the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 09 Oct 2023
Retrieval of sea ice drift in the Fram Strait based on data from Chinese satellite HaiYang (HY1-D)
Abstract. Melting of sea ice in the Arctic ocean has accelerated due to global warming. The Fram Strait (FS) serves as a crucial pathway for sea ice export from the Arctic to the North Atlantic Ocean. Monitoring sea ice drift (SID) in FS provides insights into how Arctic sea ice responds to the climate change. The SID has been retrieving from Sentinel-1 SAR, AVHRR, MODIS and AMSR-E, and using optical data to retrieve SID still needs further exploration. In this paper, we retrieve SID in the FS using China's HaiYang1-D (HY1-D) satellite equipped with the Coastal Zone Imager (CZI). Multi-template matching technique is employed to calculate cross-correlation, and subpixel estimation is used to locate displacement vectors from the cross-correlation matrix. The dataset covering March to May 2021 is divided into hourly and daily intervals for analysis, and validation is performed using Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) SAR-based product and IABP buoy measurements. Comparison with CMEMS SID product reveals a high correlation at the daily level; however, due to spatial and temporal variability in sea ice motion, differences are observed at an hourly resolution. Additionally, validation against IABP buoy data shows a velocity bias of 0.004 m/s and RMSE of 0.027 m/s at the day-level, along with a flow direction bias of 0.057 rad and RMSE of 0.313 rad respectively; while at the hour-level, velocity bias is negligible (0 m/s), with an RMSE value of 0.022 m/s; similarly for flow direction bias which remains negligible. During the validation against buoys, we find that the accuracy of retrieving the SID flow direction is highly interrelated with the sea ice displacement.
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The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
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Journal article(s) based on this preprint
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-1927', Anonymous Referee #1, 21 Oct 2023
Review on “Retrieval of sea ice drift in the Fram Strait based on data from Chinese satellite HaiYang (HY1-D)”
Using the observation data of optical sensors onboard the China's HaiYang1-D (HY1-D) satellite, the author proposed an optimized algorithm to calculate the sea ice motion velocity in the Fram Strait region of the Arctic, and validated and evaluated it using CMEMS SAR products and IABP sea ice drifter data. This is of great significance for describing the kinematic characteristics of Arctic sea ice movement and changes in Arctic sea ice outflow, and is a method worth promoting. However, the advantages of data products relative to other products and the quantification results of validation are not yet very clear. Therefore, I recommend that the manuscript needs to undergo major revisions before considering publication.
General comments:
The biggest problem with optical remote sensing is the impact of clouds. Although the paper has discussed the impact of clouds on sea ice motion products, the extent of the impact and its impact on the effective data are not very clear. Further clarification is needed. In addition, it is also necessary to consider whether the topographic features of summer sea ice surfaces, such as snow hummocks and ice ridges, have an impact on the inversion results. The impact of sea ice motion speed itself on the errors of data product needs to be further quantified, and the spatial and seasonal differences in retrieval errors also need to be quantitatively explained. At present, the paper mainly uses examples to illustrate the above issues, rather than providing statistical results, which is not conducive to objective evaluation of the data product.
Special comments:
- Line 34 “leading to accelerated sea ice break-up”-- ice break-up generally describes the situation of synoptic scale processes.
- Line 40 “the TPD transports large quantities of multiyear ice outward from the central Arctic toward the FS”-- not just the Fram Strait, but also the Barents Sea and Baffin Bay.
- Line 46 “which gradually melts during outward transport”--If the sea ice outflow occurs during winter, sea ice growth may also occur.
- Line 50 “between the polar regions and the outside world”--what is the meaning of “outside of world”
- Line 59 “low temporal resolution SID product may fail to provide accurate sea ice drift patterns”-- The main limitation of low-temporal-resolution sea ice motion products is that they cannot depict the subdaily-scale signals of the sea ice kinematics.
- Line 81 “However, it has been observed that the accuracy of the SID product with AVHRR is not good in s regions like East Greenland”-- What are the reasons for poor observation results?
- Line 132 “the product includes the North Pole and South Pole”--1) change to the product is available from both Arctic Ocean and South Ocean; 2) The language of the entire text must be more strictly controlled.
- Figure 2: “The drifting trajectories of 69 IABP buoys from March to May 2021”: How independent are these data, that is, they are not deployed in a very close area, especially the buoys deployed during the MOSAiC; In addition, whether to conduct quality control on the data and eliminate the data with noise and buoy data that are already at sea (not over the ice).
