the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 30 May 2022
High-resolution vertical biogeochemical profiles in the hyporheic zone reveal insights into microbial methane cycling
Abstract. Facing the challenges of climate change, policy making relies on sound greenhouse gas (GHG) budgets. Rivers and streams emit large quantities of the potent GHG methane (CH4), but their global impact on atmospheric CH4 concentrations is highly uncertain. In-situ data from the hyporheic zone (HZ), where most CH4 is produced and some of it can be oxidized to CO2, are lacking for an accurate description of CH4 production and consumption in streams. To address this, we recorded high-resolution depth-resolved geochemical profiles at five different locations in the stream bed of river Moosach, Southern Germany. Specifically, we measured pore-water concentrations and stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) of dissolved CH4 as well as relevant electron acceptors for oxidation with a 1 cm vertical depth-resolution. Findings were interpreted with the help of a numerical model, and 16S rRNA gene analyses added information on the microbial community at one of the locations. Our data confirms with pore-water CH4 concentrations of up to 1000 μmol L-1 that large quantities of CH4 are produced in the HZ. Stable isotope measurements of CH4 suggest that hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis represents a dominant pathway for CH4 production in the HZ of river Moosach, while a relatively high abundance of a novel group of methanogenic archaea, the Methanomethyliales (Phylum Verstraetearchaeota), indicate that CH4 production through H2 dependent methylotrophic methanogenesis might also be an important CH4 source. Combined isotopic and modeling results clearly implied CH4 oxidation processes at one of the sampled locations, but due to the steep chemical gradients and the close proximity of the oxygen and nitrate reduction zones no single electron acceptor for this process could be identified. Nevertheless, the numerical modeling results showed not only a potential for aerobic CH4 oxidation, but also for anaerobic oxidation of CH4 coupled to denitrification. In addition, the nitrate-methane transition zone was characterized by an increased relative abundance of microbial groups (Crenothrix, NC10) known to mediate nitrate and nitrite dependent methane oxidation in the hyporheic zone.
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Notice on discussion status
The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
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Preprint
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The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
- Preprint
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- Final revised paper
Journal article(s) based on this preprint
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-373', Carsten J. Schubert, 16 Jun 2022
High-resolution vertical biogeochemical profiles in the hyporheic zone reveal insights into microbial methane cycling
The study shows high resolution depth-resolved geochemical profiles from different locations in the hyporheic zone of the river Mossach in southern Germany.
Pore-water concentrations and stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) of dissolved CH4 as well as relevant electron acceptors for oxidation with a 1 cm vertical depth-resolution were measured.
The results were explained by modelling the data with PROFILE. Additonally, 16s RNA data was used to identify the microbial community responsible for different processes like methanogenesis, AOM, Anammox etc.
This is a very nice manuscript. I am impressed by all the data the authors are providing and the very thoroughly discussed results using different techniques. Finally, a manuscript showing that not everywhere where methane is depleted oxidation is responsible (proved by isotopic data). Results are also not over interpreted as seen often in the recent literature. I have put some suggestions directly in the file. I congratulate the authors and recommend publication with those slight changes.
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Tamara Michaelis, 06 Jul 2022
First of all, we would like to express our deep gratitude for the reviews of both reviewers.
Rev. 1 mentioned that this is a very nice manuscript. He was impressed with all the data provided by the authors and the thoroughly discussed results using a variety of techniques. He also said that the results have not been over-interpreted, as is often the case in the recent literature. In contrast, Rev. 2 was more critical and is discussed in more detail elsewhere.
Nevertheless, we have seriously considered all suggestions, addressed the highly valuable recommendations where appropriate and possible, and have provided detailed responses and explanations in the file attachement. The updated manuscript with changes marked in blue color will be uploaded separately.
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Tamara Michaelis, 06 Jul 2022
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RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-373', Anonymous Referee #2, 29 Jun 2022
general comments
The manuscripts describes the results from 5 porewater peepers deployed in a small stream at different times and dates. From porewater profiles of different solutes the authors extract information about methane producing and consuming processes in the stream sediment. Results are supported by a molecular biological analysis of one of the five sites. The topic is interesting, innovative, and suitable for the journal. The paper is well written, methods seem to be carried out with great care (although I cannot judge the molecular methods). Major problems with the paper are related to the methods which make linking results and interpretation sometimes problematic or not possible:
1. Peepers integrate over long periods. I am not fully convinced that using them in a highly dynamic habitat is the best choice. Also the interpretation of the profiles relies on steady state assumptions. In order to judge this it is necessary to have more information about temporal dynamics in that stream. I suggest to improve Figure 1 by showing discharge data with high temporal resolution (at least daily means) and to indicate peeper deployment periods in the figure. That enables judgement whether e.g. a flood occurred shortly before peeper retreaval. I think only stable conditions during peeper deployment allow the presented interpretation of the profiles.
