the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 31 Jul 2025
3D magnetotelluric forward modeling using an edge-based finite element method with a variant semi-unstructured conformal hexahedral mesh
Abstract. This research presents the implementation of a semi-structured hexahedral mesh for the edge-based finite element method, which is utilized in solving 3D magnetotelluric (MT) modeling. The semi-unstructured hexahedral mesh comprises an unstructured quadrilateral mesh for the horizontal directions and an automatically generated non-uniform mesh for the vertical direction. The edge-based finite element approach, utilizing this mesh pattern, has been developed. We present, compare, and discuss the accuracy, efficiency, and flexibility of our MT forward modeling codes for various 3D models. Numerical experiments indicate that our approach provides good accuracy when local mesh refinement is applied around sites and within the focus zone, yielding superior results compared to the conventional edge-based finite element method with a standard structured hexahedral mesh. The reliability of the developed codes was confirmed through comparisons with analytical solutions, benchmark COMMEMI3D, and topographic models. Furthermore, our developed codes, which incorporate a semi-unstructured hexahedral mesh, exhibit valuable features, such as managing topographic and complex zones, and refining the local mesh for a 3D domain over a structured hexahedral mesh. However, they require fewer mesh data points, such as nodes and elements, within the mesh.
- Preprint
(15822 KB) - Metadata XML
- BibTeX
- EndNote
Status: open (until 11 Oct 2025)
-
RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2025-3317', Colin Farquharson, 30 Aug 2025
reply
Dear Drs. Sarakorn & Â Mukwachi,
I think this is a good, useful (and novel) method that you present. Also, the paper's well-written, well-organized, and illustrated well. I only have a small number of minor comments and suggestions.
Very last line of page 1, when talking about staggered-grid finite-difference: It would be good to be more precise in this statement. If it's the typical staggered-grid for the E-field equation, then it's the tangential electric field, I believe, that's continuous between cells, with no built-in condition on the current.
This is probably getting far too pedantic, so feel free to ignore. But, it would be possible to formulate the typical integral equation approach (whether one that doesn't work for high contrast or one that does) using, e.g., unstructured tetrahedral meshes, to accurately model a real-life ore-body, etc. And it is possible to formulate staggered-grid finite-difference (or "finite-volume") for, e.g., unstructured tetrahedral meshes. I'd argue, therefore, that it's not so much the methods themselves that are limited to rectangular discretizations but the implementations that people have derived and coded up.
Lines 37-38: One problem with the simple rectilinear meshes is the poor mesh quality, and hence ill-conditioning of the system, resulting from extending padding zones out to the boundary of the domain, which ends up with very pizza-box-like cells. This is very nicely illustrated by your Figure 5.
What field do you use for your boundary conditions: the electric field in a homogeneous halfspace (and if so, what's the conductivity of the halfspace?), or in a horizontally layered Earth, or in 2D models?
Why use a mesh made from quadrilateral elements and not one made from triangular elements, and then extrude those triangles downwards?
Lines 96-97: This is perhaps slightly important. Can your meshing, and hence the forward-modelling code, handle cells of variable vertical extent? This is what the sentence over these two lines suggests. However, there is nothing else in the manuscript that mentions this. If your method (meshing & MT modelling) can handle this, it would be good to see this shown off and demonstrated in an example (perhaps the trapezoidal hill model of Nam et al.).
Figure 1: In this figure you're meaning to indicate on which boundaries of the domain the (non-zero) tangential component of the background electric field is being applied for the two different polarizations, is that correct? But you still need to provide conditions on the other boundaries, it's just that these involve forcing the tangential electric field to zero?
Line 149: Can't you use analytic formulae for the integrals? Why use a numerical integration technique? Doesn't this take quite a bit longer?
Line 165 and thereabouts: It's not 100% clear: Do you use a sparse, direct solver from NumPy (or elsewhere), or an iterative solver? (If an iterative solver, are you doing any kind of divergence correction, or using a specially designed preconditioner, to help with convergence?)
Figure 5: What does the vertical cross section at y=0km look like? That would be interesting to see, including the cells up under the observation locations. Presumably the aspect ratios of those cells are good? Same for Figure 7.
Figure 11: It would be interesting to see a vertical slice through the mesh along the line of observation locations. Do the vertical extents of the cells in a layer vary?
Figure 12: I think it would be good to re-do this figure. Perhaps digitize the data points from the figure in Nam et al. (their Figure 12, isn't it?) as this would allow you to plot their data on a new graph that you then have total control over. And don't include the 2D results, which are the ones that have the elevated apparent resistivities in the middle of the survey line for the yx-polarization, counter to what the 3D results are doing: this is just distracting. Even having the crosses (2D results) on the graph of xy apparent resistivities is distracting and takes away from how close your results are to the 3D results of Nam et al.
Best wishes,
Colin Farquharson.Â
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3317-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Weerachai Sarakorn, 10 Sep 2025
reply
Dear Prof. Colin Farquharson (Referee-1),
Thank you very much for your valuable comments and discussion. For each comment, I respond to your points one by one. All are included in the attached supplement. My response will help clarify our manuscript and demonstrate the validity and significance of our research approach and results.
Â
Weerachai Sarakorn
-
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Weerachai Sarakorn, 10 Sep 2025
reply
Viewed
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 657 | 29 | 10 | 696 | 51 | 50 |
- HTML: 657
- PDF: 29
- XML: 10
- Total: 696
- BibTeX: 51
- EndNote: 50
Viewed (geographical distribution)
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1