the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 11 Dec 2023
Extraction of Pre-earthquake Anomalies in Borehole Strain Data Using Graph WaveNet: A Case Study of the Lushan Earthquake
Abstract. On 20 April 2013, Lushan experienced a magnitude 7.0 earthquake. In seismic assessments, borehole strain meters, recognized for their remarkable sensitivity and inherent reliability in tracking crustal deformation, are extensively employed. However, traditional data processing methods encounter challenges when handling massive datasets. This study proposes using a graph wavenet graph neural network to analyze borehole strain data from multiple stations near the earthquake epicenter and establishes a node graph structure using data from four stations near the Lushan epicenter, covering years 2010–2013. After excluding the potential effects of pressure, temperature, and rainfall, we statistically analyzed the pre-earthquake anomalies. Focusing on the Guza, Xiaomiao, and Luzhou stations, which are the closest to the epicenter, the fitting results revealed two accelerations of anomalous accumulation before the earthquake. Approximately four months before the earthquake event, one acceleration suggests the pre-release of energy from a weak fault section. Conversely, the acceleration a few days before the earthquake indicated a strong fault section reaching an unstable state with accumulating strain. We tentatively infer that these two anomalous cumulative accelerations may be related to the preparation phase for a large earthquake. This study highlights the considerable potential of graph neural networks in con-ducting multi-station studies of pre-earthquake anomalies.
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2855', Anonymous Referee #1, 10 Jan 2024
This paper discusses a study conducted after the 2013 magnitude 7.0 earthquake in Lushan (China). Traditional methods face challenges in processing extensive borehole strain data, and the study proposes using a graph wavenet neural network to analyze data from multiple stations near the earthquake epicenter. The research establishes a node graph structure and excludes potential environmental effects to statistically analyze pre-earthquake anomalies. Results from stations closest to the epicenter suggest two accelerations of the anomalous strain accumulation: one about four months before the earthquake, indicating energy release from a weak fault section, and another a few days before the earthquake, indicating a strong fault section reaching an unstable state. The study tentatively infers that these accelerations may be related to the preparation phase for a large earthquake, emphasizing the potential of graph neural networks in studying pre-earthquake anomalies across multiple stations.
Although the work is interesting and apparently well written, there are some points that must be clarified, some related to two drawbacks (that represent the main criticisms) and some relating some missing references for which I was surprised that the Authors did not cite.
In general
One drawback of this work is that it is applied to a single case study only. Why not applying to at least another case, in order to avoid that what is found is just associated to this unique case and cannot extend to other cases? If data are available, it would be interesting to compare with Wenchuan 2008 earthquake. This is done in Chi et al. 2023, but using just a single station.
By the way, regarding to this, there is another interesting paper on the comparison of the two case studies, although analysing different precursory parameters (from atmosphere): Liu et al. 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12101663.
A second drawback is that it is not clearly explained the presence of the sigmoid in the results in terms of the physics of the earthquake preparation phase. Could you please interpret the results in terms of a physical model? Could it be related to a critical state of the regional crust? Could it be related to a dilatancy model of the lithosphere? How is the role of fluids?
In particular
Title. I suggest to add at the end of the title “(China)” since not all researchers know where Lushan is (especially who did not work on that earthquake).
Line 60. There are exceptions to the sentence “they mostly focused on single-station data”: not only Liu et al. 2019 and Yu et al. 2020 (both already cited by Li et al.) but also Zhu et al. 2019 (Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-26-371-2019 not cited) to give a recent example of multi-station data analyses.
Figure 1 (and rest of the paper). The findings of the work are finally drawn in terms of accumulation of anomalies. This comprehensive way to express the results, in my knowledge, has been firstly proposed by De Santis et al. 2017 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.12.037) in a study of satellite magnetic field data in occasion of the large 2015 Nepal earthquake. In that paper, it was also introduced the notation “S-shape” for the first time, as it is also used in this paper (e.g. see Figure 10 caption).
Line 175 and following. Why did you choose the window size of 7 days? How critical could this choice be?
Line 242. Are you sure that std_error is the root mean square error? From the name it looks like the standard deviation error (the two quantities are different because of a slightly different denominator).
There are section 5 (Results) and section 6 (Conclusion). What is missing is a section “Discussion”, that is partly present in section 5.
Minor points
There are several words interrupted by a “-“: e.g. “dam-age”(Line 24), “sur-face” (line 38), “phenome-non” (line 57), etc. Please join the two parts in just one.
Line 86. “two sections”: do you mean “next section”?
Line 200 (equation (9)). Which is the “sigmod” function? Is it actually “sigmoid” as introduced in the line before?
Figure 9. The numbers at the axes are too small. Please enlarge them in order to let them more visible.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2855-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Chenyang Li, 17 Jan 2024
Response to Reviewer 1:
I am very grateful to your comments for the manuscript. Thank you for your advice. All your suggestions are very important. They have important guiding significance for our paper and our research work. We have revised the manuscript according to your comments. The response to each revision is listed as following:
Comment 1
One drawback of this work is that it is applied to a single case study only. Why not applying to at least another case, in order to avoid that what is found is just associated to this unique case and cannot extend to other cases? If data are available, it would be interesting to compare with Wenchuan 2008 earthquake. This is done in Chi et al. 2023, but using just a single station.
By the way, regarding to this, there is another interesting paper on the comparison of the two case studies, although analysing different precursory parameters (from atmosphere): Liu et al. 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12101663.
Response:
Thanks for your suggestion.
In the process of our experiment, the data from Guza station began in 2006, the data from Xiaomiao and Luzhou station began in 2008, and the data from Zhaotong station began in 2010. Due to the lack of data on the Zhaotong station, in the case of using the same station and training data, the Wenchuan earthquake case is not suitable for comparative study with the Lushan earthquake case, so Wenchuan earthquake is not added to the submitted manuscript.
According to your suggestion, we used the same method to analyze the data before the Wenchuan earthquake and selected the data from the Guza, Luzhou, and Xiaomiao stations. Since the data began in 2008, we can only select 2010 and 2011 as the training set and validation set. The data from January to June 2008 were selected as the test set, and the method in the manuscript was used to analyze the pre-earthquake anomalies of the Wenchuan earthquake. The node diagram constructed by the distance between stations is shown in Fig. 1.
