the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 04 Oct 2022
Mapping of ESA-CCI land cover data to plant functional types for use in the CLASSIC land model
Libo Wang
Vivek K. Arora
Paul Bartlett
Salvatore R. Curasi
Abstract. Plant functional types (PFTs) are used to represent vegetation distribution in land surface models (LSMs). Large differences are found in the geographical distribution of PFTs currently used in various LSMs. These differences arise from the differences in the underlying land cover products but also the methods used to map or reclassify land cover data to the PFTs that a given LSM represents. There are large uncertainties associated with existing PFT mapping methods since they are largely based on expert judgment and therefore are subjective. In this study, we propose a new approach to inform the mapping or the cross-walking process using analyses from sub-pixel fractional error matrices, which allows for a quantitative assessment of the fractional composition of the land cover categories in a dataset. We use the Climate Change Initiative (CCI) land cover product produced by the European Space Agency (ESA). A previous study has shown that compared to fine-resolution maps over Canada, the ESA-CCI product provides an improved land cover distribution compared to that from the GLC2000 dataset currently used in the CLASSIC (Canadian Land Surface Scheme Including Biogeochemical Cycles) model. A tree cover fraction dataset and a fine-resolution land cover map over Canada are used to compute the sub-pixel fractional composition of the land cover classes in ESA-CCI, which is then used to create a cross-walking table for mapping the ESA-CCI land cover categories to nine PFTs represented in the CLASSIC model. There are large differences between the new PFTs and those currently used in the model. Offline simulations performed with the CLASSIC model using the ESA-CCI based PFTs show improved winter albedo compared to that based on the GLC2000 dataset. This emphasizes the importance of accurate representation of vegetation distribution for realistic simulation of surface albedo in LSMs. Results in this study suggest that the sub-pixel fractional composition analyses are an effective way to reduce uncertainties in the PFT mapping process and therefore, to some extent, objectify the otherwise subjective process.
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The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
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Journal article(s) based on this preprint
Libo Wang et al.
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-923', Anonymous Referee #1, 19 Dec 2022
General comments:
This study evaluates the impact of uncertainties and biases in plant functional type (PFT) maps that are used as inputs to land surface models. The specific aim is to quantify the impact of a revised PFT map on winter albedo simulations by the Canadian Land Surface Scheme Including Biogeochemical Cycles (CLASSIC) land surface model. The improved PFT map is generated through a multi-step process that combines multiple land cover maps at different spatial and categorical resolutions with ancillary data on tree cover and vegetation height. First, the authors combine two existing land cover maps (North America Land Change Monitoring System, NALCMS; and Virtual Land Cover Engine, VLCE) to produce a harmonized 30 m land cover map for North America with improved categorical precision (i.e., more precise and accurate category labels). Next, the authors perform a direct mapping of classes from this hybrid land cover map onto the CLASSIC PFT scheme, such that each land cover class corresponds to a particular mix of PFTs as represented in CLASSIC. This step is supported by insights from vegetation height data from an airborne LiDAR campaign over parts of Canada. Next, the authors jointly combine the 30 m hybrid land cover dataset above with a 30 m tree cover fraction dataset (based on the Hansen Landsat analysis) to map sub-pixel fractional composition for classes in the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) land cover map (300 m spatial resolution). Next, the authors use this analysis to map the ESA-CCI land cover classes onto PFT mixtures as represented in CLASSIC. Since the ESA-CCI dataset is global, this then allows the authors to perform CLASSIC simulations globally (with some corrections based on exploratory analysis of the resulting PFT map). Finally, the authors perform simulations for Canada and Alaska with the CLASSIC model using its original PFT map (GLC2000) and the revised ESA-CCI scheme described above, specifically looking at differences in simulated winter albedo (which is also compared to the MODIS MCD43C3 white-sky albedo product). Results show that albedo predictions are generally more accurate using the new PFT scheme, though both PFT schemes retain some albedo biases related to model structural errors.
