Processing Multiple GNSS RO Data Using FSI and ROPP: Results from the ROMEX

Abstract. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Radio Occultation (RO) is a vital technique in atmospheric remote sensing, providing all-weather, high-resolution vertical observations that support numerical weather prediction (NWP) and atmospheric research. To enhance understanding of GNSS RO processing uncertainties and inter-algorithm consistency, NOAA/STAR developed an independent RO inversion algorithm based on the Full Spectrum Inversion (FSI) technique to derive bending angle and refractivity profiles from excess phase data. As part of the international Radio Occultation Modeling Experiment (ROMEX), endorsed by the International Radio Occultation Working Group (IROWG), STAR’s FSI results were systematically compared with outputs from the community standard Radio Occultation Processing Package (ROPP) and EUMETSAT datasets. Leveraging multi-GNSS RO observations from both commercial and government-funded missions, the study evaluates consistency across processing approaches using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis v5 (ERA5) as the reference and structural differences against the three-dataset mean for the ROMEX period. Results reveal high overall agreement, while identifying variations linked to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and mission characteristics, providing critical insights for interpreting ROMEX forecast impact studies and improving GNSS RO data assimilation systems.