Figure 1 is provided in the supplementary document "Response to Reviewer."
We analyze the prediction results, use the definition in the manuscript to judge the abnormal days, and accumulate the abnormal days. Figure 2 shows the relationship between the accumulation of abnormal days and time at Guza, Luzhou, and Xiaomiao stations.
Figure 2 is provided in the supplementary document "Response to Reviewer."
As shown in Fig.2, the cumulative results of abnormal days at Guza station show the concavity of two parts. Some show that the abnormal accumulation accelerates from the beginning of January to April, the stress curve deviates from linearity, and the isolated area of strain release increases and extends steadily. The other part shows that the abnormal accumulation accelerated about a month before the earthquake, the strain release part on the fault accelerated expansion, and the strain level in the strain accumulation area increased rapidly. We fit the data of Xiaomiao station, and there is a similar phenomenon. It shows that the stations we selected receive more or less abnormal signals related to the Wenchuan earthquake. Our research is similar to the results of Chi et al., (2023) and Liu et al., (2020), which proves that the method in this paper is also applicable to the Wenchuan earthquake.
Comment 2
A second drawback is that it is not clearly explained the presence of the sigmoid in the results in terms of the physics of the earthquake preparation phase. Could you please interpret the results in terms of a physical model? Could it be related to a critical state of the regional crust? Could it be related to a dilatancy model of the lithosphere? How is the role of fluids?
Response:
Thanks for your suggestion.
(1) “A second drawback is that it is not clearly explained the presence of the sigmoid in the results in terms of the physics of the earthquake preparation phase. Could you please interpret the results in terms of a physical model? Could it be related to a critical state of the regional crust? Could it be related to a dilatancy model of the lithosphere?”
The findings of this study align with the theory of the synergism process of a fault. Ma and Guo, (2014) conducted a laboratory modeling study on the instability of a planar strike-slip fault, suggesting that the occurrence of an earthquake is linked to a fault's synergistic process, which encompasses three stages. In the initial stage, there's a deviation of the stress curve from linearity. The second stage is marked by the steady increase and expansion of isolated areas of strain release. In the final stage, the fault's sections of strain release accelerate and expand, alongside a rapid increase in strain levels in areas of strain accumulation. The period from September to December 2012 corresponds to the first and the second stages, where the stress curve deviates from linearity and isolated areas of strain release grow and extend steadily. From early 2013 up to the earthquake, aligns with the third stage, characterized by the accelerated expansion of strain release sections on the fault and a swift rise in strain levels in strain-accumulation areas. The multitude of anomalies observed post-earthquake, including those caused by crustal fractures and aftershocks, were also evident. Similar phenomena were recorded at the XM and LZ stations, correlating with Ma's theory. Thus, we believe that the anomalous phenomena observed prior to the Lushan earthquake are related to the earthquake's gestation process.
Figure 3 is provided in the supplementary document "Response to Reviewer."
(2) “How is the role of fluids?”
Borehole strain monitoring involves the placement of strain gauges deep underground to measure changes in rock or crustal strain. Crustal strain arises from the movement of tectonic plates and seismic activity. This method provides direct insights into the rate and pattern of crustal deformation, which is extremely helpful in understanding the stress state of the Earth's crust associated with seismic activities. Strain data are often highly sensitive to impending earthquakes, offering valuable information about potential fault planes.
Underground fluid monitoring primarily refers to tracking changes in groundwater levels, groundwater pressure, or the chemical composition of subterranean fluids. Seismic activities can affect the flow and pressure of groundwater, so monitoring these changes can indirectly detect seismic activities. Variations in underground fluids may correlate with seismic activities, particularly preceding earthquakes. Anomalous fluctuations in groundwater levels and pressures can serve as precursors to earthquakes. Borehole strain data provide direct information on crustal strain, while underground fluid data offer indirect insights into fluid dynamics related to seismic activities. Both play crucial roles in earthquake precursor studies, yet they differ in their monitoring methodologies, sensitivities, and scopes of application.
Comment 3
Title. I suggest to add at the end of the title “(China)” since not all researchers know where Lushan is (especially who did not work on that earthquake).
Response:
Thanks for your suggestion.
Changed the title “Extraction of Pre-earthquake Anomalies in Borehole Strain Data Using Graph WaveNet: A Case Study of the Lushan Earthquake”. Modify the title to “Extraction of Pre-earthquake Anomalies in Borehole Strain Data Using Graph WaveNet: A Case Study of the 2013 Lushan Earthquake, China”.
Comment 4
Line 60. There are exceptions to the sentence “they mostly focused on single-station data”: not only Liu et al. 2019 and Yu et al. 2020 (both already cited by Li et al.) but also Zhu et al. 2019 (Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-26-371-2019 not cited) to give a recent example of multi-station data analyses.
Response:
Thanks for your suggestion.
Modified “Despite the valuable insights gained from these studies, they mostly focused on single-station data, overlooking the potential correlations between multiple stations.” and added “ The study of seismic monitoring data based on multiple stations has been applied to many scenarios. Liu et al., (2019) analyzed the abnormal fluctuations of aerosol optical depth (AOD) before and after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and the 2013 Lushan earthquake, and found that the abnormal high AOD values appeared 11 days before the Wenchuan earthquake and 4 days before the Lushan earthquake. It is considered that the AOD index may be suitable as a precursor to the earthquake in the Sichuan Basin. Using borehole strain data from six stations in the Sichuan-Yunnan region, Yu et al., (2020) established a graph network and analyzed 13 earthquake cases with Es > 107 in the study area. It was found that the strain anomaly before the earthquake generally occurred within the first 30 days of the earthquake event. To study the abnormal strain changes before the Wenchuan earthquake, Zhu et al. (2019) introduced negative entropy analysis to the borehole data of three stations. The results show that Guza and Xiaomiao stations have similar trends and may record abnormal changes related to the Wenchuan earthquake. Renhe station failed to detect the anomalies before the earthquake due to the distance. An example of multi-station analysis is given, which shows that it is feasible to analyze seismic data with multi-station.”
