make these changes difficult to distinguish from natural variability without an ensemble.

Received: 03 Jul 2023 – Discussion started: 14 Jul 2023

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The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.

Journal article(s) based on this preprint

22 Jan 2024

Exploring the ocean mesoscale at reduced computational cost with FESOM 2.5: efficient modeling strategies applied to the Southern Ocean

Nathan Beech, Thomas Rackow, Tido Semmler, and Thomas Jung

Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 529–543, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-529-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-529-2024, 2024

Short summary

Nathan Beech, Thomas Rackow, Tido Semmler, and Thomas Jung

Interactive discussion

Status: closed

RC1:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-1496', Mark R. Petersen, 27 Aug 2023

See attached.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1496-RC1
- RC2: 'Reply on RC1', Mark R. Petersen, 27 Aug 2023
  
  Sorry, the links in the post were dropped. They are:
  https://tos.org/oceanography/article/eddies-and-the-distribution-of-eddy-kinetic-energy-in-the-arctic-ocean
  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1463500319302823
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1496-RC2
CEC1:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-1496', Juan Antonio Añel, 05 Sep 2023

Dear authors,
Regarding your manuscript and our code policy, and in a similar way to other recent papers submitted to the journal using the iLOVECLIM model, we would appreciate it if you could store the code in a Zenodo private repository. This way, the code would be hosted in a repository that offers greater guarantees than the current ipsl.jussieu.fr, and you would have a DOI to cite it.
Regards,
Juan A. Añel
Geosci. Model Dev. Executive Editor

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1496-CEC1
- CC1:
  'Reply on CEC1', Thomas Rackow, 06 Sep 2023
  
  There seems to be a mix-up with another paper? The FESOM code used in this study has been archived at Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7737061).
  All the best, Thomas Rackow
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1496-CC1
  - CEC2: 'Reply on CC1', Juan Antonio Añel, 06 Sep 2023
    
    Dear authors,
    Indeed, you are right. During our regular scan for these issues in manuscripts, we made a mistake and erroneously posted this comment, which was intended for another manuscript, in the Discussions for yours.
    
    You can obviate it. My sincere apologies.
    Regards,
    Juan A. Añel
    Geosci. Model Dev. Executive Editor
    
    Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1496-CEC2
RC3: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-1496', Anonymous Referee #2, 11 Sep 2023

