Examining baseline water properties and bottom water patterns in hadal trench environments

Kolbusz, Jessica Louise; Zika, Jan David; Pattiaratchi, Charitha; Jamieson, Alan John

doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2066

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https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2066

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14 Sep 2023

| 14 Sep 2023

Examining baseline water properties and bottom water patterns in hadal trench environments

Jessica Louise Kolbusz, Jan David Zika, Charitha Pattiaratchi, and Alan John Jamieson

Abstract. We examine baseline water properties and bottom water patterns in hadal trench environments across the Southern Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Western Pacific. Significant differences are identified in the South Fiji Basin and surrounding the Philippine Sea, primarily due to the movement of cold Lower Circumpolar Deep Water along topographic features, highlighting the importance of a trench’s geospatial position. We present the first hydrographic profiles in the Java Trench, warranting further research. Increases in salinity patterns in depths over 10,000 dbar are investigated, with potential causes including instrumentation error, internal mixing, and saline pore water expulsion. These hadopelagic variations are crucial for assessing climate change impacts, especially regarding Antarctic Bottom Water. The study underscores the importance of incorporating these adiabatic conditions for insights into ecological biodiversity, alongside the baseline conditions presented being indispensable for future oceanographic research across multiple disciplines.

Received: 08 Sep 2023 – Discussion started: 14 Sep 2023

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Journal article(s) based on this preprint

02 Feb 2024

Water properties and bottom water patterns in hadal trench environments

Jessica Kolbusz, Jan Zika, Charitha Pattiaratchi, and Alan Jamieson

Ocean Sci., 20, 123–140, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-123-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-123-2024, 2024

Short summary

Jessica Louise Kolbusz, Jan David Zika, Charitha Pattiaratchi, and Alan John Jamieson

Interactive discussion

Status: closed

CC1:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-2066', Bernadette Sloyan, 18 Sep 2023

I am reading the manuscript with interest, however the hydrographic sections you use and include in figure 1 are a component of the ongoing GO-SHIP. Replace WOCE with GO-SHIP and acknowledge the use of GO-SHIP data appropriately.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2066-CC1
- AC1: 'Reply on CC1', Jessica Kolbusz, 18 Sep 2023
  
  Thank you for the comment and information. These will be changed to GO-SHIP.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2066-AC1
RC1:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-2066', Anonymous Referee #1, 30 Sep 2023

As I know, the CTD measurements have shown pressure dependency and hysteresis, with each probe exhibiting unique characteristics. While the authors have made efforts to correct this, such as the "linear pressure correction to the conductivity data" (L370) and offset correction for "the drift of conductivity measurement" (L177) using the WOCE/GO-SHIP dataset, there are lingering doubts about their sufficiency.
My concerns arise from the steep salinity increases close to the bottom in main figures and the substantial salinity deviations between corrected data and neighboring WOCE/GO-SHIP datasets seen in Figures S2 and S3. To address this, I guess it's crucial to compare vertical profiles among each CTD probe. Unfortunately, the main body of the manuscript lacks such profiles, with only limited data in Figures S2 and S3.
The phenomenon of increasing salinity in the hadal zone is fascinating. If confirmed, it could significantly contribute to oceanography and deep-sea biology. I remain hopeful that the data proves to be valid and reliable, considering its potential implications.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2066-RC1
- AC2: 'Reply on RC1', Jessica Kolbusz, 16 Oct 2023
  
  Thank you for your comments. Our caution stems from our lack of water samples over the profile, therefore no salinometer measurements, and the maximum GO-SHIP data depth of 6000 meters. Some locations only had single measurements and the T-S diagrams provided more insight, and with the same data, we felt it unnecessary to put the profiles in the main body of the manuscript. We will provide the profiles in the supplementary information. Similarly, this increase in salinity can be seen in the TS diagrams and forms a part of the discussion, hence our omission of the same data in the main body of the manuscript.
  Thank you for your excitement! We plan to obtain more hadal CTD measurements with the hope of proving or disproving this increase more conclusively with repeat measurements, water samples, and additional CTDs
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2066-AC2
RC2:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-2066', Anonymous Referee #2, 02 Oct 2023