- Line 156 “we design a quality control session to remove the lowquality data from the results”-- How much data will be lost during the study period due to the impact of clouds?
- The error in the direction of sea ice movement: We know that the sea ice movement in the Fram Strait is relatively stable, so it is possible that the angle error may be small. Can you further evaluate the angle error of sea ice motion under different meandering coefficients?
- Hourly data: Does the data have the ability to identify the subdaily-scale characteristics of sea ice motion and compare them with buoy data on a frequency basis?
- BIAS: Relative deviation is also very important.
- Figure 12: What is the confidence level of the correlation coefficient?
- Figure 15: In the caption of the illustration, a lot of information is missing, which is only appear in the main text.
- Figure 16: This is an obvious result, and this illustration is not necessary. It is necessary to add an explanation of the classification evaluation under different conditions with various meandering coefficients and sea ice motion speed. And provide clustering statistical results for different sub regions.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1927-RC1 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC1', dunwang lu, 12 Jan 2024
Dear reviewer,
Thanks for your valueable comments. Based on the evaluations, we have made a major revision of our manuscript as below:
1, We added quantitative analysis on the impact of the cloud in section 5.3.
2, We analyzed the retrieval accuracy of different sea ice velocity in section 5.5.
3, We checked the buoy validation issue and made the necessary modifications in section 4.2.
Please see our response to your comments in the attachment. We have carefully reviewed and addressed all of comments which we hope meet with approval.
Thank you for your time and help,
Best regards,
Dunwang Lu and co-authors
-
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-1927', Anonymous Referee #2, 18 Dec 2023
The Arctic sea ice reacts strongly to climate change. The common and well-recognized features are thinning of sea ice thickness and shrinking of sea ice extent. As a consequence, the ice drift pattern may differ significantly during the past few decades. The Fram Strait is an important pathway for the sea ice export. For this reason, sea ice drift in the Fram Strait is retrieved based on improved method of the template matching and the Coastal Zone Imager (CZI) imagery from HaiYang-1D (HY-1D) satellite in this study. The authors illustrated the reliability of the product and the spatial and temporal variability of the sea ice motion by comparing with the IABP buoy and CMEMS SAR products. I see it is important and necessary to have different satellite products added to the pool of Arctic data archive. High-resolution sea ice drift product is valuable for the study of sea ice kinematic and deformation, and sea ice export through the Fram Strait is very pertinent to study sea ice changes. For these reasons, I would like to see this manuscript published in TC. However, I see further improvements of this manuscript are necessary in order to warrant acceptance. Please see my comments below and I hope authors can make improvement accordingly.
General comments:
The authors used the IABP buoy to validate the product, but due to lacking of on-site observation data, there are uncertainties for the quality of product. The quality control is used to ensure the quality of product and the distribution of these parameters magnitude requires discussion. The spatial resolution of retrieved sea ice drift is different with those of the IABP buoy and CMEMS SAR products. How the authors process the problems during the comparisons between them. Additionally, the authors should illustrate the uncertainties for CMEMS SAR products and IAMP buoy which will bring biases for comparative results. I suggest the authors to carefully proofread the manuscript and resolve all language issues, as it would be very difficult to pin-point all such issues.
Special comments:
Line 16: “has been retrieving” should be “has been retrieved”
Line 37-38: “and it is the process of sea ice as it moves across the sea surface in response to winds, currents and other forces”- Rephrase this statement.
Line 39: the word “consist of” is not quite appropriate. Please recheck it
Line 40: “the TPD” should be “TPD”
Line 51: “With the launch of many remote sensing satellites…” this statement is too colloquial and rewrite it.
Line 55: “Products” should be “products”
Line 56: “…yield lower-resolution due to”- Please recheck this sentence.
Line 57: “OSI SAF scatterometer and radiometer based on SID products are available for many years…” should be “OSI SAF SID products based on scatterometer and radiometer are …”-Please recheck it.
Line 63: the word “geo-parameter retrieval” is not quite appropriate here.
Line 65: “optical remote sensing data” should rewrite as optical imagery, check the whole manuscript.
Line 76-77: the sentence of “but the defect in which feature tracking cannot produce vectors…” is hardly comprehended. Please rephrase this sentence.
Line 80-81: “However, it has been observed that the accuracy of the SID product with AVHRR is not good in s regions…”-Recheck this sentence
Line 91-93: “Multiyear ice (MYI) drift…exist as drift ice”-Recheck this sentence.