This is a fairly straight forward and interesting paper that makes a useful contribution to understanding how constrained computational resources should be used in climate change scenarios. The paper focuses upon Eddy Kinetic Energy (EKE) and how to make reliable estimates of how this might change as a result of climate change. To do so, the authors use an ensemble of eddy-permitting models alongside a configuration specifically designed to better represent the Southern Ocean. I found the conclusion that only a single realisation of a given model is needed to appreciate how climate change affects EKE compelling. This paper makes a useful contribution to on-going discussion in the literature regarding the impact of climate change on the Southern Ocean and its mesoscale eddy field.
Most of my comments regarding the paper are quite minor. There isn’t complicated analysis here, which is a strength of the paper as it makes it simple to understand. However, the paper’s clarity could be improved, particularly in Section 2. In addition, there are some choices in the analysis, such as using geostrophic surface EKE for one model and subsurface full EKE for another, that need stronger justification.
As a final point, from the title I was expecting something more technical, like using single precision maths, alongside the use of FESOM’s non-uniform resolution. The paper is really using a carefully designed spinup procedure with an equally carefully put together finite element model and forcing dataset. The title should be altered to reflect this.
Specific Comments
In Section 2.1 it is currently tricky to understand which model is which resolution and whether they are coupled or ocean-only. After reading the paper there should be three; the high resolution SO3 configuration, a medium-resolution ocean-only model used to supply SO3 with initial conditions, and the coupled AWI-CM-1 ensemble. At the moment this isn’t entirely clear up front. The first paragraph made me think that SO3 was coupled, while the third paragraph makes it clear that it is ocean-only. It also isn’t clear here that AWI-CM-1 is an ensemble instead of a single model run. In the case of AWI-CM-1, whilst details are elsewhere and a citation is given, it would be much clearer to tell the reader that this is a five member ensemble and how that ensemble is generated in a sentence or two. The “medium-resolution eddy-permitting, ocean-only transient simulation” isn’t used in detail, but its existence is a little obfuscated here. At the beginning of the second paragraph it is stated that “model experiments with SO3 consist of a medium-resolution…”, whilst the third paragraph tells us the SO3 is “the higher-resolution ocean grid”. This can be easily remedied, but certainly caused me to pause on first read through.
Section 2.4 describes how the geostrophic velocities are calculated to facilitate how the models are compared. There are a few issues here that should be dealt with. Firstly, no explanation is given why geostrophic surface velocity wasn’t used for SO3. This would be a simpler way to guarantee that all ageostrophic motions are removed and make for a better comparison with the AWI-CM-1 ensemble and altimetry. If SSH is available for SO3, a quick comparison would validate the use of subsurface velocities instead. If there is a substantial difference, then this would require further work to ensure that the rest of the paper still stands. Secondly, equations (1) and (2) should be relocated to the middle of the first paragraph, where they are referred to. They are currently orphaned at the end of the paragraph. They are also incorrect; the pre-multiplier to the differential should be g/f, not gf, although I suspect this is purely a typo given that this would grossly alter the order of magnitude of the EKE.
The method used to test ensemble agreement seems idiosyncratic. It isn’t a standard procedure that I’m aware of, although this obviously doesn’t guarantee that this isn’t the case. I expected some sort of statistical analysis to confirm whether or not the ensemble members were in agreement and this, much simpler, approach took me by surprise. A more in-depth explanation of how to interpret what is being calculated might help. For example, should Figure 4 be interpreted as showing where the ensemble members share a common standard deviation? Does this measure imply anything about the range of values found as five days means?
In Section 4 it is hypothesised that the lack of EKE change in SO3 at 1oC could be due to a stronger wind stress causing an increase in relative wind stress damping. It is certainly the case that relative wind damping has an influence over Southern Ocean EKE (Munday et al., 2021). It is a bit of a shame to leave this has a hypothesis; changes in relative wind damping can be tested by calculating the actual damping using Reynolds averaging of the geostrophic wind power input. In addition, the expected power budget of the Southern Ocean is wind power input being balanced by bottom kinetic energy dissipation due to friction (Abernathey et al., 2021). As such, it could also be the case that the alignment of SO3’s wind stress and surface current is such that there isn’t the increased power input required to drive a stronger eddy field.
Technical Corrections
Line 12 : it would be less mysterious to tell us what the “cost-efficient, high-resolution modelling approaches” are at this point in the abstract.
Line 18 : it is fairly normal to get about a 50% at 1/4o grid spacing. Perhaps mention that here?
Line 22 :”despite full ensemble agreement” regarding the project EKE increase?
Line 47-50 : a very long sentence that could be split at “but shortcomings remain”.
Line 51 : “they” is ambiguous; what must vary in space?
Line 64-66 : mesoscale eddies also play an active role in setting the general stratification/pycnocline depth (see Marshall et al., 2002).
Line 70-73 : a good point, not something I’ve seen phrased this way before.
Line 77-78 : I found this sentence ambiguous, it could be interpreted as meaning that the wind stress and heat fluxes, etc, won’t change in a forced ocean simulation. In practise, they of course will, and this isn’t what the authors mean. Its the prescribed atmospheric temperature, 10 m winds, etc, that can’t change.
Line 130, 140, 45 : why AWI-CM-1-1MR instead of AWI-CM-1?
Line 135 : “the medium resolution: opening the sentence is repetitive, maybe replace it with SO3 to make it clear which model we’re talking about.
Line 162-164 : Has the drift vs. the climate change forcing been quantified?
Section 2.2 : this only discusses the setup of SO3, which is fine because the reader is directed to the other setups in the previous section. But it would be interesting to summarise here the number of nodes, etc, to compare with SO3.
Line 174-175 : the references on these lines have got the brackets in the wrong place, they should be around the year only.
Line 184-185 : there are two interpolations to get the forcing variables from the donor grid to the SO3 grid. This seems like it could exacerbate potential impacts, such as not conserving certain variables. Did any special care have to be taken with this process?
Line 210 : there’s a rogue “e.” at the beginning of the line. Is this a remnant of an old labelling scheme?
Line 214 and 218 : the prime isn’t the same symbol as actually used in equation (3).
Line 220 : There is currently no explanation why the EKE is coarsened to five-day means. This would be expected to reduce the EKE and may harm the comparison.
Line 222-223 : the averaging region is initially described as being from 45oS to 60oS and then as having the area northward of 40oS removed. Why is this necessary if the averaging starts at 45oS? And why is the Brazil/Malvinas confluence removed?
Line 235 : the 50% underrepresentation of the observations would be clearer if you noted the change in y-axis between panels here.
Line 236-237 : is the “less Gaussian” appearance the result of a specific test or the use of the eyeball norm?
Line 238-240 : does a deviation from normality have a physical interpretation reflecting eddy behaviour? Similarly, would multimodality or skewness reflect something physical about the circulation?
Figure 1 caption : why “Real” magnitudes of EKE for panels a-c? In the description for panel (c) SO3 isn’t fully capitalised.
Line 254-256 : this short of regional discrepancy could be because of the use of EKE at depth, instead of the surface geostrophic EKE.
Line 280-281 : It is noted that “other factors” may contribute to SO3 not showing an increase in EKE. But what are they? If the authors have such factors in mind, listing them here for later discussion would help the reader.
Line 341 : what is “spurious” about such decline? Declines such as this could occur due to a change in the position of the mean eddy field, which would not be unexpected if the change in forcing results in a change in the mean circulation. A region of strong EKE being relocated by a few 10’s of km could result in a large decrease in local EKE.
Figure 5 : the individual panels haven’t been labelled
Line 361 : Is -> is
Line 417 : extra bracket in the Hewitt reference.
References
Abernathey, R., J. Marshall, and D. Ferreira, 2011: The dependence of Southern Ocean meridional overturning on wind stress., J. Phys. Oceanogr., 41, 2261–2278.
Marshall, J., H. Jones, R. Karsten, and R. Wardle, 2002: Can eddies set ocean stratification?, J. Phys. Oceanogr.,32, 26–38.
Munday, D. R., X. Zhai, J. Harle, A. C. Coward, and A. J. G. Nurser, 2021: Relative vs. absolute wind stress in a circumpolar model of the Southern Ocean., Ocean Model., 168, 101891, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2021.101891.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1496-RC3
AC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-1496', Nathan Beech, 20 Oct 2023