This manuscript presents analyses of CTD data taken in and over deep ocean trenches by GO-SHIP repeat hydrographic cruises (incorrectly referred to as WOCE cruises in the manuscript) and by full-ocean-depth landers. This is a revision of an earlier manuscript, and is much improved over that earlier version. It contains interesting new information, and should be suitable for publication following revision. Specific comments follow, indexed by line number, L, where applicable.
1. Title. Consider deleting "Examining baseline" in the title.
2. L15. Consider changing "Increases in salinity patterns" to "Salinity increases with increasing depth".
3. L20-110 and discussion section. The potential effects of geothermal heating on halal trench mixing (e.g., van Haren, 2023, Dynam. Atm.& Oceans) as well as T-S evolution (e.g., Joyce et al., 1986, Deep-Sea Res. A) and stability should be introduced here and then incorporated into the discussion. Even the weak bottom heating in trenches will tend to cause convective turbulence in a (possibly quite thick) bottom mixed layer, working against establishment or maintenance of stabilizing deep salinity gradients potentially caused by other mechanisms.
4. L22. Consider changing "basins" to "a few deep basins".
5. L25. Consider changing "cool" to "cold", and is light penetration really "limited" at 6000 m? This reviewer would have thought it was effectively zero, although they are admittedly not an optical oceanographer.
6. L28-29. This sentence is confusing and needs to be rewritten, perhaps split into two. "The 2-dimensional-area of the seafloor with depths greater than 1% (Harris et al., 2014)." is fine. However, what is meant by the second clause? Volume and depth are treated as somehow equivalent, which is confusing dimensionally and conceptually. At any rate, that second clause needs rethinking.
7. L50. Change "between" to "among".
8. L128. There is a grammatical error here that needs to be fixed so that readers can understand the meaning of this sentence.
9. L137. Add a comma before the last and in the series.
10. L177-181. The WOCE field program ceased circa 1998, 2000 at the latest. Repeat Hydrographic sections collected along historical WOCE lines within ±4 years of the lander expeditions would have been completed under the auspices of GO-SHIP (e.g., Sloyan et al., 2019, Frontiers in Marine Sci.). It would probably be useful to the reader to cite the years of the GO-SHIP sections used at each WOCE historical site. Also, how were the offsets determined? The optimal way would be to use conservative or potential temperature as the independent variable, and adjust the lander salinity to match the GO-SHIP CT-SA relation in a relatively stable portion of the water column (e.g., small lateral gradients and relatively slow circulation - likely the "oldest" deep waters rather than the more recently ventilated and presumably more variable bottom waters).
11. L203-15. OMP analysis typically takes advantage of a non-negativity constraint and requires the water mass fractions to add up to unity, both of which make the calculation better determined. It is not clear from this description that this was done. It probably should be, otherwise OMP should not be invoked. In Matlab the function lsqnonneg in the optimization toolbox would be useful for adding the non-negativity constraint. Also, was any weighting used, as customary in OMP? If not, please note that, and if so, please note what it was. If this is all too much, it would be fine to reframe the problem as simple end-member mixing in CT-SA space with two end-members, and not OMP at all, since it could be simplified to that if desired.
12. L227 and following. The discussion here mostly quotes gradients from 4000 dbar to the bottom of the profiles. This practice mixes the regions above and below the sill of the trench. Readers might be more interested in gradients from the sill depth (which should be estimated for each trench) and the bottom. This would allow a focus on trench processes and dynamics, rather than mixing trench and deep water processes and dynamics.
13. L239 (and elsewhere?). Change "monotonously" to "monotonically". ;-)
14. Figures 2-8 and discussion. It is interesting that almost all the lander CTD profiles (with the exception of in the Japan Trench) exhibit increasing salinity with increasing pressure at high pressures (salty tails) with various amplitudes, whereas the GO-SHIP data "tails" are either absent or small (the P08 "fresh tails" are implausibly statically unstable, and are nearly within the ±0.002 PSS-78 instrumental uncertainty). All of the GO-SHIP cruise CTD data would be calibrated to bottle salinity data. In general that calibration would include a conductivity cell compressibility coefficient that was determined by least squares fitting along with other calibration coefficients for each co sensor used on that cruise (but maybe the P08 calibration didn't include that term?). So the correction would be specific to the cruise and the sensor. It would often be different from the nominal correction (based on the compressibility of glass) that Seabird Scientific provides. Certainly the CTDs used on Deep Argo floats have exhibited a noticeable artifact owing to this issue (Kobayashi et al., 2021, Prog. Oceanogr.) In addition, it seems possible that under the truly extreme pressure experienced by the lander CTDs, some nonlinearity in the interaction between the glass co cells and their plastic protective jacket could come into play. So without careful (e.g., done to GO-SHIP standards) bottle salinity analyses with multiple samples collected at a variety of pressures (from the trench sill to the bottom) this reviewer is quite skeptical regarding the salinity increases with increasing pressure reported by the lander CTDs. They could be real, but a more likely explanation is that they are an artifact owing to an incorrect coefficient, or even an inadequate model (e.g., linear when it perhaps should be non-linear), used to correct for conductivity cell compressibility. The discussion should probably reflect this perspective.
15. L339-340. There is a repeated phrase in here. Please edit to remove the repetition.
16. P369 and elsewhere. Practical Salinity is reported on the dimensionless Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78) and Absolute salinity has "units" of g/kg. There is no such thing as "psu". Please revise the manuscript throughout accordingly.
17. L378. The varying rates of salinity increase with increasing pressure could easily be solely due to instrumentation. The same co sensor used on different cruises can require different compressibility correction coefficients as it ages.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2066-RC2
- AC3: 'Reply on RC2', Jessica Kolbusz, 26 Oct 2023
  