Comment 5
Figure 1 (and rest of the paper). The findings of the work are finally drawn in terms of accumulation of anomalies. This comprehensive way to express the results, in my knowledge, has been firstly proposed by De Santis et al. 2017 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.12.037) in a study of satellite magnetic field data in occasion of the large 2015 Nepal earthquake. In that paper, it was also introduced the notation “S-shape” for the first time, as it is also used in this paper (e.g. see Figure 10 caption).
Response:
Thanks for your suggestion.
Modified “ In Fig. 9, it is evident that the abnormal days we defined exhibit short-period, high-frequency oscillation signals in the original waveform, suggesting that these days are associated with crustal activity. ” and added “ Santis et al., (2017) study the 2015 Nepal event using Swarm magnetic satellite data. For the first time, an S-shaped fitting function was proposed in the abnormal accumulation analysis, and some abnormal differences were found in the area around the EQ epicenter from the abnormal accumulation results. By comparing the S-shaped function and the linear fitting, it was found that the S-shaped fitting was significantly better than the linear fitting. In this paper, the S-type function is used to fit the abnormal accumulation results. ”
Comment 6
Line 175 and following. Why did you choose the window size of 7 days? How critical could this choice be?
Response:
Thanks for your suggestion.
We choose the sliding window size standard from the equipment bearing capacity and the efficiency of data processing, through the experiment to select the optimal window size. As shown in Table 1 below, we selected the size of the sliding window for 7 days, 15 days, and 30 days, respectively. Table 1 gives the time and memory size required for the calculation process. If the size of the sliding window is too small, the correlation between the data cannot be maintained. Considering the time required for the SVMD calculation process and the memory size of the computer, we chose the size of the sliding window to be 7 days.
Table 1 is available in the supplementary document "Response to Reviewer."
Comment 7
Line 242. Are you sure that std_error is the root mean square error? From the name it looks like the standard deviation error (the two quantities are different because of a slightly different denominator).
Response:
Thanks for your suggestion.
Removed std_error. In the process of the experiment, we use the root mean square error to calculate the upper and lower bounds of the predicted value. The std_error in line 242 and formula (11) have been modified to rmse.
Comment 8
There are section 5 (Results) and section 6 (Conclusion). What is missing is a section “Discussion”, that is partly present in section 5.
Response:
Thanks for your suggestion.
We have modified the structure of the manuscript. In the fifth part, we mainly include the analysis of the prediction results, the analysis of the details of the randomly selected abnormal days, and the analysis of the abnormal accumulation results. The sixth part is added as the chapter of discussion, which mainly includes the comparison and discussion of the abnormal accumulation results between different stations and the elimination of the influence of meteorological factors. The seventh section contains the conclusion. And modify the 90 lines of the original manuscript “Section five mainly includes the analysis of prediction results, the detailed analysis of randomly selected abnormal days, and the analysis of abnormal accumulation results. The sixth part is the discussion, which mainly includes the comparison and discussion of the abnormal accumulation results between different stations and the exclusion of the influence of meteorological factors. The final section presents the conclusions of the study and summarizes the key insights drawn from our analysis.” And modify the 391 lines of the original manuscript “Therefore, we can exclude the influence of pressure, temperature, and rainfall on the anomalies observed in the pre-earthquake borehole data from Lushan. We have reason to believe that the anomalies we extracted before the Lushan earthquake are related to the seismogenic process.”
Comment 9
There are several words interrupted by a “-”: e.g. “dam-age”(Line 24), “sur-face” (line 38), “phenome-non” (line 57), etc. Please join the two parts in just one.
Response:
Thanks for your suggestion.
Delete the “-”. The “dam-age” in line 24 was modified to “damage”, the “sur-face” in line 38 was modified to “surface”, and the “phenome-non” in line 57 was modified to “phenomenon”.
Comment 10
Line 86. “two sections”: do you mean “next section”?
Response:
Thanks for your suggestion.
The “two sections” were deleted. The meaning you want to express here is the next section, and line 86 is changed to “next section”.
Comment 11
Line 200 (equation (9)). Which is the “sigmod” function? Is it actually “sigmoid” as introduced in the line before?
Response:
Thanks for your suggestion.
Delete tanh and sigmod in equation (9). The tanh and sigmod in Equation (9) of line 200 are the activation functions of the neural network, tanh is the activation function of the output, and sigmod is the activation function that determines the information ratio transmitted to the next layer. The sigmod function in equation (9) is different from the sigmod function mentioned in the previous row. To avoid ambiguity in the symbol, the equation (9) in line 200 is modified to T=g(W1*X +b1) · σ(W2*X+b2) , and in line 202 is added “where g is the activation function of the output, σ is the activation function that determines the ratio of information passed to the next layer.”
Comment 12
Figure 9. The numbers at the axes are too small. Please enlarge them in order to let them more visible.
Response:
Thanks for your suggestion.
The value of the coordinate axis in Figure 9 has been modified.
Figure 9 is provided in the supplementary document "Response to Reviewer."
References
Chi, C., Li, C., Han, Y., Yu, Z., Li, X., and Zhang, D.: Pre-earthquake anomaly extraction from borehole strain data based on machine learning, Scientific Reports, 13, 10.1038/s41598-023-47387-z, 2023.
Liu, Q., De Santis, A., Piscini, A., Cianchini, G., Ventura, G., and Shen, X.: Multi-Parametric Climatological Analysis Reveals the Involvement of Fluids in the Preparation Phase of the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan and 2013 Ms 7.0 Lushan Earthquakes, Remote Sensing, 12, 10.3390/rs12101663, 2020.
Ma, J. and Guo, Y.: Accelerated synergism prior to fault instability: Evidence from laboratory experiments and an earthquake case, Dizhen Dizhi, 36, 547-561, 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2014.03.001, 2014.
Liu, Q., Shen, X., Zhang, J., and Li, M.: Exploring the abnormal fluctuations of atmospheric aerosols before the 2008 Wenchuan and 2013 Lushan earthquakes, Advances in Space Research, 63, 3768-3776, 10.1016/j.asr.2019.01.032, 2019.
Yu, Z., Hattori, K., Zhu, K., Chi, C., Fan, M., and He, X.: Detecting Earthquake-Related Anomalies of a Borehole Strain Network Based on Multi-Channel Singular Spectrum Analysis, Entropy, 22, 10.3390/e22101086, 2020.
