Unravelling Landslide Failure Mechanisms with Seismic Signal Analysis for Enhanced Pre-Survey Understanding

Abstract. Seismic signals, with their remote and continuous monitoring advantages, have been instrumental in unveiling various landslide characteristics and have been widely applied in the past decades. However, a few studies have extended these results to provide geologists with pre-survey information, thus enhancing the understanding of the landslide process. In this research, we utilize the deep-seated Cilan Landslide (CL) as a case study and employ a series of seismic analyses, including spectrogram analysis, single force inversion, and geohazard location. These techniques enable us to determine the physical processes, sliding direction, mass amount estimation, and location of the deep-seated landslide. Through efficient discrete Fourier transform for spectrograms, we identified three distinct events, with the first being the most substantial. Further analysis of spectrograms using a semi-log frequency axis generated by discrete Stockwell transform revealed that Event 1 consisted of four sliding failures occurring within thirty seconds with decreasing sliding mass. Subsequent Events 2 and 3 were minor toppling and rockfalls, respectively. Geohazard location further constrained the source location, indicating that Events 1 and 2 likely originated from the same slope. Subsequently, the sliding direction retrieved from single force inversion and volume estimation was determined to be 153.67º and 557,118 m³, respectively, for the CL. Geological survey data with drone analysis corroborated the above seismological findings, with the sliding direction and source volume estimated to be around 148° and 664,926 m³, respectively, closely aligning with the seismic results. Furthermore, the detailed dynamic process observed in the spectrogram of Event 1 suggested a possible failure mechanism of CL involving advancing, retrogressing, enlarging, or widening. Combining the above mechanism with geomorphological features identified during field surveys, such as the imbrication-like feature in the deposits and the gravitational slope deformation, with event video, infers the failure mechanism of retrogression of the Event 1 after shear-off from the toe. Then, the widening activity was caused by the failure process for subsequent events, as Events 2 and 3. This case study underscores the significance of remote and adjacent seismic stations in offering seismological-based landslide characteristics and a time vision of the physical processes of landslides, thereby assisting geologists in landslide observation and deciphering landslide evolution.