  Thank you for your insightful points. These have all been incorporated into the manuscript. Please see attached for details.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2066-AC3

Interactive discussion

Status: closed

CC1:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-2066', Bernadette Sloyan, 18 Sep 2023

I am reading the manuscript with interest, however the hydrographic sections you use and include in figure 1 are a component of the ongoing GO-SHIP. Replace WOCE with GO-SHIP and acknowledge the use of GO-SHIP data appropriately.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2066-CC1
- AC1: 'Reply on CC1', Jessica Kolbusz, 18 Sep 2023
  
  Thank you for the comment and information. These will be changed to GO-SHIP.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2066-AC1
RC1:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-2066', Anonymous Referee #1, 30 Sep 2023

As I know, the CTD measurements have shown pressure dependency and hysteresis, with each probe exhibiting unique characteristics. While the authors have made efforts to correct this, such as the "linear pressure correction to the conductivity data" (L370) and offset correction for "the drift of conductivity measurement" (L177) using the WOCE/GO-SHIP dataset, there are lingering doubts about their sufficiency.
My concerns arise from the steep salinity increases close to the bottom in main figures and the substantial salinity deviations between corrected data and neighboring WOCE/GO-SHIP datasets seen in Figures S2 and S3. To address this, I guess it's crucial to compare vertical profiles among each CTD probe. Unfortunately, the main body of the manuscript lacks such profiles, with only limited data in Figures S2 and S3.
The phenomenon of increasing salinity in the hadal zone is fascinating. If confirmed, it could significantly contribute to oceanography and deep-sea biology. I remain hopeful that the data proves to be valid and reliable, considering its potential implications.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2066-RC1
- AC2: 'Reply on RC1', Jessica Kolbusz, 16 Oct 2023
  
  Thank you for your comments. Our caution stems from our lack of water samples over the profile, therefore no salinometer measurements, and the maximum GO-SHIP data depth of 6000 meters. Some locations only had single measurements and the T-S diagrams provided more insight, and with the same data, we felt it unnecessary to put the profiles in the main body of the manuscript. We will provide the profiles in the supplementary information. Similarly, this increase in salinity can be seen in the TS diagrams and forms a part of the discussion, hence our omission of the same data in the main body of the manuscript.
  Thank you for your excitement! We plan to obtain more hadal CTD measurements with the hope of proving or disproving this increase more conclusively with repeat measurements, water samples, and additional CTDs
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2066-AC2
RC2:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-2066', Anonymous Referee #2, 02 Oct 2023