2. The spatial resolution of the profiles is often not sufficient to allow the resolution of different biogeochemical zones
3. The study mixes spatial and temporal variability because peepers were deployed at different sides not simultaneously. As a result the study gives very limited information regarding both spatial and temporal differences between peepers. The most striking result from the study is probably that all peepers were unique. We cannot tell which part spatial and temporal factors play but I think this has consequences for other studies: General conclusions about stream functioning and upscaling from such single spot data is simply not possible. One could guess that having 5 more peepers would have resulted in 5 more very unique datasets. I recommend to discuss the issue of variability more.
4. They applied a 2D model (PROFILE) to a 3D scenario. This means any deviation from what was expected could be attributed to horizontal heterogeneity, transport inhomogeneity etc.. That makes interpretation of the profiles with respect to vertical reaction profiles highly subjective. Who decides in which case a feature of the profile is due to vertical biogeochemical processes or rather an artefact caused e.g. by transport inhomogeneity?
detailed comments
L.27: The abstract should end with a summarising/concluding sentence.
L.36: Which % of natural sources are streams?
L.47: One reference would be enough
L.46-52: It is not really clear why this is relevant for the study
Introduction: There is lots of introduction about microbes but it is not really clear why. There are also lots of microbial references. I suggest to tailor the introduction more towards the aims and questions.
L.86: What were the findings of that study?
L.98: campaigns
L.112: Does that mean faster flow with macrophytes?
L.118: That information cannot be seen in Figure 1. Give discharge data with high temporal resolution.
L.120: How wide was the stream? Water depth?
Figure 2: What are the two objects at the water surface? What are the 2 vertical lines separating the figure?
L.148: What was the orientation of the peepers relative to flow direction? Wan´t there sediment erosion near to the peepers after deployment, because the peepers generate turbulence in flowing water.
L.151-152: Be more specific. Why were 2 weeks not enough? How do you know?
L.161: Give type ans size of vials. That means there was no water (except the 10µl NaOH) in the vials? There must be some small loss of sample gas using the described method. Did you check artefacts e.g. by preparing samples with known CH4 content?
L.211: I do not understand the boundary conditions chosen for CH4. Zero flux at top or bottom? Why can you assume that? Why not using concentration at the top and bottom as boundary conditions?
Results and discussion: I am not sure whether joining results and discussion are the best choice here. Jumping permanently between results and discussion is difficult for the reader. If a large revision is done I recommend to separate results and discussion. Use always past tense for results (e.g. L 252: depended).
L.256: Figure 3a and c.
L.275: What is the detection limit of the O2 measurements and are <10 significantly different from zero?
L.314: Information on sediment composition would help a lot. Don´t you have e.g. LOI data for table A3?
L.324: “production” or rather “concentration”?
L.328: Why “seem”. It should be possible to calculate CH4 partial pressure and compare with hydrostatic pressure.
L.333: “by”
L.334: Can you show the correlation between CH4 and NH3, e.g. in the supplement?
L.380: So what? How is this sentence related to your study?
L391: delete “measured”
L.396: ad a reference for this statement.
L.408-409: Difficult to understand
L.412: Why can you conclude that CH4 oxidation was not relevant at site D?
L.423: There is a problem of logic: Diffusion is a transport process and cannot reduce a concentration in the profile. If CH4 dissapears you need a CH4 consumption process.
L.429: Unknown? Is there really no literature about CH4 ebullition in streams?
L.438-439: Of course because that is what the PROFILE software is doing: Interpreting changes in slope as production/consumption processes.
L.452: This is a dangerous argument. The model is a quantitative one and give concrete numbers. How can you judge which numbers you trust and which not? This argumentation may question the entire quantitative interpretation of your profiles.
L.462: These O2 fluxes look extremely low. I would guess that the spatial resolution of the profiles was either not sufficient to model proper O2 fluxes or that assumption about transport coefficients were not met.
Fig.6: Is it possible to compare different groups quantitatively? It is striking that there were more methanotrophs than methanogens and that there were much more SRB. This brings also up the idea whether it makes sense to compare sulfate reduction and methane production rates from the PROFILE analysis to get information about the contribution of the different processes to total organic matter mineralisation.
L.542: The molecular analysis also integrates over a larger timescale. Without having information about short term dynamics of e.g. redox conditions it is difficult to interpret the findings.