Please see the attached file as a response to the reviewer comments above.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1496-AC1

Interactive discussion

Status: closed

RC1:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-1496', Mark R. Petersen, 27 Aug 2023

See attached.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1496-RC1
- RC2: 'Reply on RC1', Mark R. Petersen, 27 Aug 2023
  
  Sorry, the links in the post were dropped. They are:
  https://tos.org/oceanography/article/eddies-and-the-distribution-of-eddy-kinetic-energy-in-the-arctic-ocean
  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1463500319302823
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1496-RC2
CEC1:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-1496', Juan Antonio Añel, 05 Sep 2023

Dear authors,
Regarding your manuscript and our code policy, and in a similar way to other recent papers submitted to the journal using the iLOVECLIM model, we would appreciate it if you could store the code in a Zenodo private repository. This way, the code would be hosted in a repository that offers greater guarantees than the current ipsl.jussieu.fr, and you would have a DOI to cite it.
Regards,
Juan A. Añel
Geosci. Model Dev. Executive Editor

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1496-CEC1
- CC1:
  'Reply on CEC1', Thomas Rackow, 06 Sep 2023
  
  There seems to be a mix-up with another paper? The FESOM code used in this study has been archived at Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7737061).
  All the best, Thomas Rackow
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1496-CC1
  - CEC2: 'Reply on CC1', Juan Antonio Añel, 06 Sep 2023
    
    Dear authors,
    Indeed, you are right. During our regular scan for these issues in manuscripts, we made a mistake and erroneously posted this comment, which was intended for another manuscript, in the Discussions for yours.
    
    You can obviate it. My sincere apologies.
    Regards,
    Juan A. Añel
    Geosci. Model Dev. Executive Editor
    
    Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1496-CEC2
RC3: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-1496', Anonymous Referee #2, 11 Sep 2023