Uncertainty from PFT maps is an important and relevant topic to land surface modeling specifically and Earth Science more generally. The specific impact of PFT maps on albedo simulations is highly relevant to studies of global climate, as albedo feedbacks are one of the most important mechanisms for vegetation impacts on regional and global climate, especially at high latitudes. The land surface model (CLASSIC) and the simulation setup appear appropriate for the research questions about the sensitivity of albedo simulations to PFT maps. The description of the land cover and ancillary datasets is thorough, and the data are well-suited to the study objectives. The implementation of mapping these land cover and ancillary datasets onto an improved PFT map is well-described, well-thought-out, and appears robust. The results are clear and compelling, and the conclusions are appropriate to the scope of the results.
I have a few suggestions, primarily related to the paper's organization and presentation.
(1) Most importantly, the exact way that PFT fractions are used in CLASSIC, *especially for the physical calculation of albedo*, needs to be explained more clearly (see detailed comment below).
(2) I found the description of the study's workflow around generating PFT maps (Section 3) confusing and hard to follow; even after multiple reads, I'm not 100% certain exactly what was done or how the pieces fit together. I would suggest adding a more detailed high-level description of what was done at the beginning of Section 3 (the authors should feel free to borrow text from my summary above, assuming it's an accurate reflection of what was done). I would consider a much more detailed version of the flowchart in Figure 2 that indicates exactly which information is flowing where, with reference to the sub-sections describing that flow of information.
(3) I found the somewhat unorthodox structure of the paper --- where both the methods for PFT mapping and the results thereof (in terms of both land cover distributions and simulated albedo) --- to be confusing. I would suggest having a single methods section clearly focused on how the study was done, and a separate results section that in turn is broken down into (a) differences in land cover and PFT maps between the different approaches, and (b) resulting differences in simulated albedo. Somewhat related to this, I would also only keep details that are directly relevant to this analysis in the methods and move asides and mentions of related work to the discussion (or remove them from the paper altogether). This was especially true of the global maps described in Section 3.3 --- I read this section expecting to see global simulations and was surprised to see these absent...which is fine --- they are not necessary to the success of the paper --- but adds confusion to what is already a pretty dense paper.
(4) A minor suggestion: Somewhere in the introduction and/or discussion, it may be worth explicitly distinguishing several categories of approaches for modeling PFTs: (1) Static, where the PFT for a particular pixel is assigned once, exogenously, and persists over the course of the simulation; (2) Forced, where PFTs are still assigned exogenously but can vary through time (e.g., based on scenarios of land cover/land-use change); and (3) Dynamic, where PFTs compete with each other within a pixel through explicitly represented ecological processes (e.g., see the review of vegetation demography models in Fisher et al. 2018 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13910). I suspect that the relative sensitivity of model results to input PFT maps will vary across these different model types (though I fully expect all of these model types to be sensitive to input PFT maps!).
Overall, I found this to be a well-thought-out and well-executed technical study on an important and relevant topic that is presented in an awkward way. My recommendation is for a significant but almost entirely cosmetic and organizational revision.
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Detailed comments:[L190-195]
This is unclear. How does vegetation heterogeneity --- i.e., the four PFTs used for the physics --- represented in the physics scheme? Are the two sub-grid areas with vegetation (with an without snow) in turn a weighted average of parameters from these 4 PFTs? Or is just one PFT selected for the parameterization? Or are parameters for the physics identical? This is especially important to describe clearly and thoroughly because the interpretation of the results hinges primarily on this component.[L205-210]
Please clearly indicate which configuration was used in this study --- i.e., was the biogeochemistry on or off? Information about whichever configuration was *not* used in the study is extraneous and can be removed.Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-923-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Libo Wang, 16 Jan 2023
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2022/egusphere-2022-923/egusphere-2022-923-AC1-supplement.pdf
-
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Libo Wang, 16 Jan 2023
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RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-923', Anonymous Referee #2, 27 Jan 2023
Review of “Mapping of ESA-CCI land cover data to plant functional types for use in the CLASSIC land model”
This study focuses on sources of uncertainty in the creation/application of Plant Functional Types (PFTs) in Land Surface Models. The authors highlight the roles of expert judgement and differences in Land Cover (LC) datasets as sources of variation in the distribution and parameterization of PFTs. Focusing on CANADA, the study generates an improved PFT distribution map through the creation of a hybrid LC dataset (combining multiple LC layers) followed by the creation of a new crosswalk table that translates LC to a standard PFT scheme. The study evaluates the influence of this approach using the CLASSIC model to compare simulated winter albedo with new and old PFT representations. The new approach preforms better than model runs based on older PFTs, and the model is evaluated in an interesting sub-pixel PFT composition context.