L554: Delete “can”
equation C3: Explain symbols
refs: 112 references are a lot. I suggest to critically check the necessity of all reference. There is potential for shortening esp. in the introduction. On the other hand I wonder if at least some discussion of temporal dynamics (e.g. the work of https://www.ufz.de/index.php?en=38353) might be helpful for interpretation of the data.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-373-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Tamara Michaelis, 06 Jul 2022
The authors want to thank the referee for the detailed review and the helpful comments. The referee clearly read the manuscript very carefully and could help to improve the paper. In the file attachement, all comments and questions are answered in more detail. The updated manuscript with changes marked in blue color will be uploaded separately.
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AC3: 'Reply on AC2', Tamara Michaelis, 20 Jul 2022
Unfortunately, we found a unit conversion error in a spreadsheet calculation done during the revisions. CH4 saturation concentrations were calculated using PhreecC for each site and site-specific temperature and water depth. In an internal revision process we found a mistake in these calculations. CH4 saturation concentrations were re-calculated and corrected values are displayed in the attached file. We also did some changes to the respective paragraph in the manuscript which are cited as well in the attached file.
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AC3: 'Reply on AC2', Tamara Michaelis, 20 Jul 2022
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AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Tamara Michaelis, 06 Jul 2022
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-373', Carsten J. Schubert, 16 Jun 2022
High-resolution vertical biogeochemical profiles in the hyporheic zone reveal insights into microbial methane cycling
The study shows high resolution depth-resolved geochemical profiles from different locations in the hyporheic zone of the river Mossach in southern Germany.
Pore-water concentrations and stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) of dissolved CH4 as well as relevant electron acceptors for oxidation with a 1 cm vertical depth-resolution were measured.
The results were explained by modelling the data with PROFILE. Additonally, 16s RNA data was used to identify the microbial community responsible for different processes like methanogenesis, AOM, Anammox etc.
This is a very nice manuscript. I am impressed by all the data the authors are providing and the very thoroughly discussed results using different techniques. Finally, a manuscript showing that not everywhere where methane is depleted oxidation is responsible (proved by isotopic data). Results are also not over interpreted as seen often in the recent literature. I have put some suggestions directly in the file. I congratulate the authors and recommend publication with those slight changes.
-
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Tamara Michaelis, 06 Jul 2022
First of all, we would like to express our deep gratitude for the reviews of both reviewers.
Rev. 1 mentioned that this is a very nice manuscript. He was impressed with all the data provided by the authors and the thoroughly discussed results using a variety of techniques. He also said that the results have not been over-interpreted, as is often the case in the recent literature. In contrast, Rev. 2 was more critical and is discussed in more detail elsewhere.
Nevertheless, we have seriously considered all suggestions, addressed the highly valuable recommendations where appropriate and possible, and have provided detailed responses and explanations in the file attachement. The updated manuscript with changes marked in blue color will be uploaded separately.
-
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Tamara Michaelis, 06 Jul 2022
-
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-373', Anonymous Referee #2, 29 Jun 2022
general comments
The manuscripts describes the results from 5 porewater peepers deployed in a small stream at different times and dates. From porewater profiles of different solutes the authors extract information about methane producing and consuming processes in the stream sediment. Results are supported by a molecular biological analysis of one of the five sites. The topic is interesting, innovative, and suitable for the journal. The paper is well written, methods seem to be carried out with great care (although I cannot judge the molecular methods). Major problems with the paper are related to the methods which make linking results and interpretation sometimes problematic or not possible:
1. Peepers integrate over long periods. I am not fully convinced that using them in a highly dynamic habitat is the best choice. Also the interpretation of the profiles relies on steady state assumptions. In order to judge this it is necessary to have more information about temporal dynamics in that stream. I suggest to improve Figure 1 by showing discharge data with high temporal resolution (at least daily means) and to indicate peeper deployment periods in the figure. That enables judgement whether e.g. a flood occurred shortly before peeper retreaval. I think only stable conditions during peeper deployment allow the presented interpretation of the profiles.
2. The spatial resolution of the profiles is often not sufficient to allow the resolution of different biogeochemical zones
3. The study mixes spatial and temporal variability because peepers were deployed at different sides not simultaneously. As a result the study gives very limited information regarding both spatial and temporal differences between peepers. The most striking result from the study is probably that all peepers were unique. We cannot tell which part spatial and temporal factors play but I think this has consequences for other studies: General conclusions about stream functioning and upscaling from such single spot data is simply not possible. One could guess that having 5 more peepers would have resulted in 5 more very unique datasets. I recommend to discuss the issue of variability more.
4. They applied a 2D model (PROFILE) to a 3D scenario. This means any deviation from what was expected could be attributed to horizontal heterogeneity, transport inhomogeneity etc.. That makes interpretation of the profiles with respect to vertical reaction profiles highly subjective. Who decides in which case a feature of the profile is due to vertical biogeochemical processes or rather an artefact caused e.g. by transport inhomogeneity?
detailed comments
L.27: The abstract should end with a summarising/concluding sentence.