Zhu, K., Yu, Z., Chi, C., Fan, M., and Li, K.: Negentropy anomaly analysis of the borehole strain associated with the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 26, 371–380, 10.5194/npg-26-371-2019, 2019.
Santis, A. D., Balasis, G., Pavón-Carrasco, F. J., Cianchini, G., Mandea, M. J. E., and Letters, P. S.: Potential earthquake precursory pattern from space: The 2015 Nepal event as seen by magnetic Swarm satellites, 461, 119-126, 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.12.037, 2017.
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AC2: 'Reply on RC1', Chenyang Li, 17 Jan 2024
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2023/egusphere-2023-2855/egusphere-2023-2855-AC2-supplement.pdf
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Chenyang Li, 17 Jan 2024
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EC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2855', Michal Malinowski, 13 Feb 2024
Dear Authors, when checking your manuscript I found some overlap with the paper you published in 2023 in Scientific Reports. It is also cited in your manuscript (Chi et al. 2023). Could you please provide an extensive explanation of the differences between your current manuscript and the published paper?
Best regards,
Editor
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2855-EC1 -
AC3: 'Reply on EC1', Chenyang Li, 28 Feb 2024
I am very grateful to your comments for the manuscript. Thank you for your advice. All your suggestions are very important. They have important guiding significance for our paper and our research work.
Response:
- The research ideas of the two articles are different
The research idea of the article by Chi et al. 2023 is derived from a single station. Statistical analysis of borehole strain observation data from 2007 to 2013 at the Guza station revealed similar short- and medium-term anomalies before the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 and the Lushan earthquake in 2013. To explore whether other stations also received anomalies related to the Wenchuan and Lushan earthquakes, we analyzed data from the Xiaomiao and Renhe stations. The analysis results indicate that both Xiaomiao and Renhe stations received similar seismic signals of the Wenchuan earthquakes, suggesting that the anomalies received at the Guza station are not coincidental but earthquake-related.
The research idea of our paper is to begin from multiple stations. Initially, we selected Guza, Xiaomiao, Luzhou, and Zhaotong stations as our research subjects. Utilizing the distance between each station as the underlying correlation between any two stations, according to the node diagram composed of the distances between each station, we conduct a joint analysis of the borehole strain observation data of these four stations from 2010 to 2013, and the analysis results show that the Guza, Xiaomiao, and Luzhou stations all show better S-shaped correlation between the four stations, which indicates that the anomalies received by Guza, Xiaomiao and Luzhou stations are not accidental but related to the earthquake. The results show that the Guza, Xiaomiao, and Luzhou stations all have better "S-shaped" fitting results, indicating that the multi-station analysis method we adopted has better results than the previous single-station analysis, and the extracted anomalies have a higher degree of confidence.
- The two articles used different neural network models
The model used in the article of Chi et al. 2023 is the GRU-LUBE model. GRU is a variant of recurrent neural networks, which has good results in dealing with time series data. The GRU network is improved by changing the single output to double output to get the upper and lower bound anomaly extraction model based on GRU. The anomalies are extracted by comparing the prediction results with the original data.
The model used in this paper is the Graph Wavenet model. Graph Wavenet is a newer graph neural network architecture for spatiotemporal modeling. Temporal features are extracted by 1D CNN and spatial features are extracted by GCN. The predicted results are used to construct upper and lower bounds using root mean square error, and anomalies are extracted by comparing the original data.
- The same method of data preprocessing is used in both articles. We analyzed the borehole strain observation data and found that the seismic wave is a typical non-stationary signal. VMD is a non-recursive signal processing method with good noise immunity. Relevant scholars have applied VMD to the processing of the original waveform of seismic waves and achieved good results. The SVMD method proposed in the article by Chi et al. 2023 preserves the correlation between the data and also solves the problem of insufficient memory. Therefore, this paper also adopts the SVMD method in the process of data preprocessing.
- Both articles adopt the same anomaly accumulation method. De Santis et al. 2017 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.12.037) proposed the "S-type" fitting function for the first time in the study of earthquake-related data. Chi et al. used a similar approach in their previous study and achieved good results. Therefore, the same method of anomaly accumulation is used in this paper.
Summary:
This paper is similar to the previous study of the project team (Chi et al. 2023) in the places of data preprocessing and statistical analysis of anomalies, and it is completely different in the research ideas and core algorithms. Compared to the article published by Chi et al. in Scientific Reports, it belongs to the follow-up in-depth study. Based on the single-station study, the progression was to a multi-station study, and the results showed that we got better results.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2855-AC3
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AC3: 'Reply on EC1', Chenyang Li, 28 Feb 2024
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RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2855', Anonymous Referee #2, 22 Mar 2024
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AC4: 'Reply on RC2', Chenyang Li, 03 Apr 2024
Response to Reviewer:
I am very grateful to your comments for the manuscript. Thank you for your advice. All your suggestions are very important. They have important guiding significance for our paper and our research work. We have revised the manuscript according to your comments. The response to each revision is listed as following:
General Comment
The paper “Extraction of Pre-earthquake Anomalies in Borehole Strain Data Using Graph WaveNet: A Case Study of the Lushan Earthquake” presents a Graph Wavenet method to analyze the large amount of data collected at four borehole strainmeters before and after the Lushan Ms 7 earthquake. The authors highlight an acceleration of anomalies accumulation, and they infer a possible release of energy from a weak fault section and a strain accumultion on a strong section of the fault.
Although this work proposes a promising approach to analyze large chunks of data, two main drawbacks emerge in this reviewer opinion: (i) the paper does not flow optimally and it would need a better re-organization (see specific comments); (ii) it seems like the authors focused on the Graph Wavenet sometimes leaving behind a more accurate physical interpretation of the results obtained. As a suggestion, after having recognized the anomalous days, it would be interesting to have a more detailed discussion of these “anomalous data”. Have you compared your results with different data (e.g., seismicity rates, pore-pressure data, deformations from GNSS measurements…)?
Response:
Thanks for your suggestion.
(1) the paper does not flow optimally and it would need a better re-organization (see specific comments);
We have made changes to the manuscript process, which are in the responses to specific comments.
