the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 20 Feb 2024
Co- and postseismic subaquatic evidence for prehistoric fault activity near Coyhaique, Aysén Region, Chile
Abstract. Chilean Patagonia is confronted with several geohazards due to its tectonic setting, i.e., the presence of a subduction zone and numerous fault zones (e.g. the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone). This region has therefore been the subject of numerous paleoseismological studies. However, this study reveals that the seismic hazard is not limited to these large tectonic structures by identifying past fault activity near Coyhaique in the Aysén Region. Mass wasting deposits in Lago Pollux, a lake located ca. 15 km SW of this region’s capital, were identified through analysis of reflection-seismic data and was linked to a simultaneous event recorded in nearby Lago Castor. Furthermore, a coeval ~50 year-long catchment response was identified in Aysén Fjord based on the multiproxy analysis of a portion of a sediment core. Assuming that this widely recognized event was triggered by an earthquake, ground-motion modelling was applied to derive the most likely magnitude and source fault. The model showed that an earthquake rupture along a local fault, in the vicinity of Lago Pollux and Lago Castor, with a magnitude of 5.6–6.8, is the most likely scenario.
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The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
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Preprint
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The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
- Preprint
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- Final revised paper
Journal article(s) based on this preprint
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-8', Renaldo Gastineau, 14 Mar 2024
Thank you for this manuscript, which I enjoyed reading and commenting on; please find my comments in the attached file.
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Morgan Vervoort, 29 Mar 2024
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-8/egusphere-2024-8-AC1-supplement.pdf
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Morgan Vervoort, 29 Mar 2024
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RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-8', Pierre Sabatier, 14 Mar 2024
The paper of Morgan Vervoort et al. about « Co- and postseismic subaquatic evidence for prehistoric fault activity near Coyhaique, Aysén Region, Chile» investigate lake and fjord sediment records as a potential earthquake archive thanks to seismic stratigraphy and sediment cores with sedimentology and chronology data. The paper is well written and structured and result provided a new methodology to estimate earthquake location. However, I have to mains concerns 1/ some proxies used in Fjord Aysen (reflectance data) and some proxy interpretation (C/N) and 2/ the estimation of intensity threshold, how it was estimated and if it fluctuates through time with large implication on the medullisation part. Thus, I suggest major revision before to take into consideration for publication
Major comments:
1/Reflectance data: the author provide some proxy of TOC and mineralogical content derived from spectrophotometric data. The first one integrates the spectrum area with oxide contents and thus does not fully correspond to what was mentioned by the authors. This proxy could be an indicator of TOC but for that it needs to be calibrated by punctual analyses, and from Figure 3, it is obvious that this proxy does not fit with the TOC measurements. The use of this proxy is surprising, as many other proxies exist and are more robust for reconstructing TOC or at least chlorophyll content from this type of data. For the other proxy R590/R690 as a proxy of mineralogical content, yes it is use for like that by (Trachsel et al., 2010). I know that the USGS uses this proxy for mineralogical content but not for soft sediment with a high amount of organic matter, which is known to have a signal in this specific spectral range. As chlorophyll interacts with the spectrum at 670 nm, it is difficult to avoid integrating chlorophyll content into this proxy. L* is probably a better proxy for that, and a good comparison with R590/R690 is an argument. For well-established proxies, such as Chlorophyll, punctual analyses are not needed, but for others it is important, as they could be site dependent; thus, I strongly recommend that, as Trachsel said, “prior to interpreting the reflectance spectra, the general mineralogical composition and geochemistry of the sediment should be measured by established analytical methods (e.g., XRD)”. I can also recommend to the authors to have a look on a recent review publication on hyperspectral data (containing visible data) : (Jacq et al., 2022). The comparison between spectral proxy and TOC or LOI try to be done in Figure 4 and we can said that it is not good with a high dispersion of the data and if the author provide the correlation coefficient and the associated p value it will be for sure not validate, this is why I recommend to try other better define organic matter proxy. You understand that I have some doubt about the use of these proxies and Figure 4A confirm this doubt because if R590/R690 is a proxy of mineralogical content why the turbidite and light coloured layer has not similar values.
