Distribution of alkylamines in surface waters around the Antarctic Peninsula and Weddell Sea

Abstract. Small molecular weight alkylamines, organic nitrogen compounds present in the surface ocean, participate in the marine biogeochemical nitrogen cycle, atmospheric processes and cloud formation. Alkylamines have been detected in polar regions, suggesting that these areas constitute emission hotspots of these compounds. However, knowledge of the sea surface distribution patterns and factors controlling alkylamines remains limited due to their high reactivity and low concentrations, which hamper accurate measurements. We investigated the presence and distribution of alkylamines in waters around the Antarctic Peninsula and the northern Weddell Sea during the late austral summer and explored their potential links to marine microbiota. Alkylamines were ubiquitous in all samples measured, accounting for ~2 % of the dissolved and particulate organic nitrogen pool. The unique particulate form found was trimethylamine (TMA), detected for the first time in Antarctic waters accounting for 9.7 ± 4.6 nM. We efficiently measured dissolved trimethylamine (TMA, 20.9 ± 15.2 nM), dimethylamine (DMA, 32.3 ± 32.7 nM) and diethylamine (DEA, 7.2 ± 1.7 nM) across the surveyed area, while dissolved monomethylamine (MMA, 12.7 ± 0.1 nM) remained below detection limit in most samples. Our findings reveal spatial variations in alkylamine concentrations that did not align with the overall phytoplankton biomass but with specific components. TMA was predominantly associated with, and released from, nanophytoplankton. DMA was likely produced by the degradation of TMA or trimethylamine oxide by nanophytoplankton cells or associated bacteria. The sources of DEA remain unclear but were suggestive of a distinct biogeochemical pathway from those of TMA and DMA. MMA is thought to primarily originate from bacterial degradation of nitrogen-based osmolytes or amino acids, but detection in too few samples precluded any robust association with microbiota. This study reveals that volatile alkylamines are widespread in Antarctic surface waters, where they are primarily sourced from nanophytoplankton cells and associated heterotrophic bacteria and protists.