(2) it seems like the authors focused on the Graph Wavenet sometimes leaving behind a more accurate physical interpretation of the results obtained. As a suggestion, after having recognized the anomalous days, it would be interesting to have a more detailed discussion of these “anomalous data”.
In response to specific comments, we have provided a more accurate physical interpretation of the results obtained and a more detailed discussion of these "anomalous data", and have added the interpretation and discussion to the original manuscript.
(3) Have you compared your results with different data (e.g., seismicity rates, pore-pressure data, deformations from GNSS measurements…)?
We compared our results with different data, and the comparisons and corresponding analysis are in the responses to specific comments.
Replies to reviewers “Specific Comments” and “Typos” are provided in the supplement Response to Reviewer.
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AC4: 'Reply on RC2', Chenyang Li, 03 Apr 2024
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2855', Anonymous Referee #1, 10 Jan 2024
This paper discusses a study conducted after the 2013 magnitude 7.0 earthquake in Lushan (China). Traditional methods face challenges in processing extensive borehole strain data, and the study proposes using a graph wavenet neural network to analyze data from multiple stations near the earthquake epicenter. The research establishes a node graph structure and excludes potential environmental effects to statistically analyze pre-earthquake anomalies. Results from stations closest to the epicenter suggest two accelerations of the anomalous strain accumulation: one about four months before the earthquake, indicating energy release from a weak fault section, and another a few days before the earthquake, indicating a strong fault section reaching an unstable state. The study tentatively infers that these accelerations may be related to the preparation phase for a large earthquake, emphasizing the potential of graph neural networks in studying pre-earthquake anomalies across multiple stations.
Although the work is interesting and apparently well written, there are some points that must be clarified, some related to two drawbacks (that represent the main criticisms) and some relating some missing references for which I was surprised that the Authors did not cite.
In general
One drawback of this work is that it is applied to a single case study only. Why not applying to at least another case, in order to avoid that what is found is just associated to this unique case and cannot extend to other cases? If data are available, it would be interesting to compare with Wenchuan 2008 earthquake. This is done in Chi et al. 2023, but using just a single station.
By the way, regarding to this, there is another interesting paper on the comparison of the two case studies, although analysing different precursory parameters (from atmosphere): Liu et al. 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12101663.
A second drawback is that it is not clearly explained the presence of the sigmoid in the results in terms of the physics of the earthquake preparation phase. Could you please interpret the results in terms of a physical model? Could it be related to a critical state of the regional crust? Could it be related to a dilatancy model of the lithosphere? How is the role of fluids?
In particular
Title. I suggest to add at the end of the title “(China)” since not all researchers know where Lushan is (especially who did not work on that earthquake).
Line 60. There are exceptions to the sentence “they mostly focused on single-station data”: not only Liu et al. 2019 and Yu et al. 2020 (both already cited by Li et al.) but also Zhu et al. 2019 (Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-26-371-2019 not cited) to give a recent example of multi-station data analyses.
Figure 1 (and rest of the paper). The findings of the work are finally drawn in terms of accumulation of anomalies. This comprehensive way to express the results, in my knowledge, has been firstly proposed by De Santis et al. 2017 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.12.037) in a study of satellite magnetic field data in occasion of the large 2015 Nepal earthquake. In that paper, it was also introduced the notation “S-shape” for the first time, as it is also used in this paper (e.g. see Figure 10 caption).
Line 175 and following. Why did you choose the window size of 7 days? How critical could this choice be?
Line 242. Are you sure that std_error is the root mean square error? From the name it looks like the standard deviation error (the two quantities are different because of a slightly different denominator).
There are section 5 (Results) and section 6 (Conclusion). What is missing is a section “Discussion”, that is partly present in section 5.
Minor points
There are several words interrupted by a “-“: e.g. “dam-age”(Line 24), “sur-face” (line 38), “phenome-non” (line 57), etc. Please join the two parts in just one.
Line 86. “two sections”: do you mean “next section”?
Line 200 (equation (9)). Which is the “sigmod” function? Is it actually “sigmoid” as introduced in the line before?
Figure 9. The numbers at the axes are too small. Please enlarge them in order to let them more visible.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2855-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Chenyang Li, 17 Jan 2024
Response to Reviewer 1:
I am very grateful to your comments for the manuscript. Thank you for your advice. All your suggestions are very important. They have important guiding significance for our paper and our research work. We have revised the manuscript according to your comments. The response to each revision is listed as following:
Comment 1
One drawback of this work is that it is applied to a single case study only. Why not applying to at least another case, in order to avoid that what is found is just associated to this unique case and cannot extend to other cases? If data are available, it would be interesting to compare with Wenchuan 2008 earthquake. This is done in Chi et al. 2023, but using just a single station.
By the way, regarding to this, there is another interesting paper on the comparison of the two case studies, although analysing different precursory parameters (from atmosphere): Liu et al. 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12101663.
Response:
Thanks for your suggestion.
In the process of our experiment, the data from Guza station began in 2006, the data from Xiaomiao and Luzhou station began in 2008, and the data from Zhaotong station began in 2010. Due to the lack of data on the Zhaotong station, in the case of using the same station and training data, the Wenchuan earthquake case is not suitable for comparative study with the Lushan earthquake case, so Wenchuan earthquake is not added to the submitted manuscript.
According to your suggestion, we used the same method to analyze the data before the Wenchuan earthquake and selected the data from the Guza, Luzhou, and Xiaomiao stations. Since the data began in 2008, we can only select 2010 and 2011 as the training set and validation set. The data from January to June 2008 were selected as the test set, and the method in the manuscript was used to analyze the pre-earthquake anomalies of the Wenchuan earthquake. The node diagram constructed by the distance between stations is shown in Fig. 1.
Figure 1 is provided in the supplementary document "Response to Reviewer."
We analyze the prediction results, use the definition in the manuscript to judge the abnormal days, and accumulate the abnormal days. Figure 2 shows the relationship between the accumulation of abnormal days and time at Guza, Luzhou, and Xiaomiao stations.
Figure 2 is provided in the supplementary document "Response to Reviewer."