L.36: Which % of natural sources are streams?
L.47: One reference would be enough
L.46-52: It is not really clear why this is relevant for the study
Introduction: There is lots of introduction about microbes but it is not really clear why. There are also lots of microbial references. I suggest to tailor the introduction more towards the aims and questions.
L.86: What were the findings of that study?
L.98: campaigns
L.112: Does that mean faster flow with macrophytes?
L.118: That information cannot be seen in Figure 1. Give discharge data with high temporal resolution.
L.120: How wide was the stream? Water depth?
Figure 2: What are the two objects at the water surface? What are the 2 vertical lines separating the figure?
L.148: What was the orientation of the peepers relative to flow direction? Wan´t there sediment erosion near to the peepers after deployment, because the peepers generate turbulence in flowing water.
L.151-152: Be more specific. Why were 2 weeks not enough? How do you know?
L.161: Give type ans size of vials. That means there was no water (except the 10µl NaOH) in the vials? There must be some small loss of sample gas using the described method. Did you check artefacts e.g. by preparing samples with known CH4 content?
L.211: I do not understand the boundary conditions chosen for CH4. Zero flux at top or bottom? Why can you assume that? Why not using concentration at the top and bottom as boundary conditions?
Results and discussion: I am not sure whether joining results and discussion are the best choice here. Jumping permanently between results and discussion is difficult for the reader. If a large revision is done I recommend to separate results and discussion. Use always past tense for results (e.g. L 252: depended).
L.256: Figure 3a and c.
L.275: What is the detection limit of the O2 measurements and are <10 significantly different from zero?
L.314: Information on sediment composition would help a lot. Don´t you have e.g. LOI data for table A3?
L.324: “production” or rather “concentration”?
L.328: Why “seem”. It should be possible to calculate CH4 partial pressure and compare with hydrostatic pressure.
L.333: “by”
L.334: Can you show the correlation between CH4 and NH3, e.g. in the supplement?
L.380: So what? How is this sentence related to your study?
L391: delete “measured”
L.396: ad a reference for this statement.
L.408-409: Difficult to understand
L.412: Why can you conclude that CH4 oxidation was not relevant at site D?
L.423: There is a problem of logic: Diffusion is a transport process and cannot reduce a concentration in the profile. If CH4 dissapears you need a CH4 consumption process.
L.429: Unknown? Is there really no literature about CH4 ebullition in streams?
L.438-439: Of course because that is what the PROFILE software is doing: Interpreting changes in slope as production/consumption processes.
L.452: This is a dangerous argument. The model is a quantitative one and give concrete numbers. How can you judge which numbers you trust and which not? This argumentation may question the entire quantitative interpretation of your profiles.
L.462: These O2 fluxes look extremely low. I would guess that the spatial resolution of the profiles was either not sufficient to model proper O2 fluxes or that assumption about transport coefficients were not met.
Fig.6: Is it possible to compare different groups quantitatively? It is striking that there were more methanotrophs than methanogens and that there were much more SRB. This brings also up the idea whether it makes sense to compare sulfate reduction and methane production rates from the PROFILE analysis to get information about the contribution of the different processes to total organic matter mineralisation.
L.542: The molecular analysis also integrates over a larger timescale. Without having information about short term dynamics of e.g. redox conditions it is difficult to interpret the findings.
L554: Delete “can”
equation C3: Explain symbols
refs: 112 references are a lot. I suggest to critically check the necessity of all reference. There is potential for shortening esp. in the introduction. On the other hand I wonder if at least some discussion of temporal dynamics (e.g. the work of https://www.ufz.de/index.php?en=38353) might be helpful for interpretation of the data.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-373-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Tamara Michaelis, 06 Jul 2022
The authors want to thank the referee for the detailed review and the helpful comments. The referee clearly read the manuscript very carefully and could help to improve the paper. In the file attachement, all comments and questions are answered in more detail. The updated manuscript with changes marked in blue color will be uploaded separately.
-
AC3: 'Reply on AC2', Tamara Michaelis, 20 Jul 2022
Unfortunately, we found a unit conversion error in a spreadsheet calculation done during the revisions. CH4 saturation concentrations were calculated using PhreecC for each site and site-specific temperature and water depth. In an internal revision process we found a mistake in these calculations. CH4 saturation concentrations were re-calculated and corrected values are displayed in the attached file. We also did some changes to the respective paragraph in the manuscript which are cited as well in the attached file.
-
AC3: 'Reply on AC2', Tamara Michaelis, 20 Jul 2022
-
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Tamara Michaelis, 06 Jul 2022
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Tamara Michaelis
Anja Wunderlich
Ömer K. Coskun
William Orsi
Thomas Baumann
Florian Einsiedl
The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
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