2/The interpretation of C/N ratio is very strange for me. The decomposition of organic matter is likely present (probably no so strong knowing this could environement), but it actually changes the C/N ratio, may be, but for a part of this organic matter will not expect this change. It is very strange that the C/N ratio decreased with increasing terrestrial inputs in the fjord record, especially when compared with that of turbidites, for which the C/N ratio increased. Did you consider potential GLOF deposits in this fjord record because a GLOF deposit will present lower TOC content (Piret et al., 2021), greater fine terrestrial input and potentially some organic matter previously deposited in aquatic environments, thus with low C/N ratio… Is it possible to have GLOF in the catchment, such as in other Patagonian Fjords (Vandekerkhove et al., 2021)
3/As few data about chromoly is presented in this paper (present in already published ones) it is important to specify if these lake system experience variations of sedimentation rate over time which could modify the sensitivity of lake to record earthquake event. If variation in the sedimentation rate occurred in the past, this could modify the availability of the sediment on the slope and thus the threshold to record earthquake with specific intensities will change also (Wilhelm et al., 2016; Rapuc et al., 2018).
4/I have a main concern about the estimation of intensity threshold to record event deposit in this Fjord and lakes. If I well understand this estimation came from a comparison with a New Zeland sites and other worldwide? This threshold must be estimated from historical record and not record earthquakes on these sites, as there are already some papers published on these sediment sequences in which this intensity limit can be estimated to record or not earthquake… This threshold depends on many local parameters (faults, type of earthquakes, and lake parameters such as sedimentation rate); thus, this threshold cannot be compared with what is already published worldwide. Without this precise estimation you cannot rule out the part about ground motion modelling. Maybe I do not understand something when I read the paper because I know that this team works well and made such estimation. Thus, if it is already estimated please add more clearly on the revised version. In addition, of course, this sensitivity could change over time in regard, for instance, to changes in the sedimentation rate, but additional information is needed; see the previous main comment.
Minor comments:
L62: precise the type of Cretaceous rock
L66: Rio Simpson is not located on Figure 1
L179: how does you estimate the dip?
L210: for me on this figure it is just visible on the Eastern part
L214: CSB not presented, at least add it in supplementary
L220: I do not see the upper limit in Fig 2
L228: not in 5.4?
L242: Figure have to be presented in the right order, not 6 before previous ones.
L243: interpretation have to move after
Figure 5: may be add a contour plot it could be useful to identify grain size classes variations.
L331: which depth? What age?
L358: Provide the age of this H2 tephra
L367: why in the catchment
L379-381: no grain size data presented on this core.
Figure 8: please add the age distribution on this figure
L404: how was define this therehold?
Figure 9: from where these faults are coming? What are the main movement please add this information on the study site part. Please add the Fjord Aysen catchment on this figure to better estimate if it was affected or not. This figure is truly hard to read probability line in white are nit visible.
L457: what is the distance from this site?
References:
Jacq, K., Debret, M., Fanget, B., Coquin, D., Sabatier, P., Pignol, C., Arnaud, F., and Perrette, Y.: Theoretical Principles and Perspectives of Hyperspectral Imaging Applied to Sediment Core Analysis, Quaternary, 5, 28, https://doi.org/10.3390/quat5020028, 2022.
Piret, L., Bertrand, S., Hawkings, J., Kylander, M. E., Torrejón, F., Amann, B., and Wadham, J.: High‐resolution fjord sediment record of a receding glacier with growing intermediate proglacial lake (Steffen Fjord, Chilean Patagonia), Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 46, 239–251, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5015, 2021.
Rapuc, W., Sabatier, P., Andrič, M., Crouzet, C., Arnaud, F., Chapron, E., Šmuc, A., Develle, A., Wilhelm, B., Demory, F., Reyss, J., Régnier, E., Daut, G., and Von Grafenstein, U.: 6600 years of earthquake record in the Julian Alps (Lake Bohinj, Slovenia), Sedimentology, 65, 1777–1799, https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12446, 2018.
Trachsel, M., Grosjean, M., Schnyder, D., Kamenik, C., and Rein, B.: Scanning reflectance spectroscopy (380–730 nm): a novel method for quantitative high-resolution climate reconstructions from minerogenic lake sediments, J Paleolimnol, 44, 979–994, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-010-9468-7, 2010.
Vandekerkhove, E., Bertrand, S., Torrejón, F., Kylander, M. E., Reid, B., and Saunders, K. M.: Signature of modern glacial lake outburst floods in fjord sediments (Baker River, southern Chile), Sedimentology, 68, 2798–2819, https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12874, 2021.