This is a fairly straight forward and interesting paper that makes a useful contribution to understanding how constrained computational resources should be used in climate change scenarios. The paper focuses upon Eddy Kinetic Energy (EKE) and how to make reliable estimates of how this might change as a result of climate change. To do so, the authors use an ensemble of eddy-permitting models alongside a configuration specifically designed to better represent the Southern Ocean. I found the conclusion that only a single realisation of a given model is needed to appreciate how climate change affects EKE compelling. This paper makes a useful contribution to on-going discussion in the literature regarding the impact of climate change on the Southern Ocean and its mesoscale eddy field.
Most of my comments regarding the paper are quite minor. There isn’t complicated analysis here, which is a strength of the paper as it makes it simple to understand. However, the paper’s clarity could be improved, particularly in Section 2. In addition, there are some choices in the analysis, such as using geostrophic surface EKE for one model and subsurface full EKE for another, that need stronger justification.
As a final point, from the title I was expecting something more technical, like using single precision maths, alongside the use of FESOM’s non-uniform resolution. The paper is really using a carefully designed spinup procedure with an equally carefully put together finite element model and forcing dataset. The title should be altered to reflect this.
Specific Comments
In Section 2.1 it is currently tricky to understand which model is which resolution and whether they are coupled or ocean-only. After reading the paper there should be three; the high resolution SO3 configuration, a medium-resolution ocean-only model used to supply SO3 with initial conditions, and the coupled AWI-CM-1 ensemble. At the moment this isn’t entirely clear up front. The first paragraph made me think that SO3 was coupled, while the third paragraph makes it clear that it is ocean-only. It also isn’t clear here that AWI-CM-1 is an ensemble instead of a single model run. In the case of AWI-CM-1, whilst details are elsewhere and a citation is given, it would be much clearer to tell the reader that this is a five member ensemble and how that ensemble is generated in a sentence or two. The “medium-resolution eddy-permitting, ocean-only transient simulation” isn’t used in detail, but its existence is a little obfuscated here. At the beginning of the second paragraph it is stated that “model experiments with SO3 consist of a medium-resolution…”, whilst the third paragraph tells us the SO3 is “the higher-resolution ocean grid”. This can be easily remedied, but certainly caused me to pause on first read through.
Section 2.4 describes how the geostrophic velocities are calculated to facilitate how the models are compared. There are a few issues here that should be dealt with. Firstly, no explanation is given why geostrophic surface velocity wasn’t used for SO3. This would be a simpler way to guarantee that all ageostrophic motions are removed and make for a better comparison with the AWI-CM-1 ensemble and altimetry. If SSH is available for SO3, a quick comparison would validate the use of subsurface velocities instead. If there is a substantial difference, then this would require further work to ensure that the rest of the paper still stands. Secondly, equations (1) and (2) should be relocated to the middle of the first paragraph, where they are referred to. They are currently orphaned at the end of the paragraph. They are also incorrect; the pre-multiplier to the differential should be g/f, not gf, although I suspect this is purely a typo given that this would grossly alter the order of magnitude of the EKE.
The method used to test ensemble agreement seems idiosyncratic. It isn’t a standard procedure that I’m aware of, although this obviously doesn’t guarantee that this isn’t the case. I expected some sort of statistical analysis to confirm whether or not the ensemble members were in agreement and this, much simpler, approach took me by surprise. A more in-depth explanation of how to interpret what is being calculated might help. For example, should Figure 4 be interpreted as showing where the ensemble members share a common standard deviation? Does this measure imply anything about the range of values found as five days means?
In Section 4 it is hypothesised that the lack of EKE change in SO3 at 1oC could be due to a stronger wind stress causing an increase in relative wind stress damping. It is certainly the case that relative wind damping has an influence over Southern Ocean EKE (Munday et al., 2021). It is a bit of a shame to leave this has a hypothesis; changes in relative wind damping can be tested by calculating the actual damping using Reynolds averaging of the geostrophic wind power input. In addition, the expected power budget of the Southern Ocean is wind power input being balanced by bottom kinetic energy dissipation due to friction (Abernathey et al., 2021). As such, it could also be the case that the alignment of SO3’s wind stress and surface current is such that there isn’t the increased power input required to drive a stronger eddy field.
Technical Corrections
Line 12 : it would be less mysterious to tell us what the “cost-efficient, high-resolution modelling approaches” are at this point in the abstract.
Line 18 : it is fairly normal to get about a 50% at 1/4o grid spacing. Perhaps mention that here?
Line 22 :”despite full ensemble agreement” regarding the project EKE increase?
Line 47-50 : a very long sentence that could be split at “but shortcomings remain”.
Line 51 : “they” is ambiguous; what must vary in space?
Line 64-66 : mesoscale eddies also play an active role in setting the general stratification/pycnocline depth (see Marshall et al., 2002).
Line 70-73 : a good point, not something I’ve seen phrased this way before.
Line 77-78 : I found this sentence ambiguous, it could be interpreted as meaning that the wind stress and heat fluxes, etc, won’t change in a forced ocean simulation. In practise, they of course will, and this isn’t what the authors mean. Its the prescribed atmospheric temperature, 10 m winds, etc, that can’t change.
Line 130, 140, 45 : why AWI-CM-1-1MR instead of AWI-CM-1?
Line 135 : “the medium resolution: opening the sentence is repetitive, maybe replace it with SO3 to make it clear which model we’re talking about.
Line 162-164 : Has the drift vs. the climate change forcing been quantified?
Section 2.2 : this only discusses the setup of SO3, which is fine because the reader is directed to the other setups in the previous section. But it would be interesting to summarise here the number of nodes, etc, to compare with SO3.
Line 174-175 : the references on these lines have got the brackets in the wrong place, they should be around the year only.
Line 184-185 : there are two interpolations to get the forcing variables from the donor grid to the SO3 grid. This seems like it could exacerbate potential impacts, such as not conserving certain variables. Did any special care have to be taken with this process?
Line 210 : there’s a rogue “e.” at the beginning of the line. Is this a remnant of an old labelling scheme?
Line 214 and 218 : the prime isn’t the same symbol as actually used in equation (3).
Line 220 : There is currently no explanation why the EKE is coarsened to five-day means. This would be expected to reduce the EKE and may harm the comparison.
Line 222-223 : the averaging region is initially described as being from 45oS to 60oS and then as having the area northward of 40oS removed. Why is this necessary if the averaging starts at 45oS? And why is the Brazil/Malvinas confluence removed?
Line 235 : the 50% underrepresentation of the observations would be clearer if you noted the change in y-axis between panels here.
Line 236-237 : is the “less Gaussian” appearance the result of a specific test or the use of the eyeball norm?
Line 238-240 : does a deviation from normality have a physical interpretation reflecting eddy behaviour? Similarly, would multimodality or skewness reflect something physical about the circulation?
Figure 1 caption : why “Real” magnitudes of EKE for panels a-c? In the description for panel (c) SO3 isn’t fully capitalised.
Line 254-256 : this short of regional discrepancy could be because of the use of EKE at depth, instead of the surface geostrophic EKE.
Line 280-281 : It is noted that “other factors” may contribute to SO3 not showing an increase in EKE. But what are they? If the authors have such factors in mind, listing them here for later discussion would help the reader.
Line 341 : what is “spurious” about such decline? Declines such as this could occur due to a change in the position of the mean eddy field, which would not be unexpected if the change in forcing results in a change in the mean circulation. A region of strong EKE being relocated by a few 10’s of km could result in a large decrease in local EKE.
Figure 5 : the individual panels haven’t been labelled
Line 361 : Is -> is
Line 417 : extra bracket in the Hewitt reference.
References
Abernathey, R., J. Marshall, and D. Ferreira, 2011: The dependence of Southern Ocean meridional overturning on wind stress., J. Phys. Oceanogr., 41, 2261–2278.
Marshall, J., H. Jones, R. Karsten, and R. Wardle, 2002: Can eddies set ocean stratification?, J. Phys. Oceanogr.,32, 26–38.
Munday, D. R., X. Zhai, J. Harle, A. C. Coward, and A. J. G. Nurser, 2021: Relative vs. absolute wind stress in a circumpolar model of the Southern Ocean., Ocean Model., 168, 101891, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2021.101891.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1496-RC3
AC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-1496', Nathan Beech, 20 Oct 2023