As shown in Fig.2, the cumulative results of abnormal days at Guza station show the concavity of two parts. Some show that the abnormal accumulation accelerates from the beginning of January to April, the stress curve deviates from linearity, and the isolated area of strain release increases and extends steadily. The other part shows that the abnormal accumulation accelerated about a month before the earthquake, the strain release part on the fault accelerated expansion, and the strain level in the strain accumulation area increased rapidly. We fit the data of Xiaomiao station, and there is a similar phenomenon. It shows that the stations we selected receive more or less abnormal signals related to the Wenchuan earthquake. Our research is similar to the results of Chi et al., (2023) and Liu et al., (2020), which proves that the method in this paper is also applicable to the Wenchuan earthquake.
Comment 2
A second drawback is that it is not clearly explained the presence of the sigmoid in the results in terms of the physics of the earthquake preparation phase. Could you please interpret the results in terms of a physical model? Could it be related to a critical state of the regional crust? Could it be related to a dilatancy model of the lithosphere? How is the role of fluids?
Response:
Thanks for your suggestion.
(1) “A second drawback is that it is not clearly explained the presence of the sigmoid in the results in terms of the physics of the earthquake preparation phase. Could you please interpret the results in terms of a physical model? Could it be related to a critical state of the regional crust? Could it be related to a dilatancy model of the lithosphere?”
The findings of this study align with the theory of the synergism process of a fault. Ma and Guo, (2014) conducted a laboratory modeling study on the instability of a planar strike-slip fault, suggesting that the occurrence of an earthquake is linked to a fault's synergistic process, which encompasses three stages. In the initial stage, there's a deviation of the stress curve from linearity. The second stage is marked by the steady increase and expansion of isolated areas of strain release. In the final stage, the fault's sections of strain release accelerate and expand, alongside a rapid increase in strain levels in areas of strain accumulation. The period from September to December 2012 corresponds to the first and the second stages, where the stress curve deviates from linearity and isolated areas of strain release grow and extend steadily. From early 2013 up to the earthquake, aligns with the third stage, characterized by the accelerated expansion of strain release sections on the fault and a swift rise in strain levels in strain-accumulation areas. The multitude of anomalies observed post-earthquake, including those caused by crustal fractures and aftershocks, were also evident. Similar phenomena were recorded at the XM and LZ stations, correlating with Ma's theory. Thus, we believe that the anomalous phenomena observed prior to the Lushan earthquake are related to the earthquake's gestation process.
Figure 3 is provided in the supplementary document "Response to Reviewer."
(2) “How is the role of fluids?”
Borehole strain monitoring involves the placement of strain gauges deep underground to measure changes in rock or crustal strain. Crustal strain arises from the movement of tectonic plates and seismic activity. This method provides direct insights into the rate and pattern of crustal deformation, which is extremely helpful in understanding the stress state of the Earth's crust associated with seismic activities. Strain data are often highly sensitive to impending earthquakes, offering valuable information about potential fault planes.
Underground fluid monitoring primarily refers to tracking changes in groundwater levels, groundwater pressure, or the chemical composition of subterranean fluids. Seismic activities can affect the flow and pressure of groundwater, so monitoring these changes can indirectly detect seismic activities. Variations in underground fluids may correlate with seismic activities, particularly preceding earthquakes. Anomalous fluctuations in groundwater levels and pressures can serve as precursors to earthquakes. Borehole strain data provide direct information on crustal strain, while underground fluid data offer indirect insights into fluid dynamics related to seismic activities. Both play crucial roles in earthquake precursor studies, yet they differ in their monitoring methodologies, sensitivities, and scopes of application.
Comment 3
Title. I suggest to add at the end of the title “(China)” since not all researchers know where Lushan is (especially who did not work on that earthquake).
Response:
Thanks for your suggestion.
Changed the title “Extraction of Pre-earthquake Anomalies in Borehole Strain Data Using Graph WaveNet: A Case Study of the Lushan Earthquake”. Modify the title to “Extraction of Pre-earthquake Anomalies in Borehole Strain Data Using Graph WaveNet: A Case Study of the 2013 Lushan Earthquake, China”.
Comment 4
Line 60. There are exceptions to the sentence “they mostly focused on single-station data”: not only Liu et al. 2019 and Yu et al. 2020 (both already cited by Li et al.) but also Zhu et al. 2019 (Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-26-371-2019 not cited) to give a recent example of multi-station data analyses.
Response:
Thanks for your suggestion.
Modified “Despite the valuable insights gained from these studies, they mostly focused on single-station data, overlooking the potential correlations between multiple stations.” and added “ The study of seismic monitoring data based on multiple stations has been applied to many scenarios. Liu et al., (2019) analyzed the abnormal fluctuations of aerosol optical depth (AOD) before and after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and the 2013 Lushan earthquake, and found that the abnormal high AOD values appeared 11 days before the Wenchuan earthquake and 4 days before the Lushan earthquake. It is considered that the AOD index may be suitable as a precursor to the earthquake in the Sichuan Basin. Using borehole strain data from six stations in the Sichuan-Yunnan region, Yu et al., (2020) established a graph network and analyzed 13 earthquake cases with Es > 107 in the study area. It was found that the strain anomaly before the earthquake generally occurred within the first 30 days of the earthquake event. To study the abnormal strain changes before the Wenchuan earthquake, Zhu et al. (2019) introduced negative entropy analysis to the borehole data of three stations. The results show that Guza and Xiaomiao stations have similar trends and may record abnormal changes related to the Wenchuan earthquake. Renhe station failed to detect the anomalies before the earthquake due to the distance. An example of multi-station analysis is given, which shows that it is feasible to analyze seismic data with multi-station.”
Comment 5
Figure 1 (and rest of the paper). The findings of the work are finally drawn in terms of accumulation of anomalies. This comprehensive way to express the results, in my knowledge, has been firstly proposed by De Santis et al. 2017 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.12.037) in a study of satellite magnetic field data in occasion of the large 2015 Nepal earthquake. In that paper, it was also introduced the notation “S-shape” for the first time, as it is also used in this paper (e.g. see Figure 10 caption).
Response:
Thanks for your suggestion.