This manuscript presents analyses of CTD data taken in and over deep ocean trenches by GO-SHIP repeat hydrographic cruises (incorrectly referred to as WOCE cruises in the manuscript) and by full-ocean-depth landers. This is a revision of an earlier manuscript, and is much improved over that earlier version. It contains interesting new information, and should be suitable for publication following revision. Specific comments follow, indexed by line number, L, where applicable.
1. Title. Consider deleting "Examining baseline" in the title.
2. L15. Consider changing "Increases in salinity patterns" to "Salinity increases with increasing depth".
3. L20-110 and discussion section. The potential effects of geothermal heating on halal trench mixing (e.g., van Haren, 2023, Dynam. Atm.& Oceans) as well as T-S evolution (e.g., Joyce et al., 1986, Deep-Sea Res. A) and stability should be introduced here and then incorporated into the discussion. Even the weak bottom heating in trenches will tend to cause convective turbulence in a (possibly quite thick) bottom mixed layer, working against establishment or maintenance of stabilizing deep salinity gradients potentially caused by other mechanisms.
4. L22. Consider changing "basins" to "a few deep basins".
5. L25. Consider changing "cool" to "cold", and is light penetration really "limited" at 6000 m? This reviewer would have thought it was effectively zero, although they are admittedly not an optical oceanographer.
6. L28-29. This sentence is confusing and needs to be rewritten, perhaps split into two. "The 2-dimensional-area of the seafloor with depths greater than 1% (Harris et al., 2014)." is fine. However, what is meant by the second clause? Volume and depth are treated as somehow equivalent, which is confusing dimensionally and conceptually. At any rate, that second clause needs rethinking.
7. L50. Change "between" to "among".
8. L128. There is a grammatical error here that needs to be fixed so that readers can understand the meaning of this sentence.
9. L137. Add a comma before the last and in the series.
10. L177-181. The WOCE field program ceased circa 1998, 2000 at the latest. Repeat Hydrographic sections collected along historical WOCE lines within ±4 years of the lander expeditions would have been completed under the auspices of GO-SHIP (e.g., Sloyan et al., 2019, Frontiers in Marine Sci.). It would probably be useful to the reader to cite the years of the GO-SHIP sections used at each WOCE historical site. Also, how were the offsets determined? The optimal way would be to use conservative or potential temperature as the independent variable, and adjust the lander salinity to match the GO-SHIP CT-SA relation in a relatively stable portion of the water column (e.g., small lateral gradients and relatively slow circulation - likely the "oldest" deep waters rather than the more recently ventilated and presumably more variable bottom waters).
11. L203-15. OMP analysis typically takes advantage of a non-negativity constraint and requires the water mass fractions to add up to unity, both of which make the calculation better determined. It is not clear from this description that this was done. It probably should be, otherwise OMP should not be invoked. In Matlab the function lsqnonneg in the optimization toolbox would be useful for adding the non-negativity constraint. Also, was any weighting used, as customary in OMP? If not, please note that, and if so, please note what it was. If this is all too much, it would be fine to reframe the problem as simple end-member mixing in CT-SA space with two end-members, and not OMP at all, since it could be simplified to that if desired.
12. L227 and following. The discussion here mostly quotes gradients from 4000 dbar to the bottom of the profiles. This practice mixes the regions above and below the sill of the trench. Readers might be more interested in gradients from the sill depth (which should be estimated for each trench) and the bottom. This would allow a focus on trench processes and dynamics, rather than mixing trench and deep water processes and dynamics.
13. L239 (and elsewhere?). Change "monotonously" to "monotonically". ;-)
14. Figures 2-8 and discussion. It is interesting that almost all the lander CTD profiles (with the exception of in the Japan Trench) exhibit increasing salinity with increasing pressure at high pressures (salty tails) with various amplitudes, whereas the GO-SHIP data "tails" are either absent or small (the P08 "fresh tails" are implausibly statically unstable, and are nearly within the ±0.002 PSS-78 instrumental uncertainty). All of the GO-SHIP cruise CTD data would be calibrated to bottle salinity data. In general that calibration would include a conductivity cell compressibility coefficient that was determined by least squares fitting along with other calibration coefficients for each co sensor used on that cruise (but maybe the P08 calibration didn't include that term?). So the correction would be specific to the cruise and the sensor. It would often be different from the nominal correction (based on the compressibility of glass) that Seabird Scientific provides. Certainly the CTDs used on Deep Argo floats have exhibited a noticeable artifact owing to this issue (Kobayashi et al., 2021, Prog. Oceanogr.) In addition, it seems possible that under the truly extreme pressure experienced by the lander CTDs, some nonlinearity in the interaction between the glass co cells and their plastic protective jacket could come into play. So without careful (e.g., done to GO-SHIP standards) bottle salinity analyses with multiple samples collected at a variety of pressures (from the trench sill to the bottom) this reviewer is quite skeptical regarding the salinity increases with increasing pressure reported by the lander CTDs. They could be real, but a more likely explanation is that they are an artifact owing to an incorrect coefficient, or even an inadequate model (e.g., linear when it perhaps should be non-linear), used to correct for conductivity cell compressibility. The discussion should probably reflect this perspective.
15. L339-340. There is a repeated phrase in here. Please edit to remove the repetition.
16. P369 and elsewhere. Practical Salinity is reported on the dimensionless Practical Salinity Scale of 1978 (PSS-78) and Absolute salinity has "units" of g/kg. There is no such thing as "psu". Please revise the manuscript throughout accordingly.
17. L378. The varying rates of salinity increase with increasing pressure could easily be solely due to instrumentation. The same co sensor used on different cruises can require different compressibility correction coefficients as it ages.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2066-RC2
- AC3: 'Reply on RC2', Jessica Kolbusz, 26 Oct 2023
  