Line 95-99: “For our study, in comparison with other products, the retrieved SID from CZI images achieves good accuracy in the FS…” can be as the conclusions and should not put it here.
Line 98: “a sophisticated method was needed to retrieve the motion of drift ice”, the sophisticated method should have references.
Line 98: “The data enhancement process can aid our algorithm”, the word “aid” is not quite appropriate here.
Line 110: “The wide swath and high resolution of CZI give us an opportunity to understand the sea ice motion in the FS in detail”, the sentence is colloquial and need to refine.
Line 132-133: How about the validated result? it should be provided in the manuscript.
Line 134-135: “The CMEMS product with more overlay…”-Recheck this sentence.
Line 250: “The utilization of correlation coefficients and their derived parametric filtering and neighborhood filtering enhances the quality of the results”, the word “enhances” is not quite appropriate here.
Line 259: In this study, higher-resolution SID fields are retrieved using CZI with a resolution of approximately 4 km while the grid resolution of the CMEMS SID product is 10 km. How the authors process the discrepancy of spatial resolution for the two products during the comparisons?
Line 271: “…recovered SID…” – is it “retrieved SID”?
Line 283-284: “In our study, a small template is chosen considering the retrieved…less than 0.25m/s”-why a small template will result in this result, authors can illustrate the reasons.
Line 320-321: “an RMSE” should be “a RMSE”
Line 336: “combined with Table 4 and Table 5”-is it “Table 3 and Table 4”?
Line 391: Figure 14 shows the time interval of SAR images used for the CMEMS SID products while the legend in figure 14 shows day -level (CZI)? Please recheck it.
The red line in Figure 18 is unnecessary.
Line 438: “As seen from the mean values, each quality … than for …”-the statement is incomplete.
Line 515: “Our method using the multi-template matching and subpixel estimation approach to retrieve SID in the FS produces a promising result. “a promising result” is not quite appropriate here.
Other comments:
The differences of quality control parameters in different regions of Fram Strait should be explained.
The paper should introduce more detailed information about HaiYang series satellites and the level of data.
The relationship between drift distance and velocity retrieval accuracy should be explained.
Whether the time interval of images is appropriate for mosaicking images?
The study explored how the distance of sea ice motion affects the accuracy of flow direction retrieval, but the theory still not clear yet.
-
AC1: 'Reply on RC2', dunwang lu, 12 Jan 2024
Dear reviewer
Thanks for your valueable comments. Based on the evaluations, we have made a major revision of our manuscript:
1, We analyze the effectiveness and spatial distribution of quality control parameters in section 5.6.
2, We added the necessary description of the uncertainties of the CMEMS SID product and IABP buoys in section 2.
3, We have fixed the problems in Fig. 14 and Fig. 18.
4, We carefully checked the language of the manuscript and made revisions
Please see our response to your comments in the attachment. We have carefully reviewed and addressed all of comments which we hope meet with approval.
Thank you for your time and help,
Best regards,
Dunwang Lu and co-authors
-
AC1: 'Reply on RC2', dunwang lu, 12 Jan 2024
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-1927', Anonymous Referee #1, 21 Oct 2023
Review on “Retrieval of sea ice drift in the Fram Strait based on data from Chinese satellite HaiYang (HY1-D)”
Using the observation data of optical sensors onboard the China's HaiYang1-D (HY1-D) satellite, the author proposed an optimized algorithm to calculate the sea ice motion velocity in the Fram Strait region of the Arctic, and validated and evaluated it using CMEMS SAR products and IABP sea ice drifter data. This is of great significance for describing the kinematic characteristics of Arctic sea ice movement and changes in Arctic sea ice outflow, and is a method worth promoting. However, the advantages of data products relative to other products and the quantification results of validation are not yet very clear. Therefore, I recommend that the manuscript needs to undergo major revisions before considering publication.
General comments:
The biggest problem with optical remote sensing is the impact of clouds. Although the paper has discussed the impact of clouds on sea ice motion products, the extent of the impact and its impact on the effective data are not very clear. Further clarification is needed. In addition, it is also necessary to consider whether the topographic features of summer sea ice surfaces, such as snow hummocks and ice ridges, have an impact on the inversion results. The impact of sea ice motion speed itself on the errors of data product needs to be further quantified, and the spatial and seasonal differences in retrieval errors also need to be quantitatively explained. At present, the paper mainly uses examples to illustrate the above issues, rather than providing statistical results, which is not conducive to objective evaluation of the data product.
Special comments:
- Line 34 “leading to accelerated sea ice break-up”-- ice break-up generally describes the situation of synoptic scale processes.
