Preprints
https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-628
https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-628
18 Mar 2024
 | 18 Mar 2024

Interannual and seasonal variability of the air-sea CO2 exchange at Utö in the coastal region of the Baltic Sea

Martti Honkanen, Mika Aurela, Juha Hatakka, Lumi Haraguchi, Sami Kielosto, Timo Mäkelä, Jukka Seppälä, Simo-Matti Siiriä, Ken Stenbäck, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Pasi Ylöstalo, and Lauri Laakso

Abstract. Oceans alleviate the accumulation of atmospheric CO2 by absorbing approximately a quarter of all anthropogenic emissions. In the deep oceans, carbon uptake is dominated by aquatic phase chemistry, whereas in biologically active coastal seas the marine ecosystem and biogeochemistry play an important role in the carbon uptake. Coastal seas are hotspots of organic and inorganic matter transport between the land and the oceans, and thus important for the marine carbon cycling. In this study, we investigate the net air-sea CO2 exchange at the Utö Atmospheric and Marine Research Station, located at the southern edge of the Archipelago Sea within the Baltic Sea, using the data collected during 2017–2021. The air-sea fluxes of CO2 were measured using the eddy covariance technique, supported by the flux parametrization based on the pCO2 and wind speed measurements. During the spring-summer months (April–August), the sea was gaining carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, with the highest monthly sink fluxes typically occurring in May, being -0.26 μmol m-2 s-1 on average. The sea was releasing the CO2 to the atmosphere in September–March, and the highest source fluxes were typically observed in September, being 0.42 μmol m-2 s-1 on average. On the annual basis, the study region was found to be a net source of atmospheric CO2, and on average, the annual net exchange was 27.1 gC m-2 y-1, which is comparable to the exchange observed in the Gulf of Bothnia, the Baltic Sea. The annual net air-sea CO2 exchanges varied between 18.2 gC m-2 y-1 (2018) and 39.1 gC m-2 y-1 (2017). During the coldest year, 2017, the spring-summer sink fluxes remained low compared to the other years, as a result of relatively high seawater pCO2 in summer, which never fell below 220 μatm during that year. The spring-summer phytoplankton blooms of 2017 were weak, possibly due to the cloudy summer and deeply mixed surface layer, which restrained the photosynthetic fixation of dissolved inorganic carbon in the surface waters. The algal blooms in spring-summer 2018 and the consequent pCO2 drawdown were strong, fueled by high pre-spring nutrient concentrations. The systematic positive annual CO2 balances suggest that our coastal study site is affected by carbon flows originating from elsewhere, possibly as organic carbon which is remineralized and released to the atmosphere as CO2. This coastal source of CO2 fueled by the organic matter originating probably from land ecosystems stresses the importance of understanding the carbon cycling in the land-sea continuum.

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Journal article(s) based on this preprint

08 Oct 2024
Interannual and seasonal variability of the air–sea CO2 exchange at Utö in the coastal region of the Baltic Sea
Martti Honkanen, Mika Aurela, Juha Hatakka, Lumi Haraguchi, Sami Kielosto, Timo Mäkelä, Jukka Seppälä, Simo-Matti Siiriä, Ken Stenbäck, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Pasi Ylöstalo, and Lauri Laakso
Biogeosciences, 21, 4341–4359, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4341-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4341-2024, 2024
Short summary
Martti Honkanen, Mika Aurela, Juha Hatakka, Lumi Haraguchi, Sami Kielosto, Timo Mäkelä, Jukka Seppälä, Simo-Matti Siiriä, Ken Stenbäck, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Pasi Ylöstalo, and Lauri Laakso

Interactive discussion

Status: closed

Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse
  • RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-628', Anonymous Referee #1, 24 Apr 2024
  • RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-628', Anonymous Referee #2, 30 Apr 2024

Interactive discussion

Status: closed

Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse
  • RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-628', Anonymous Referee #1, 24 Apr 2024
  • RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-628', Anonymous Referee #2, 30 Apr 2024

Peer review completion

AR: Author's response | RR: Referee report | ED: Editor decision | EF: Editorial file upload
ED: Publish subject to minor revisions (review by editor) (19 Jun 2024) by Frédéric Gazeau
AR by Martti Honkanen on behalf of the Authors (03 Jul 2024)  Author's response   Author's tracked changes   Manuscript 
ED: Publish subject to technical corrections (22 Jul 2024) by Frédéric Gazeau
AR by Martti Honkanen on behalf of the Authors (06 Aug 2024)  Author's response   Manuscript 

Journal article(s) based on this preprint

08 Oct 2024
Interannual and seasonal variability of the air–sea CO2 exchange at Utö in the coastal region of the Baltic Sea
Martti Honkanen, Mika Aurela, Juha Hatakka, Lumi Haraguchi, Sami Kielosto, Timo Mäkelä, Jukka Seppälä, Simo-Matti Siiriä, Ken Stenbäck, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Pasi Ylöstalo, and Lauri Laakso
Biogeosciences, 21, 4341–4359, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4341-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4341-2024, 2024
Short summary
Martti Honkanen, Mika Aurela, Juha Hatakka, Lumi Haraguchi, Sami Kielosto, Timo Mäkelä, Jukka Seppälä, Simo-Matti Siiriä, Ken Stenbäck, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Pasi Ylöstalo, and Lauri Laakso
Martti Honkanen, Mika Aurela, Juha Hatakka, Lumi Haraguchi, Sami Kielosto, Timo Mäkelä, Jukka Seppälä, Simo-Matti Siiriä, Ken Stenbäck, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Pasi Ylöstalo, and Lauri Laakso

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Short summary
We present the 5-year (2017–2021) data set of the air-sea CO2 flux measurements made in the Archipelago Sea, the Baltic Sea. The study site was found to act as a net source of CO2 with an average annual net air-sea CO2 exchange of 27.1 gC m-2 y-1, indicating that this marine system respires carbon originated elsewhere. The annual CO2 emission varied between 18.2 in 2018 and 39.2  gC m-2 y-1 in 2017. These two years differed greatly in terms of the algal blooms and the pCO2 drawdown.