Please see the attached file as a response to the reviewer comments above.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1496-AC1

Peer review completion

AR: Author's response | RR: Referee report | ED: Editor decision | EF: Editorial file upload

AR by Nathan Beech on behalf of the Authors (20 Oct 2023) Author's response Author's tracked changes Manuscript

ED: Referee Nomination & Report Request started (21 Oct 2023) by Riccardo Farneti

RR by Mark R. Petersen (08 Nov 2023)

ED: Publish as is (16 Nov 2023) by Riccardo Farneti

AR by Nathan Beech on behalf of the Authors (22 Nov 2023) Manuscript

Journal article(s) based on this preprint

22 Jan 2024

Exploring the ocean mesoscale at reduced computational cost with FESOM 2.5: efficient modeling strategies applied to the Southern Ocean

Nathan Beech, Thomas Rackow, Tido Semmler, and Thomas Jung

Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 529–543, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-529-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-529-2024, 2024

Short summary

Nathan Beech, Thomas Rackow, Tido Semmler, and Thomas Jung

Supplement

https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1496-supplement

Data sets

Eddy kinetic energy from FESOM SO3 simulations Nathan Beech https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8046792

Code used for data analysis and visualization Nathan Beech https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8046783

Nathan Beech, Thomas Rackow, Tido Semmler, and Thomas Jung

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Short summary

Ocean models struggle to simulate small-scale ocean flows due to the computational cost of high-resolution simulations. Several cost-reducing strategies are applied to simulations of the Southern Ocean and evaluated with respect to observations and traditional, lower-resolution modelling methods. The high-resolution simulations effectively reproduce small-scale flows seen in satellite data and are largely consistent with traditional model simulations regarding their response to climate change.


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