The motivation for the study is compelling and the crosswalk approach appears to be a tangible improvement to PFT methods.
A primary area of possible improvement for the manuscript is the acknowledgement of its own study limitations in general. A clear example can be found in Section 3.3 where Table 4 is presented. While the rest of the paper centers around the creation of improved PFTs in Canada, it is unclear to what degree this global version is appropriately validated for general use across other regions (e.g., those which were not compared with the LiDAR dataset). This section provides a qualitative and partially anecdotal assessment but evidence for these points is not presented in this manuscript. Likely this could require a lot to truly validate, so I would suggest bringing in a more explicit acknowledgement of what the actual use-case and limits for this table are. I realize there is some discussion elsewhere in the manuscript regarding global products described in other papers. In general, the limitations of the approach could be explored more.
A final suggestion would be to be more explicit about each step in the creation of these layers and crosswalk tables. It is often unclear exactly what is done. I will note that the paper is presented in a high level of detail in many places.
This paper focuses on an important topic for the improvement of Land Surface Models. The manuscript could be improved by acknowledging limitations and by increasing the clarify regarding the details of the methods.
Specific
L3 “found” how?
L4 “differences arise from the differences” needs an edit
L11 What specific study? Maybe it should be “Previous work has shown.” Not sure.
L34 It could also be useful to mention (somewhere) what some of the other approaches are beyond PFTs.
L138 So does this mean that “herbs” in VLCE remain herbs if they are not “croplands” in NALCMS?
L141 I appreciate the detailed description of each dataset.
L218 How was this disaggregation done?
L243 This is a particularly important part of the paper but does not feel fully fleshed out. Very little detail is provided for the creation of the tables, and Figure 2 is leaned on heavily. However, Figure 2 doesn’t stand alone for several reasons. Acronyms could be spelled out (even simple ones) and some description of the processes being depicted might help.
Table 1 Define the numbers above the PFTs
Table 1 Why are C3 and C4 grasses combined? You mention separating C3 and C4 using Still et al 2003 (L263) but you also mention combining them because C4 contribution is negligible in Canada (L788). C4 grasses are indeed more common in warmer conditions, but they also do comprise an important part of some grasslands in Canada. It could be useful to define what “negligible” means so that the magnitude of error from this is more explicit. As an example, the percentage of C4 grass species in the regional flora can reach ~24% (C4 Plant Biology 1999). Still et al 2003 is a coarse, global, and physiologically-based estimate.
L269 It is sometimes unclear exactly what was done, and the LiDAR data are a good example of that. In what way were these data used to inform this partitioning? How well do the LiDAR data align with the other datasets?
L311 “cslass”
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-923-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Libo Wang, 16 Feb 2023
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2022/egusphere-2022-923/egusphere-2022-923-AC2-supplement.pdf
-
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Libo Wang, 16 Feb 2023
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-923', Anonymous Referee #1, 19 Dec 2022
General comments:
This study evaluates the impact of uncertainties and biases in plant functional type (PFT) maps that are used as inputs to land surface models. The specific aim is to quantify the impact of a revised PFT map on winter albedo simulations by the Canadian Land Surface Scheme Including Biogeochemical Cycles (CLASSIC) land surface model. The improved PFT map is generated through a multi-step process that combines multiple land cover maps at different spatial and categorical resolutions with ancillary data on tree cover and vegetation height. First, the authors combine two existing land cover maps (North America Land Change Monitoring System, NALCMS; and Virtual Land Cover Engine, VLCE) to produce a harmonized 30 m land cover map for North America with improved categorical precision (i.e., more precise and accurate category labels). Next, the authors perform a direct mapping of classes from this hybrid land cover map onto the CLASSIC PFT scheme, such that each land cover class corresponds to a particular mix of PFTs as represented in CLASSIC. This step is supported by insights from vegetation height data from an airborne LiDAR campaign over parts of Canada. Next, the authors jointly combine the 30 m hybrid land cover dataset above with a 30 m tree cover fraction dataset (based on the Hansen Landsat analysis) to map sub-pixel fractional composition for classes in the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) land cover map (300 m spatial resolution). Next, the authors use this analysis to map the ESA-CCI land cover classes onto PFT mixtures as represented in CLASSIC. Since the ESA-CCI dataset is global, this then allows the authors to perform CLASSIC simulations globally (with some corrections based on exploratory analysis of the resulting PFT map). Finally, the authors perform simulations for Canada and Alaska with the CLASSIC model using its original PFT map (GLC2000) and the revised ESA-CCI scheme described above, specifically looking at differences in simulated winter albedo (which is also compared to the MODIS MCD43C3 white-sky albedo product). Results show that albedo predictions are generally more accurate using the new PFT scheme, though both PFT schemes retain some albedo biases related to model structural errors.