Modified “ In Fig. 9, it is evident that the abnormal days we defined exhibit short-period, high-frequency oscillation signals in the original waveform, suggesting that these days are associated with crustal activity. ” and added “ Santis et al., (2017) study the 2015 Nepal event using Swarm magnetic satellite data. For the first time, an S-shaped fitting function was proposed in the abnormal accumulation analysis, and some abnormal differences were found in the area around the EQ epicenter from the abnormal accumulation results. By comparing the S-shaped function and the linear fitting, it was found that the S-shaped fitting was significantly better than the linear fitting. In this paper, the S-type function is used to fit the abnormal accumulation results. ”
Comment 6
Line 175 and following. Why did you choose the window size of 7 days? How critical could this choice be?
Response:
Thanks for your suggestion.
We choose the sliding window size standard from the equipment bearing capacity and the efficiency of data processing, through the experiment to select the optimal window size. As shown in Table 1 below, we selected the size of the sliding window for 7 days, 15 days, and 30 days, respectively. Table 1 gives the time and memory size required for the calculation process. If the size of the sliding window is too small, the correlation between the data cannot be maintained. Considering the time required for the SVMD calculation process and the memory size of the computer, we chose the size of the sliding window to be 7 days.
Table 1 is available in the supplementary document "Response to Reviewer."
Comment 7
Line 242. Are you sure that std_error is the root mean square error? From the name it looks like the standard deviation error (the two quantities are different because of a slightly different denominator).
Response:
Thanks for your suggestion.
Removed std_error. In the process of the experiment, we use the root mean square error to calculate the upper and lower bounds of the predicted value. The std_error in line 242 and formula (11) have been modified to rmse.
Comment 8
There are section 5 (Results) and section 6 (Conclusion). What is missing is a section “Discussion”, that is partly present in section 5.
Response:
Thanks for your suggestion.
We have modified the structure of the manuscript. In the fifth part, we mainly include the analysis of the prediction results, the analysis of the details of the randomly selected abnormal days, and the analysis of the abnormal accumulation results. The sixth part is added as the chapter of discussion, which mainly includes the comparison and discussion of the abnormal accumulation results between different stations and the elimination of the influence of meteorological factors. The seventh section contains the conclusion. And modify the 90 lines of the original manuscript “Section five mainly includes the analysis of prediction results, the detailed analysis of randomly selected abnormal days, and the analysis of abnormal accumulation results. The sixth part is the discussion, which mainly includes the comparison and discussion of the abnormal accumulation results between different stations and the exclusion of the influence of meteorological factors. The final section presents the conclusions of the study and summarizes the key insights drawn from our analysis.” And modify the 391 lines of the original manuscript “Therefore, we can exclude the influence of pressure, temperature, and rainfall on the anomalies observed in the pre-earthquake borehole data from Lushan. We have reason to believe that the anomalies we extracted before the Lushan earthquake are related to the seismogenic process.”
Comment 9
There are several words interrupted by a “-”: e.g. “dam-age”(Line 24), “sur-face” (line 38), “phenome-non” (line 57), etc. Please join the two parts in just one.
Response:
Thanks for your suggestion.
Delete the “-”. The “dam-age” in line 24 was modified to “damage”, the “sur-face” in line 38 was modified to “surface”, and the “phenome-non” in line 57 was modified to “phenomenon”.
Comment 10
Line 86. “two sections”: do you mean “next section”?
Response:
Thanks for your suggestion.
The “two sections” were deleted. The meaning you want to express here is the next section, and line 86 is changed to “next section”.
Comment 11
Line 200 (equation (9)). Which is the “sigmod” function? Is it actually “sigmoid” as introduced in the line before?
Response:
Thanks for your suggestion.
Delete tanh and sigmod in equation (9). The tanh and sigmod in Equation (9) of line 200 are the activation functions of the neural network, tanh is the activation function of the output, and sigmod is the activation function that determines the information ratio transmitted to the next layer. The sigmod function in equation (9) is different from the sigmod function mentioned in the previous row. To avoid ambiguity in the symbol, the equation (9) in line 200 is modified to T=g(W1*X +b1) · σ(W2*X+b2) , and in line 202 is added “where g is the activation function of the output, σ is the activation function that determines the ratio of information passed to the next layer.”
Comment 12
Figure 9. The numbers at the axes are too small. Please enlarge them in order to let them more visible.
Response:
Thanks for your suggestion.
The value of the coordinate axis in Figure 9 has been modified.
Figure 9 is provided in the supplementary document "Response to Reviewer."
References
Chi, C., Li, C., Han, Y., Yu, Z., Li, X., and Zhang, D.: Pre-earthquake anomaly extraction from borehole strain data based on machine learning, Scientific Reports, 13, 10.1038/s41598-023-47387-z, 2023.
Liu, Q., De Santis, A., Piscini, A., Cianchini, G., Ventura, G., and Shen, X.: Multi-Parametric Climatological Analysis Reveals the Involvement of Fluids in the Preparation Phase of the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan and 2013 Ms 7.0 Lushan Earthquakes, Remote Sensing, 12, 10.3390/rs12101663, 2020.
Ma, J. and Guo, Y.: Accelerated synergism prior to fault instability: Evidence from laboratory experiments and an earthquake case, Dizhen Dizhi, 36, 547-561, 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2014.03.001, 2014.
Liu, Q., Shen, X., Zhang, J., and Li, M.: Exploring the abnormal fluctuations of atmospheric aerosols before the 2008 Wenchuan and 2013 Lushan earthquakes, Advances in Space Research, 63, 3768-3776, 10.1016/j.asr.2019.01.032, 2019.
Yu, Z., Hattori, K., Zhu, K., Chi, C., Fan, M., and He, X.: Detecting Earthquake-Related Anomalies of a Borehole Strain Network Based on Multi-Channel Singular Spectrum Analysis, Entropy, 22, 10.3390/e22101086, 2020.
Zhu, K., Yu, Z., Chi, C., Fan, M., and Li, K.: Negentropy anomaly analysis of the borehole strain associated with the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 26, 371–380, 10.5194/npg-26-371-2019, 2019.
Santis, A. D., Balasis, G., Pavón-Carrasco, F. J., Cianchini, G., Mandea, M. J. E., and Letters, P. S.: Potential earthquake precursory pattern from space: The 2015 Nepal event as seen by magnetic Swarm satellites, 461, 119-126, 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.12.037, 2017.