  Thank you for your insightful points. These have all been incorporated into the manuscript. Please see attached for details.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2066-AC3

Peer review completion

AR: Author's response | RR: Referee report | ED: Editor decision | EF: Editorial file upload

AR by Jessica Kolbusz on behalf of the Authors (16 Nov 2023) Author's response Author's tracked changes Manuscript

ED: Referee Nomination & Report Request started (16 Nov 2023) by Ilker Fer

RR by Anonymous Referee #2 (27 Nov 2023)

Suggestions for revision or reasons for rejection

This manuscript presents analyses of CTD data taken in and over deep ocean trenches by WOCE and GO-SHIP hydrographic section and by full-ocean-depth landers. This revised manuscript adequately addresses the comments raised in the first review. A few, mostly minor suggestions follow, indexed by line number, L, where applicable.

1. L22. Consider changing to "There remote regions are arguably..."

2. L28. Consider changing to "The volume of water with z > 6000 dbar is approximately 0.21% of the..."

3. L98. Change "and early 2000s" to "and 1990s". The WOCE observation period officially stopped in 1998. Sections occupied after WOCE and before GO-SHIP were under the ageis of CLIVAR/CO2.

4. L202-212. The use of a non-negativity constraint does theoretically improve the results for OMP even if the results are positive without it. However, with just T-S variations, 1-1 weighing, and 2 end-members, this analysis isn't really OMP, it's just straight-up end-member mixing, right? Please consider revising the text to reflect that, if you agree.

5. L290. Change "statistically" to "statically".

6. L362. It seems highly unlikely that temporal variations play a substantial role here in the T-
S differences observed here (and elsewhere in the report). The deep, abyssal, and hadal waters are quite spatially homogenous, and quite old, in the region. A big offset in salinity here is almost certainly owing to a calibration issue, and not temporal variability.

7. L390. Calibrations for WOCE and GO-SHIP cruises certainly often require departures from the "nominal" co cell compressibility coefficient to match CTD and bottle salinity measurements.

8. L401. Change "data is" to "data are".

Hide

ED: Publish subject to minor revisions (review by editor) (04 Dec 2023) by Ilker Fer

AR by Jessica Kolbusz on behalf of the Authors (07 Dec 2023) Author's response Author's tracked changes Manuscript

ED: Publish as is (08 Dec 2023) by Ilker Fer

AR by Jessica Kolbusz on behalf of the Authors (15 Dec 2023) Manuscript

Journal article(s) based on this preprint

02 Feb 2024

Water properties and bottom water patterns in hadal trench environments

Jessica Kolbusz, Jan Zika, Charitha Pattiaratchi, and Alan Jamieson

Ocean Sci., 20, 123–140, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-123-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-123-2024, 2024

Short summary

Jessica Louise Kolbusz, Jan David Zika, Charitha Pattiaratchi, and Alan John Jamieson

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https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2066-supplement

Jessica Louise Kolbusz, Jan David Zika, Charitha Pattiaratchi, and Alan John Jamieson

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We collected observations of the ocean environment at depths over 6000 meters in the Southern Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Western Pacific using sensor-equipped landers. We found that trench locations impact the water characteristics over these depths. Moving northward, they generally warmed but differed due to their position along bottom water circulation paths. These insights stress the importance of further research in understanding the environment of these deep regions and their importance.


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