- Line 40 “the TPD transports large quantities of multiyear ice outward from the central Arctic toward the FS”-- not just the Fram Strait, but also the Barents Sea and Baffin Bay.
- Line 46 “which gradually melts during outward transport”--If the sea ice outflow occurs during winter, sea ice growth may also occur.
- Line 50 “between the polar regions and the outside world”--what is the meaning of “outside of world”
- Line 59 “low temporal resolution SID product may fail to provide accurate sea ice drift patterns”-- The main limitation of low-temporal-resolution sea ice motion products is that they cannot depict the subdaily-scale signals of the sea ice kinematics.
- Line 81 “However, it has been observed that the accuracy of the SID product with AVHRR is not good in s regions like East Greenland”-- What are the reasons for poor observation results?
- Line 132 “the product includes the North Pole and South Pole”--1) change to the product is available from both Arctic Ocean and South Ocean; 2) The language of the entire text must be more strictly controlled.
- Figure 2: “The drifting trajectories of 69 IABP buoys from March to May 2021”: How independent are these data, that is, they are not deployed in a very close area, especially the buoys deployed during the MOSAiC; In addition, whether to conduct quality control on the data and eliminate the data with noise and buoy data that are already at sea (not over the ice).
- Line 156 “we design a quality control session to remove the lowquality data from the results”-- How much data will be lost during the study period due to the impact of clouds?
- The error in the direction of sea ice movement: We know that the sea ice movement in the Fram Strait is relatively stable, so it is possible that the angle error may be small. Can you further evaluate the angle error of sea ice motion under different meandering coefficients?
- Hourly data: Does the data have the ability to identify the subdaily-scale characteristics of sea ice motion and compare them with buoy data on a frequency basis?
- BIAS: Relative deviation is also very important.
- Figure 12: What is the confidence level of the correlation coefficient?
- Figure 15: In the caption of the illustration, a lot of information is missing, which is only appear in the main text.
- Figure 16: This is an obvious result, and this illustration is not necessary. It is necessary to add an explanation of the classification evaluation under different conditions with various meandering coefficients and sea ice motion speed. And provide clustering statistical results for different sub regions.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1927-RC1 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC1', dunwang lu, 12 Jan 2024
Dear reviewer,
Thanks for your valueable comments. Based on the evaluations, we have made a major revision of our manuscript as below:
1, We added quantitative analysis on the impact of the cloud in section 5.3.
2, We analyzed the retrieval accuracy of different sea ice velocity in section 5.5.
3, We checked the buoy validation issue and made the necessary modifications in section 4.2.
Please see our response to your comments in the attachment. We have carefully reviewed and addressed all of comments which we hope meet with approval.
Thank you for your time and help,
Best regards,
Dunwang Lu and co-authors
-
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-1927', Anonymous Referee #2, 18 Dec 2023
The Arctic sea ice reacts strongly to climate change. The common and well-recognized features are thinning of sea ice thickness and shrinking of sea ice extent. As a consequence, the ice drift pattern may differ significantly during the past few decades. The Fram Strait is an important pathway for the sea ice export. For this reason, sea ice drift in the Fram Strait is retrieved based on improved method of the template matching and the Coastal Zone Imager (CZI) imagery from HaiYang-1D (HY-1D) satellite in this study. The authors illustrated the reliability of the product and the spatial and temporal variability of the sea ice motion by comparing with the IABP buoy and CMEMS SAR products. I see it is important and necessary to have different satellite products added to the pool of Arctic data archive. High-resolution sea ice drift product is valuable for the study of sea ice kinematic and deformation, and sea ice export through the Fram Strait is very pertinent to study sea ice changes. For these reasons, I would like to see this manuscript published in TC. However, I see further improvements of this manuscript are necessary in order to warrant acceptance. Please see my comments below and I hope authors can make improvement accordingly.
General comments:
The authors used the IABP buoy to validate the product, but due to lacking of on-site observation data, there are uncertainties for the quality of product. The quality control is used to ensure the quality of product and the distribution of these parameters magnitude requires discussion. The spatial resolution of retrieved sea ice drift is different with those of the IABP buoy and CMEMS SAR products. How the authors process the problems during the comparisons between them. Additionally, the authors should illustrate the uncertainties for CMEMS SAR products and IAMP buoy which will bring biases for comparative results. I suggest the authors to carefully proofread the manuscript and resolve all language issues, as it would be very difficult to pin-point all such issues.