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AC2: 'Reply on RC1', Chenyang Li, 17 Jan 2024
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2023/egusphere-2023-2855/egusphere-2023-2855-AC2-supplement.pdf
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Chenyang Li, 17 Jan 2024
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EC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2855', Michal Malinowski, 13 Feb 2024
Dear Authors, when checking your manuscript I found some overlap with the paper you published in 2023 in Scientific Reports. It is also cited in your manuscript (Chi et al. 2023). Could you please provide an extensive explanation of the differences between your current manuscript and the published paper?
Best regards,
Editor
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2855-EC1 -
AC3: 'Reply on EC1', Chenyang Li, 28 Feb 2024
I am very grateful to your comments for the manuscript. Thank you for your advice. All your suggestions are very important. They have important guiding significance for our paper and our research work.
Response:
- The research ideas of the two articles are different
The research idea of the article by Chi et al. 2023 is derived from a single station. Statistical analysis of borehole strain observation data from 2007 to 2013 at the Guza station revealed similar short- and medium-term anomalies before the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 and the Lushan earthquake in 2013. To explore whether other stations also received anomalies related to the Wenchuan and Lushan earthquakes, we analyzed data from the Xiaomiao and Renhe stations. The analysis results indicate that both Xiaomiao and Renhe stations received similar seismic signals of the Wenchuan earthquakes, suggesting that the anomalies received at the Guza station are not coincidental but earthquake-related.
The research idea of our paper is to begin from multiple stations. Initially, we selected Guza, Xiaomiao, Luzhou, and Zhaotong stations as our research subjects. Utilizing the distance between each station as the underlying correlation between any two stations, according to the node diagram composed of the distances between each station, we conduct a joint analysis of the borehole strain observation data of these four stations from 2010 to 2013, and the analysis results show that the Guza, Xiaomiao, and Luzhou stations all show better S-shaped correlation between the four stations, which indicates that the anomalies received by Guza, Xiaomiao and Luzhou stations are not accidental but related to the earthquake. The results show that the Guza, Xiaomiao, and Luzhou stations all have better "S-shaped" fitting results, indicating that the multi-station analysis method we adopted has better results than the previous single-station analysis, and the extracted anomalies have a higher degree of confidence.
- The two articles used different neural network models
The model used in the article of Chi et al. 2023 is the GRU-LUBE model. GRU is a variant of recurrent neural networks, which has good results in dealing with time series data. The GRU network is improved by changing the single output to double output to get the upper and lower bound anomaly extraction model based on GRU. The anomalies are extracted by comparing the prediction results with the original data.
The model used in this paper is the Graph Wavenet model. Graph Wavenet is a newer graph neural network architecture for spatiotemporal modeling. Temporal features are extracted by 1D CNN and spatial features are extracted by GCN. The predicted results are used to construct upper and lower bounds using root mean square error, and anomalies are extracted by comparing the original data.
- The same method of data preprocessing is used in both articles. We analyzed the borehole strain observation data and found that the seismic wave is a typical non-stationary signal. VMD is a non-recursive signal processing method with good noise immunity. Relevant scholars have applied VMD to the processing of the original waveform of seismic waves and achieved good results. The SVMD method proposed in the article by Chi et al. 2023 preserves the correlation between the data and also solves the problem of insufficient memory. Therefore, this paper also adopts the SVMD method in the process of data preprocessing.
- Both articles adopt the same anomaly accumulation method. De Santis et al. 2017 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.12.037) proposed the "S-type" fitting function for the first time in the study of earthquake-related data. Chi et al. used a similar approach in their previous study and achieved good results. Therefore, the same method of anomaly accumulation is used in this paper.
Summary:
This paper is similar to the previous study of the project team (Chi et al. 2023) in the places of data preprocessing and statistical analysis of anomalies, and it is completely different in the research ideas and core algorithms. Compared to the article published by Chi et al. in Scientific Reports, it belongs to the follow-up in-depth study. Based on the single-station study, the progression was to a multi-station study, and the results showed that we got better results.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2855-AC3
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AC3: 'Reply on EC1', Chenyang Li, 28 Feb 2024
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RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2855', Anonymous Referee #2, 22 Mar 2024
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AC4: 'Reply on RC2', Chenyang Li, 03 Apr 2024
Response to Reviewer:
I am very grateful to your comments for the manuscript. Thank you for your advice. All your suggestions are very important. They have important guiding significance for our paper and our research work. We have revised the manuscript according to your comments. The response to each revision is listed as following:
General Comment
The paper “Extraction of Pre-earthquake Anomalies in Borehole Strain Data Using Graph WaveNet: A Case Study of the Lushan Earthquake” presents a Graph Wavenet method to analyze the large amount of data collected at four borehole strainmeters before and after the Lushan Ms 7 earthquake. The authors highlight an acceleration of anomalies accumulation, and they infer a possible release of energy from a weak fault section and a strain accumultion on a strong section of the fault.
Although this work proposes a promising approach to analyze large chunks of data, two main drawbacks emerge in this reviewer opinion: (i) the paper does not flow optimally and it would need a better re-organization (see specific comments); (ii) it seems like the authors focused on the Graph Wavenet sometimes leaving behind a more accurate physical interpretation of the results obtained. As a suggestion, after having recognized the anomalous days, it would be interesting to have a more detailed discussion of these “anomalous data”. Have you compared your results with different data (e.g., seismicity rates, pore-pressure data, deformations from GNSS measurements…)?
Response:
Thanks for your suggestion.
(1) the paper does not flow optimally and it would need a better re-organization (see specific comments);
We have made changes to the manuscript process, which are in the responses to specific comments.
(2) it seems like the authors focused on the Graph Wavenet sometimes leaving behind a more accurate physical interpretation of the results obtained. As a suggestion, after having recognized the anomalous days, it would be interesting to have a more detailed discussion of these “anomalous data”.
In response to specific comments, we have provided a more accurate physical interpretation of the results obtained and a more detailed discussion of these "anomalous data", and have added the interpretation and discussion to the original manuscript.
(3) Have you compared your results with different data (e.g., seismicity rates, pore-pressure data, deformations from GNSS measurements…)?
We compared our results with different data, and the comparisons and corresponding analysis are in the responses to specific comments.
Replies to reviewers “Specific Comments” and “Typos” are provided in the supplement Response to Reviewer.
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AC4: 'Reply on RC2', Chenyang Li, 03 Apr 2024
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