Wilhelm, B., Nomade, J., Crouzet, C., Litty, C., Sabatier, P., Belle, S., Rolland, Y., Revel, M., Courboulex, F., Arnaud, F., and Anselmetti, F. S.: Quantified sensitivity of small lake sediments to record historic earthquakes: Implications for paleoseismology: LAKE SENSITIVITY TO RECORD EARTHQUAKES, Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 121, 2–16, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JF003644, 2016.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-8-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Morgan Vervoort, 09 Apr 2024
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-8/egusphere-2024-8-AC2-supplement.pdf
-
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Morgan Vervoort, 09 Apr 2024
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-8', Renaldo Gastineau, 14 Mar 2024
Thank you for this manuscript, which I enjoyed reading and commenting on; please find my comments in the attached file.
-
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Morgan Vervoort, 29 Mar 2024
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-8/egusphere-2024-8-AC1-supplement.pdf
-
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Morgan Vervoort, 29 Mar 2024
-
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-8', Pierre Sabatier, 14 Mar 2024
The paper of Morgan Vervoort et al. about « Co- and postseismic subaquatic evidence for prehistoric fault activity near Coyhaique, Aysén Region, Chile» investigate lake and fjord sediment records as a potential earthquake archive thanks to seismic stratigraphy and sediment cores with sedimentology and chronology data. The paper is well written and structured and result provided a new methodology to estimate earthquake location. However, I have to mains concerns 1/ some proxies used in Fjord Aysen (reflectance data) and some proxy interpretation (C/N) and 2/ the estimation of intensity threshold, how it was estimated and if it fluctuates through time with large implication on the medullisation part. Thus, I suggest major revision before to take into consideration for publication
Major comments:
1/Reflectance data: the author provide some proxy of TOC and mineralogical content derived from spectrophotometric data. The first one integrates the spectrum area with oxide contents and thus does not fully correspond to what was mentioned by the authors. This proxy could be an indicator of TOC but for that it needs to be calibrated by punctual analyses, and from Figure 3, it is obvious that this proxy does not fit with the TOC measurements. The use of this proxy is surprising, as many other proxies exist and are more robust for reconstructing TOC or at least chlorophyll content from this type of data. For the other proxy R590/R690 as a proxy of mineralogical content, yes it is use for like that by (Trachsel et al., 2010). I know that the USGS uses this proxy for mineralogical content but not for soft sediment with a high amount of organic matter, which is known to have a signal in this specific spectral range. As chlorophyll interacts with the spectrum at 670 nm, it is difficult to avoid integrating chlorophyll content into this proxy. L* is probably a better proxy for that, and a good comparison with R590/R690 is an argument. For well-established proxies, such as Chlorophyll, punctual analyses are not needed, but for others it is important, as they could be site dependent; thus, I strongly recommend that, as Trachsel said, “prior to interpreting the reflectance spectra, the general mineralogical composition and geochemistry of the sediment should be measured by established analytical methods (e.g., XRD)”. I can also recommend to the authors to have a look on a recent review publication on hyperspectral data (containing visible data) : (Jacq et al., 2022). The comparison between spectral proxy and TOC or LOI try to be done in Figure 4 and we can said that it is not good with a high dispersion of the data and if the author provide the correlation coefficient and the associated p value it will be for sure not validate, this is why I recommend to try other better define organic matter proxy. You understand that I have some doubt about the use of these proxies and Figure 4A confirm this doubt because if R590/R690 is a proxy of mineralogical content why the turbidite and light coloured layer has not similar values.
2/The interpretation of C/N ratio is very strange for me. The decomposition of organic matter is likely present (probably no so strong knowing this could environement), but it actually changes the C/N ratio, may be, but for a part of this organic matter will not expect this change. It is very strange that the C/N ratio decreased with increasing terrestrial inputs in the fjord record, especially when compared with that of turbidites, for which the C/N ratio increased. Did you consider potential GLOF deposits in this fjord record because a GLOF deposit will present lower TOC content (Piret et al., 2021), greater fine terrestrial input and potentially some organic matter previously deposited in aquatic environments, thus with low C/N ratio… Is it possible to have GLOF in the catchment, such as in other Patagonian Fjords (Vandekerkhove et al., 2021)
3/As few data about chromoly is presented in this paper (present in already published ones) it is important to specify if these lake system experience variations of sedimentation rate over time which could modify the sensitivity of lake to record earthquake event. If variation in the sedimentation rate occurred in the past, this could modify the availability of the sediment on the slope and thus the threshold to record earthquake with specific intensities will change also (Wilhelm et al., 2016; Rapuc et al., 2018).