Uncertainty from PFT maps is an important and relevant topic to land surface modeling specifically and Earth Science more generally. The specific impact of PFT maps on albedo simulations is highly relevant to studies of global climate, as albedo feedbacks are one of the most important mechanisms for vegetation impacts on regional and global climate, especially at high latitudes. The land surface model (CLASSIC) and the simulation setup appear appropriate for the research questions about the sensitivity of albedo simulations to PFT maps. The description of the land cover and ancillary datasets is thorough, and the data are well-suited to the study objectives. The implementation of mapping these land cover and ancillary datasets onto an improved PFT map is well-described, well-thought-out, and appears robust. The results are clear and compelling, and the conclusions are appropriate to the scope of the results.
I have a few suggestions, primarily related to the paper's organization and presentation.
(1) Most importantly, the exact way that PFT fractions are used in CLASSIC, *especially for the physical calculation of albedo*, needs to be explained more clearly (see detailed comment below).
(2) I found the description of the study's workflow around generating PFT maps (Section 3) confusing and hard to follow; even after multiple reads, I'm not 100% certain exactly what was done or how the pieces fit together. I would suggest adding a more detailed high-level description of what was done at the beginning of Section 3 (the authors should feel free to borrow text from my summary above, assuming it's an accurate reflection of what was done). I would consider a much more detailed version of the flowchart in Figure 2 that indicates exactly which information is flowing where, with reference to the sub-sections describing that flow of information.
(3) I found the somewhat unorthodox structure of the paper --- where both the methods for PFT mapping and the results thereof (in terms of both land cover distributions and simulated albedo) --- to be confusing. I would suggest having a single methods section clearly focused on how the study was done, and a separate results section that in turn is broken down into (a) differences in land cover and PFT maps between the different approaches, and (b) resulting differences in simulated albedo. Somewhat related to this, I would also only keep details that are directly relevant to this analysis in the methods and move asides and mentions of related work to the discussion (or remove them from the paper altogether). This was especially true of the global maps described in Section 3.3 --- I read this section expecting to see global simulations and was surprised to see these absent...which is fine --- they are not necessary to the success of the paper --- but adds confusion to what is already a pretty dense paper.
(4) A minor suggestion: Somewhere in the introduction and/or discussion, it may be worth explicitly distinguishing several categories of approaches for modeling PFTs: (1) Static, where the PFT for a particular pixel is assigned once, exogenously, and persists over the course of the simulation; (2) Forced, where PFTs are still assigned exogenously but can vary through time (e.g., based on scenarios of land cover/land-use change); and (3) Dynamic, where PFTs compete with each other within a pixel through explicitly represented ecological processes (e.g., see the review of vegetation demography models in Fisher et al. 2018 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13910). I suspect that the relative sensitivity of model results to input PFT maps will vary across these different model types (though I fully expect all of these model types to be sensitive to input PFT maps!).
