| 11 Feb 2026
First Alps-wide reconstruction of LGM glacial sediment transport enabled by GPU-accelerated particle tracking
Abstract. Reconstructing the transport histories and provenances of glacial sediments and ice-contact deposits (e.g. tills, moraines) in formerly glaciated regions remains a major challenge, particularly at icefield- to ice-sheet scales and over multi-millennial timescales. Yet such reconstructions are central to key questions in Quaternary science, including estimates of past glacial erosion rates and sediment fluxes, the role of subglacial sediment storage in erosion buffering, or the reconstruction of past ice-flow dynamics, ice divides, and transfluences. While numerical modelling can enable one to reproduce past glacial sediment transport via coupling glacier models with Lagrangian particle tracking, this becomes computationally unfeasible over large spatial domains and paleo timescales using traditional computing. As a result, no study to date has simulated glacial sediment transport using large particle numbers (tens of millions) across continental-scale icefields such as the European Alps during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM): a pre-requisite given the ubiquitous nature of sediments in glacier systems. In this study, we overcome this limitation through a new coupling of 3D Lagrangian particle tracking with Graphics-Processing-Units (GPU)-accelerated, high-resolution glacier simulations based on the deep-learning-enhanced Instructed Glacier Model (IGM). Our approach unlocks the ice advection of tens of millions of particles at minimal additional computational cost, allowing simulations of glacial sediment transport across the European Alps over multi-millennial timescales (40–18 ka) and at an unprecedented spatial resolution of 300 m. In doing so, we produce the first Alps-wide modelling reconstruction of glacial sediment transport during the LGM, using process-based particle seeding schemes to represent both subglacial (e.g. abrasion, plucking) and supraglacial (e.g. rockfall, landslides) sediment sourcing. Results are analysed through complementary ‘sink-to-source’ (deposit provenance) and ‘source-to-sink’ (potential depositional pathways) analyses, enabling us to reconstruct the LGM glacial transport of numerous ice-contact deposits and surface lithologies across the Alps. We find that supraglacially sourced glacial sediments are typically eroded earlier, experience longer glacier residence times, and undergo greater cumulative ice-free exposure than those of subglacial origin, with implications for the interpretation of cosmogenic nuclide inheritance in glacial deposits. Our new coupled glacier-particle modelling framework opens avenues for quantitative model-data comparisons using glacial geomorphology and provides a powerful tool for reconstructing paleo ice dynamics, sediment provenance, and Quaternary glacial landscape evolution.
Overall this is a very well-written, comprehensive and robust paper, which I very much enjoyed reading. It details particle tracking approaches in the model IGM and documents their application to a series of case studies. The paper documents major model developments and their validation. It is likely to be of significant interest to a wide range of users and researchers and has the potential to unlock numerous key research questions relating to past glacier dynamics. My comments are very minor and mostly editorial and are in the attached pdf. A couple of the figures need slight adjustments, but this is really polishing round the edges of an already strong paper. Very interesting to read and very interesting work - a pleasure to review.