Preprints
https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3735
https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3735
16 Jan 2025
 | 16 Jan 2025

Seasonal and interannual variability of freshwater sources for Greenland's fjords

Anneke Louise Vries, Willem Jan van de Berg, Brice Noël, Lorenz Meire, and Michiel R. van den Broeke

Abstract. The magnitude, source, release location, and timing of freshwater fluxes that end up in the numerous Greenland fjords is of special interest for ice-ocean interactions and ecosystems. In this study, we investigate intra- and interannual variability of the various freshwater sources for Greenland’s fjords in seven climatologically distinct regions. For this, we use direct and statistically downscaled output from regional climate models for the mass fluxes, process-based estimates of basal melt and observational data for solid ice discharge. For the period 1940/1958 to 2023, we separately quantify runoff from the Greenland ice sheet, peripheral ice caps and tundra regions, and precipitation directly falling in the fjords. From 2009 onwards, the available data allows us to resolve the full seasonal cycle of freshwater fluxes. The results indicate a diverse range of relative contributions from freshwater sources between seasons and regions. Freshwater input in fjords in the wet southeast and northwest is dominated by solid ice discharge (55 % and 67 %, respectively) with a small contribution of tundra runoff, whereas in the relatively drier north, northeast, and southwest the contribution of tundra runoff is more important (20 %, 25 % and 30 %, respectively). Precipitation in fjords and tundra runoff can represent a large fraction of the monthly total, i.e. up to 11 % and 35 %, respectively, for winter and spring. However, the relative contribution of tundra runoff has been decreasing in time, the result of rapid increases in ice sheet and ice cap runoff over the past decades following atmospheric and oceanic warming. We show that the regional glacier-integrated melt-over-accumulation ratio (MOA) is a good predictor for the relative contributions of solid ice discharge, tundra runoff, and ice sheet runoff. These findings have implications for the use of freshwater fluxes forcing in regional ocean models and fjord studies, and enhance our understanding of their impact on ocean and fjord circulation and biogeochemistry.

Competing interests: At least one of the (co-)authors is a member of the editorial board of The Cryosphere.

Publisher's note: Copernicus Publications remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this paper. While Copernicus Publications makes every effort to include appropriate place names, the final responsibility lies with the authors. Views expressed in the text are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher.
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Journal article(s) based on this preprint

16 Sep 2025
Seasonal and interannual variability in freshwater sources for Greenland's fjords
Anneke L. Vries, Willem Jan van de Berg, Brice Noël, Lorenz Meire, and Michiel R. van den Broeke
The Cryosphere, 19, 3897–3914, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3897-2025,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3897-2025, 2025
Short summary
Anneke Louise Vries, Willem Jan van de Berg, Brice Noël, Lorenz Meire, and Michiel R. van den Broeke

Interactive discussion

Status: closed

Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse
  • RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-3735', Ken Mankoff, 19 Jan 2025
  • RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-3735', Anonymous Referee #2, 26 Feb 2025

Interactive discussion

Status: closed

Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse
  • RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-3735', Ken Mankoff, 19 Jan 2025
  • RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-3735', Anonymous Referee #2, 26 Feb 2025

Peer review completion

AR: Author's response | RR: Referee report | ED: Editor decision | EF: Editorial file upload
ED: Publish subject to revisions (further review by editor and referees) (15 Apr 2025) by Andrea Popp
AR by Anneke Vries on behalf of the Authors (06 May 2025)  Author's response   Author's tracked changes   Manuscript 
ED: Referee Nomination & Report Request started (15 May 2025) by Andrea Popp
RR by Ken Mankoff (16 May 2025)
RR by Anonymous Referee #2 (28 May 2025)
ED: Publish subject to minor revisions (review by editor) (28 May 2025) by Andrea Popp
AR by Anneke Vries on behalf of the Authors (12 Jun 2025)  Author's response   Author's tracked changes   Manuscript 
ED: Publish subject to technical corrections (23 Jun 2025) by Andrea Popp
AR by Anneke Vries on behalf of the Authors (24 Jun 2025)  Author's response   Manuscript 

Journal article(s) based on this preprint

16 Sep 2025
Seasonal and interannual variability in freshwater sources for Greenland's fjords
Anneke L. Vries, Willem Jan van de Berg, Brice Noël, Lorenz Meire, and Michiel R. van den Broeke
The Cryosphere, 19, 3897–3914, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3897-2025,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3897-2025, 2025
Short summary
Anneke Louise Vries, Willem Jan van de Berg, Brice Noël, Lorenz Meire, and Michiel R. van den Broeke
Anneke Louise Vries, Willem Jan van de Berg, Brice Noël, Lorenz Meire, and Michiel R. van den Broeke

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Short summary
Freshwater enters Greenland's fjords from various sources. Solid ice discharge dominates freshwater input into fjords in the southeast and northwest. In contrast, in the southwest, runoff from the ice sheet and tundra are most significant. Seasonally resolved data revealed that fjord precipitation and tundra runoff contribute up to 11 % and 35 % of the total freshwater influx, respectively. Our results provide valuable input for ocean models and for researchers studying fjord ecosystems.
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