4/I have a main concern about the estimation of intensity threshold to record event deposit in this Fjord and lakes. If I well understand this estimation came from a comparison with a New Zeland sites and other worldwide? This threshold must be estimated from historical record and not record earthquakes on these sites, as there are already some papers published on these sediment sequences in which this intensity limit can be estimated to record or not earthquake… This threshold depends on many local parameters (faults, type of earthquakes, and lake parameters such as sedimentation rate); thus, this threshold cannot be compared with what is already published worldwide. Without this precise estimation you cannot rule out the part about ground motion modelling. Maybe I do not understand something when I read the paper because I know that this team works well and made such estimation. Thus, if it is already estimated please add more clearly on the revised version. In addition, of course, this sensitivity could change over time in regard, for instance, to changes in the sedimentation rate, but additional information is needed; see the previous main comment.
Minor comments:
L62: precise the type of Cretaceous rock
L66: Rio Simpson is not located on Figure 1
L179: how does you estimate the dip?
L210: for me on this figure it is just visible on the Eastern part
L214: CSB not presented, at least add it in supplementary
L220: I do not see the upper limit in Fig 2
L228: not in 5.4?
L242: Figure have to be presented in the right order, not 6 before previous ones.
L243: interpretation have to move after
Figure 5: may be add a contour plot it could be useful to identify grain size classes variations.
L331: which depth? What age?
L358: Provide the age of this H2 tephra
L367: why in the catchment
L379-381: no grain size data presented on this core.
Figure 8: please add the age distribution on this figure
L404: how was define this therehold?
Figure 9: from where these faults are coming? What are the main movement please add this information on the study site part. Please add the Fjord Aysen catchment on this figure to better estimate if it was affected or not. This figure is truly hard to read probability line in white are nit visible.
L457: what is the distance from this site?
References:
Jacq, K., Debret, M., Fanget, B., Coquin, D., Sabatier, P., Pignol, C., Arnaud, F., and Perrette, Y.: Theoretical Principles and Perspectives of Hyperspectral Imaging Applied to Sediment Core Analysis, Quaternary, 5, 28, https://doi.org/10.3390/quat5020028, 2022.
Piret, L., Bertrand, S., Hawkings, J., Kylander, M. E., Torrejón, F., Amann, B., and Wadham, J.: High‐resolution fjord sediment record of a receding glacier with growing intermediate proglacial lake (Steffen Fjord, Chilean Patagonia), Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 46, 239–251, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5015, 2021.
Rapuc, W., Sabatier, P., Andrič, M., Crouzet, C., Arnaud, F., Chapron, E., Šmuc, A., Develle, A., Wilhelm, B., Demory, F., Reyss, J., Régnier, E., Daut, G., and Von Grafenstein, U.: 6600 years of earthquake record in the Julian Alps (Lake Bohinj, Slovenia), Sedimentology, 65, 1777–1799, https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12446, 2018.
Trachsel, M., Grosjean, M., Schnyder, D., Kamenik, C., and Rein, B.: Scanning reflectance spectroscopy (380–730 nm): a novel method for quantitative high-resolution climate reconstructions from minerogenic lake sediments, J Paleolimnol, 44, 979–994, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-010-9468-7, 2010.
Vandekerkhove, E., Bertrand, S., Torrejón, F., Kylander, M. E., Reid, B., and Saunders, K. M.: Signature of modern glacial lake outburst floods in fjord sediments (Baker River, southern Chile), Sedimentology, 68, 2798–2819, https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12874, 2021.
Wilhelm, B., Nomade, J., Crouzet, C., Litty, C., Sabatier, P., Belle, S., Rolland, Y., Revel, M., Courboulex, F., Arnaud, F., and Anselmetti, F. S.: Quantified sensitivity of small lake sediments to record historic earthquakes: Implications for paleoseismology: LAKE SENSITIVITY TO RECORD EARTHQUAKES, Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 121, 2–16, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JF003644, 2016.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-8-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Morgan Vervoort, 09 Apr 2024
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-8/egusphere-2024-8-AC2-supplement.pdf
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AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Morgan Vervoort, 09 Apr 2024
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Katleen Wils
Kris Vanneste
Roberto Urrutia
Mario Pino
Catherine Kissel
Marc De Batist
Maarten Van Daele
The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
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