Special comments:
Line 16: “has been retrieving” should be “has been retrieved”
Line 37-38: “and it is the process of sea ice as it moves across the sea surface in response to winds, currents and other forces”- Rephrase this statement.
Line 39: the word “consist of” is not quite appropriate. Please recheck it
Line 40: “the TPD” should be “TPD”
Line 51: “With the launch of many remote sensing satellites…” this statement is too colloquial and rewrite it.
Line 55: “Products” should be “products”
Line 56: “…yield lower-resolution due to”- Please recheck this sentence.
Line 57: “OSI SAF scatterometer and radiometer based on SID products are available for many years…” should be “OSI SAF SID products based on scatterometer and radiometer are …”-Please recheck it.
Line 63: the word “geo-parameter retrieval” is not quite appropriate here.
Line 65: “optical remote sensing data” should rewrite as optical imagery, check the whole manuscript.
Line 76-77: the sentence of “but the defect in which feature tracking cannot produce vectors…” is hardly comprehended. Please rephrase this sentence.
Line 80-81: “However, it has been observed that the accuracy of the SID product with AVHRR is not good in s regions…”-Recheck this sentence
Line 91-93: “Multiyear ice (MYI) drift…exist as drift ice”-Recheck this sentence.
Line 95-99: “For our study, in comparison with other products, the retrieved SID from CZI images achieves good accuracy in the FS…” can be as the conclusions and should not put it here.
Line 98: “a sophisticated method was needed to retrieve the motion of drift ice”, the sophisticated method should have references.
Line 98: “The data enhancement process can aid our algorithm”, the word “aid” is not quite appropriate here.
Line 110: “The wide swath and high resolution of CZI give us an opportunity to understand the sea ice motion in the FS in detail”, the sentence is colloquial and need to refine.
Line 132-133: How about the validated result? it should be provided in the manuscript.
Line 134-135: “The CMEMS product with more overlay…”-Recheck this sentence.
Line 250: “The utilization of correlation coefficients and their derived parametric filtering and neighborhood filtering enhances the quality of the results”, the word “enhances” is not quite appropriate here.
Line 259: In this study, higher-resolution SID fields are retrieved using CZI with a resolution of approximately 4 km while the grid resolution of the CMEMS SID product is 10 km. How the authors process the discrepancy of spatial resolution for the two products during the comparisons?
Line 271: “…recovered SID…” – is it “retrieved SID”?
Line 283-284: “In our study, a small template is chosen considering the retrieved…less than 0.25m/s”-why a small template will result in this result, authors can illustrate the reasons.
Line 320-321: “an RMSE” should be “a RMSE”
Line 336: “combined with Table 4 and Table 5”-is it “Table 3 and Table 4”?
Line 391: Figure 14 shows the time interval of SAR images used for the CMEMS SID products while the legend in figure 14 shows day -level (CZI)? Please recheck it.
The red line in Figure 18 is unnecessary.
Line 438: “As seen from the mean values, each quality … than for …”-the statement is incomplete.
Line 515: “Our method using the multi-template matching and subpixel estimation approach to retrieve SID in the FS produces a promising result. “a promising result” is not quite appropriate here.
Other comments:
The differences of quality control parameters in different regions of Fram Strait should be explained.
The paper should introduce more detailed information about HaiYang series satellites and the level of data.
The relationship between drift distance and velocity retrieval accuracy should be explained.
Whether the time interval of images is appropriate for mosaicking images?
The study explored how the distance of sea ice motion affects the accuracy of flow direction retrieval, but the theory still not clear yet.
-
AC1: 'Reply on RC2', dunwang lu, 12 Jan 2024
Dear reviewer
Thanks for your valueable comments. Based on the evaluations, we have made a major revision of our manuscript:
1, We analyze the effectiveness and spatial distribution of quality control parameters in section 5.6.
2, We added the necessary description of the uncertainties of the CMEMS SID product and IABP buoys in section 2.
3, We have fixed the problems in Fig. 14 and Fig. 18.
4, We carefully checked the language of the manuscript and made revisions
Please see our response to your comments in the attachment. We have carefully reviewed and addressed all of comments which we hope meet with approval.
Thank you for your time and help,
Best regards,
Dunwang Lu and co-authors
-
AC1: 'Reply on RC2', dunwang lu, 12 Jan 2024
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Dunwang Lu
Jianqiang Liu
Lijian Shi
Tao Zeng
Bin Cheng
Suhui Wu
Manman Wang
The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
- Preprint
(4190 KB) - Metadata XML