Synthesis of the tethered balloon system and other TRACER campaign measurements elucidates aerosol property profiles

Abstract. Coastal urban environments exhibit strong vertical and horizontal heterogeneity in aerosol properties, complicating process-level understanding of aerosol–cloud interactions. This study analyzes tethered balloon system (TBS) measurements from 149 flights during summer over the greater Houston, Texas, region as part of the DOE Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Tracking Aerosol Convection interactions ExpeRiment (TRACER) campaign. We characterize the vertical structure of aerosol number concentrations, size distributions, and inferred cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations. Air mass history was classified using back-trajectory analysis and k-means clustering into three clusters: (1) marine-influenced, (2) mixed marine and urban emissions, and (3) urban/anthropogenic and long-range transported aerosols. CCN concentrations are estimated from observed size distributions using κ-Köhler theory. The resulting profiles show pronounced vertical variability across clusters, strongly modulated by boundary-layer depth and coastal circulations, leading to substantial variability in the aerosol population available for cloud activation. The marine cluster showed the lowest concentrations, with CCN at 0.8 % supersaturation below 1,000 cm⁻³, while urban and mixed clusters displayed higher concentrations and more complex layering. Profiles influenced by the mixed marine–urban cluster frequently exhibit decoupling between near-surface aerosol and elevated layers, including enhanced accumulation-mode number aloft, consistent with prior TBS-based compositional studies. A September 6–7, 2022 case study demonstrates that mesoscale transport can simultaneously transform both the thermodynamic environment and aerosol population, highlighting the importance of constraining boundary-layer dynamics and airmass origin before attributing cloud changes to aerosol effects in complex coastal environments.