the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 26 Sep 2024
SAMURAI-S: Sonic Anemometer on a MUlti-Rotor drone for Atmospheric turbulence Investigation in a Sling load configuration
Abstract. This study introduces the SAMURAI-S, a novel measurement system that incorporates a state-of-the-art sonic anemometer combined with a multi-rotor drone in a sling load configuration, designed to overcome the limitations of traditional mast-based observations in terms of spatial flexibility. This system enables the direct measurement of 3D wind vectors while hovering, providing a significant advantage in manoeuvrability and positional accuracy over fixed mast setups. The capabilities of the system are quantified through a series of 10 min to 28 min flights, conducting close comparisons of turbulence measurements at altitudes of 30 m and 60 m against data from a 60-meter tower equipped with research-grade sonic anemometers. The results demonstrate that SAMURAI-S matches the data quality of conventional setups for horizontal wind measurements while slightly overestimating vertical turbulence components. This overestimation increases as the wind speed increases.
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-1548', Anonymous Referee #1, 15 Oct 2024
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This paper presents very novel work in measuring turbulence from an UAV where the sonic anemometer is placed as a sling load from the UAV. This positioning overcomes difficulties from other solutions such as e.g. using a sideways facing boom. The study also presents methods on how to properly process the measurements data in order to get physically correct output.
The new system opens up for detailed turbulence measurements in environments requiring a spatial resolution such as e.g. wakes from wind turbines.
The authors must have put in a great effort in getting this system to work properly as shown with the comparative study from a recent field campaign. Some remaining issues with the overestimation of vertical wind fluctuations still needs to be investigated further. However, this study convincingly show that these type of measurements are possible and may yield results comparable to a fixed installation, a significant contribution to the field.
The manuscript is well prepared and presents the applied method in a clear manner including relevant figures. I only have some minor comments and suggestions which you find below.
General comments
I think it would be good to get some reflection on the practicalities/maneuverability of the system. How was take-off and landing prepared? Is it necessary with special training using this setup? Is there some danger with high gustiness that the system gets out of control? I could think of e.g. measuring in highly turbulent conditions such as close to forest edges. Also, did you fly it manually or with an autopilot?
The larger values of sigma_w from the UAV measurements seems to be systematic, in all samples. There is a risk that this might be some lingering effect from the downwash of the propellers. I think this needs to be further elaborated on in the discussion.
Specific comments
Line 50, more clearly specify the novelty. Clearly establish the innovation and significance of the study
Line 89, specify that the weight is without payload (?)
Section 2, placement of a sonic anemometer above the drone is not discussed, please add something here.
Section 2, Explaining why Foxtech was chosen over other potential UAVs would provide more context
Section 2, Here some operational considerations could be included: e,g, operational procedures for deploying the UAV and sensor system in the field, details on pre and post flight checks necessary etc. This would be valuable for replicating the study.
Also, potential limitations/challenges associated with the setup can be included here. It would provide a more balanced perspective. For example, addressing the potential impact of strong wind conditions on UAV performance would be useful.
Line 203, why was the 2% limit set (why not e.g. 1% or 3%)?
Line 214, Please define how you determined TKE
Section 4.2, first paragraph: This section could benefit from some more description and motivation of the applied steps.
Line 283, Specify for the reader what you mean by misalignment in this context
Line 300, for completeness why don’t you include also s2, s3 and s4 in the quadrant analysis? Could be interesting to see the results, but you could use different symbols to separate these.
Section 5.1 Please provide some initial text motivating why these particular cases, s1 and s7 were chosen for the case study.
Line 313, you previously introduced skewness and kurtosis, for consistency this could be repeated here. The sentence “Results related to temperature…” would be better placed after the sentence “Figure 8 presents time series of…”.
Figure 8, for completeness the figure caption should explain also the insert text in the figures e.g. “rot2” etc. This comment also goes for Figures 9, 10 and 11.
Table 5, correct capital D in figure caption (on Data). Why not include also the u’w’ and w’t’ terms in the table?
Line 334, can there be a risk that this is something induced by the UAV? Flight 1 was the one closest to the tower and the only one with unstable stratification and winds somewhat in the direction of the tower.
Line 340, which also is seen in the larger sigma_w values in Table 5
Figures 12 and 13: please provide a table with comparative statistics, i.e. bias and RMSE of the UAV based measurements compared to the tower. This would improve the discussion in the paragraph starting on line 360. Additionally, these figures should be placed in section 5.2.
Line 361: Why not use the same notation as in the previous sentence when it comes to the fluxes i.e. w’t’?
Line 362-364: It is hard to determine whether L has low scatter, calculating some comparative statistics would improve this discussion. Additionally, I am not convinced about the explanation about the perceived low scatter for L, u* is to the third power in equation (7). Furthermore, it is not he w’ itself which is important here, rather it’s correlation with the other variable e.g. T’.
Paragraph starting at line 374 and figure 14: It appears only one sample is close to 1.33 for Sw/Su and that the deviation increases with increasing wind speed (as you also mention in the conclusions). Please rephrase the text here to better concur with the figure.
Could the overestimation of this ratio be related to the overestimation of sigma_w? The underestimation of the tower could be due to problems with the setup? To short booms? This is something that can be commented in the text. Of course, it could be investigated since you have a larger dataset from the tower, but it might be out of the scope of this paper.
Conclusions section: This section could benfit from beeing more streamlined, excluding some summary focusing on the main results. Adding the comparative statistics I suggested above would further strengthen this section. Also, some tentative conclusions about the minimum sampling time could be added.
Appendix/supplementary material: It would be interesting to include the spectra from all flights and tower comparisons (e.g. like figure 9 and 11).
Technical corrections
The manuscript is mainly written in the present tense (with some deviations). Personally, I would prefer past tense for everything that you have done but I leave this to the editor. At least, check for inconsistencies which appear at some places.
Line 14, reference from 2010 is not that recent (just a detail)
Figure 1, would benefit of a somewhat more detailed figure caption, e.g. here are batteries and logger mounted, dimensions of payload etc.
Figure 2, also this figure would benefit from a more detailed figure caption
Figure 4 is better located under section 3
Table 4, Figures 12-13 should be placed in section 5
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1548-RC1
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