Ideas and perspectives: Nitrite turnover controls nitrogen fate across redox gradients

Abstract. Reactive nitrogen fate in natural systems remains difficult to predict because pathway partitioning occurs at the stage of nitrite turnover, where rapid and tightly coupled production and consumption processes obscure the underlying fluxes. Concentration-based assessments emphasize the dominant pools — nitrate and ammonium — and pathway divergence is determined at the stage of nitrite turnover, independently of pool size. Nitrite is the only inorganic nitrogen species produced under both oxidative and reductive regimes and the obligatory precursor to all downstream dissolved and gaseous products. Because nitrite rarely accumulates, it has often been treated as a transient intermediate of limited interpretive value. This apparent invisibility reflects rapid, tightly coupled turnover and does not indicate functional insignificance. Nitrogen retention, recycling and atmospheric loss are resolved at the stage of nitrite turnover, where competing pathways partition fluxes under kinetic and environmental constraints.

Observed concentrations integrate formation and consumption into a net signal that masks opposing fluxes when internal cycling is rapid. Coupled δ¹⁵N–δ¹⁸O measurements of nitrite constrain simultaneous production and consumption and differentiate biological from abiotic pathways. Partial oxygen isotope exchange with water increases the diagnostic primacy of δ¹⁵N in resolving hidden turnover. Centering nitrogen-cycle interpretation on nitrite dynamics and isotopic expression across redox gradients from oxic soils to oxygen minimum zones, provides a mechanistic basis for predicting nitrogen budgets, N₂O emissions, and ecosystem sensitivity to increasing redox variability under climate change and land-use intensification.