Overall, I found this to be a well-thought-out and well-executed technical study on an important and relevant topic that is presented in an awkward way. My recommendation is for a significant but almost entirely cosmetic and organizational revision.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Detailed comments:[L190-195]
This is unclear. How does vegetation heterogeneity --- i.e., the four PFTs used for the physics --- represented in the physics scheme? Are the two sub-grid areas with vegetation (with an without snow) in turn a weighted average of parameters from these 4 PFTs? Or is just one PFT selected for the parameterization? Or are parameters for the physics identical? This is especially important to describe clearly and thoroughly because the interpretation of the results hinges primarily on this component.[L205-210]
Please clearly indicate which configuration was used in this study --- i.e., was the biogeochemistry on or off? Information about whichever configuration was *not* used in the study is extraneous and can be removed.Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-923-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Libo Wang, 16 Jan 2023
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2022/egusphere-2022-923/egusphere-2022-923-AC1-supplement.pdf
-
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Libo Wang, 16 Jan 2023
-
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-923', Anonymous Referee #2, 27 Jan 2023
Review of “Mapping of ESA-CCI land cover data to plant functional types for use in the CLASSIC land model”
This study focuses on sources of uncertainty in the creation/application of Plant Functional Types (PFTs) in Land Surface Models. The authors highlight the roles of expert judgement and differences in Land Cover (LC) datasets as sources of variation in the distribution and parameterization of PFTs. Focusing on CANADA, the study generates an improved PFT distribution map through the creation of a hybrid LC dataset (combining multiple LC layers) followed by the creation of a new crosswalk table that translates LC to a standard PFT scheme. The study evaluates the influence of this approach using the CLASSIC model to compare simulated winter albedo with new and old PFT representations. The new approach preforms better than model runs based on older PFTs, and the model is evaluated in an interesting sub-pixel PFT composition context.
The motivation for the study is compelling and the crosswalk approach appears to be a tangible improvement to PFT methods.
A primary area of possible improvement for the manuscript is the acknowledgement of its own study limitations in general. A clear example can be found in Section 3.3 where Table 4 is presented. While the rest of the paper centers around the creation of improved PFTs in Canada, it is unclear to what degree this global version is appropriately validated for general use across other regions (e.g., those which were not compared with the LiDAR dataset). This section provides a qualitative and partially anecdotal assessment but evidence for these points is not presented in this manuscript. Likely this could require a lot to truly validate, so I would suggest bringing in a more explicit acknowledgement of what the actual use-case and limits for this table are. I realize there is some discussion elsewhere in the manuscript regarding global products described in other papers. In general, the limitations of the approach could be explored more.
A final suggestion would be to be more explicit about each step in the creation of these layers and crosswalk tables. It is often unclear exactly what is done. I will note that the paper is presented in a high level of detail in many places.
This paper focuses on an important topic for the improvement of Land Surface Models. The manuscript could be improved by acknowledging limitations and by increasing the clarify regarding the details of the methods.
Specific
L3 “found” how?
L4 “differences arise from the differences” needs an edit
L11 What specific study? Maybe it should be “Previous work has shown.” Not sure.
L34 It could also be useful to mention (somewhere) what some of the other approaches are beyond PFTs.
L138 So does this mean that “herbs” in VLCE remain herbs if they are not “croplands” in NALCMS?
L141 I appreciate the detailed description of each dataset.
L218 How was this disaggregation done?
L243 This is a particularly important part of the paper but does not feel fully fleshed out. Very little detail is provided for the creation of the tables, and Figure 2 is leaned on heavily. However, Figure 2 doesn’t stand alone for several reasons. Acronyms could be spelled out (even simple ones) and some description of the processes being depicted might help.
Table 1 Define the numbers above the PFTs
Table 1 Why are C3 and C4 grasses combined? You mention separating C3 and C4 using Still et al 2003 (L263) but you also mention combining them because C4 contribution is negligible in Canada (L788). C4 grasses are indeed more common in warmer conditions, but they also do comprise an important part of some grasslands in Canada. It could be useful to define what “negligible” means so that the magnitude of error from this is more explicit. As an example, the percentage of C4 grass species in the regional flora can reach ~24% (C4 Plant Biology 1999). Still et al 2003 is a coarse, global, and physiologically-based estimate.
L269 It is sometimes unclear exactly what was done, and the LiDAR data are a good example of that. In what way were these data used to inform this partitioning? How well do the LiDAR data align with the other datasets?
L311 “cslass”
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-923-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Libo Wang, 16 Feb 2023
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2022/egusphere-2022-923/egusphere-2022-923-AC2-supplement.pdf
-
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Libo Wang, 16 Feb 2023
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