the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 21 Jun 2024
Monitoring snow wetness evolution from satellite with Sentinel-1 multi-track composites
Abstract. Information about snowpack wetness at high temporal and spatial resolutions is important for timely identification of pre-disposing conditions for avalanche release. However, such information is often available only for specific, instrumented locations. Space-borne techniques such as synthetic aperture radar (SAR) allow us acquiring information over large areas and in remote and challenging terrain. Here, we show how Sentinel-1 SAR multi-track composites can be used to monitor snow wetness evolution over multiple seasons for a 5 study site of 400 km2 around Davos in the eastern Swiss Alps. We validate the performance of our method using both in-situ measurements and modelled snowpack data. Moreover, we compared snow wetness maps and time series with wet avalanches records. We found correlations between SAR backscatter and modelled liquid water content between -0.25 and -0.59 for Spearman’s rank coefficient and -0.25 and -0.64 for Pearson’s correlation coefficient. By calculating the percentage of detected wet snow to dry/no snow per elevation, the season-elevation related 10 melting can be tracked. Moreover, we show that a rise of wet snow ratio above 40 % coincides with an increase in wet snow avalanches releases in corresponding elevation bands. Our results suggest that wet snow products derived from Sentinel-1 SAR data may assist in identifying regions featuring a potential increase of wet snow avalanche activity. However, we could not find evidence of precursors of wet avalanche initiation with the accuracy required for operative monitoring applications.
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-1510', Anonymous Referee #1, 19 Sep 2024
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Summary:
This manuscript presents an analysis of Sentinel-1 derived snow wetness evolution and wet snow avalanche activity in a study domain in Switzerland over multiple winter seasons. The SAR-based wetness maps are evaluated with SNOWPACK model output. Key findings include an increase in wet snow avalanches when the wet snow ratio exceeded 40% in corresponding elevation bands and a correlation between SAR backscatter and modeled liquid water content.
Major comments
- Clarification of methods
-In Situ/Model Data Description
I found the description of the in-situ (AWS data) and SNOWPACK model to be rather confusing. Are the IMIS stations assimilated into SNOWPACK? Does the SNOWPACK timeseries at station locations reflect the station data or if not, how has it been modified? Are the timeseries in Figure 2 observed or modelled data? Please see minor comments below for additional detail.
-Wet Snow Ratio
The wet snow ratio (ln 139) features prominently in the results but is fairly “hidden” in the methods. I suggest presenting this as a formal equation to help highlight it and then reference it elsewhere in the manuscript.
- Impact of Sentinel-1 overpass timing (morning and evening) on merged product.
The manuscript describes that a key advance of this workflow is the use of LRW composites to overlook viewing geometries. However, snowmelt and LWC varies temporally over multiple temporal scales (diurnal to seasonal). What is the impact of including morning and evening overpasses in the LRW composites? What if a pixel is frozen during the morning acquisition but melting in the evening acquisition?
- More detailed comparison to previous work
The discussion starts out describing the advance of this work over prior methods (lines 220-224) but this comparison was not explicitly made in the manuscript. I suggest the addition of a rigorous comparison to existing workflows be included, as that would demonstrate this advance more clearly. This in regards to both temporal (lines 220-224) and spatial (lines 224-226) scales.
- Data Availability
I strongly encourage the authors to archive the datasets in a publicly available repository rather than by request from an organization. At present, the manuscript is not compliant with TC data policy: https://www.the-cryosphere.net/policies/data_policy.html, “The best way to provide access to data is by depositing them (as well as related metadata) in FAIR-aligned reliable public data repositories, assigning digital object identifiers, and properly citing data sets as individual contributions.”
Minor comments
2 – snow wetness has implications beyond avalanche release, as detailed later. A broader justification for this work would be appropriate in the abstract.
3- replace “allow us” to “facilitate”
4- replace “show how” with “utilize”
4 – delete “can be used”
5 – state the number of seasons/years
5 – I suggest using evaluate rather than validate here and elsewhere (ln 50, for example)
10 – briefly define wet snow ratio here
14 – simplify “operative monitoring application” to operational monitoring
15 – include specifics on why wet snow avalanches are still difficult to predict
23-34 – I found this paragraph to be somewhat confusing, as background on the use of SAR for SWE retrievals and snowmelt detection is presented. I suggest revising to clarify which application is being discussed.
26 – what does “compare Lievens et al 2020” mean?
30-34 – I was surprised to not see the inclusion of relevant literate like Lund et al. 2020 (https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2019.00318/full) and Gagliano et al. 2023 (https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL105303), both of which utilized Sentinel-1 for snowmelt detection
48 – I suggest including details on the Karbou et al. 2021 products rather than just the citation here.
Figure 1 caption - revise: …of research at three spatial scales.
54-55 – check formatting of elevation values
55 – provide more details regarding field site slope. I recognize that this is a large area, but a range and median value would provide a useful characterization.
55 – provide additional details on forest cover (tree types, canopy heights, % of study area, etc)
58 – Does this range represent daily values over the entire year? Averaged over how many years?
67 – clarify: this would be reduced
80-81 – provide more details from the Nagler et al study on why this 2dB threshold was selected
83 – revise sentence structure to not start with: As reference Nagler…
94 – what percent forest cover was used for this mask? How sensitive were the results to this selection?
133 – Please clarify and provide an example for what is meant by “entries occurring more than 25% of the time were ignored”?
136 – please describe this plot design in more detail for readers not familiar with Karbou et al. 2021
138 – Why were the temporal classes defined by the ascending rather than descending (or average) Sentinel-1 acquisitions?
138 – Was the sensitivity to masking by 28 degrees assessed? Given radar viewing geometries on steep slopes, could better results be achieved by assessing wet snow presence on slopes <28 degrees even though those don’t coincide with avalanche starting zones?
139 – I suggest referring to it as the number of pixels rather than amount of pixels.
153 – could add a reference to the wet snow ratio equation (see previous comments)
159 – check formatting throughout regarding en-dashes
Fig 2- what is the temporal resolution of the LWC plotted in Figure 2? 3 hrs or has this been smoothed to daily resolution? If smoothed, does the original time series include diurnal variability?
Fig 2 – in 2020, the LWC (blue) increases when HS increases in the spring? HS increases indicate snowfall with <0 C temperatures, so why would LWC increases occur simultaneously? This can also be seen in 05-2018.
Figure 2 caption – What does it mean to be extracted from SNOWPACK data? Is this model output or is this measured data? This needs to be clarified as the abstract describes this as modeled water content but this caption describes it as measured liquid water content. See Major Comment.
176-77 – given the reference to the other stations, a similar time series to what is shown in Figure 2 should be included as supplementary figures.
179 – LWC doesn’t need to be capitalized when being defined in acronym.
181 – “a time shift of a couple of days” is vague yet this offset is important to understand. I suggest quantifying this in a more rigorous manner.
185 – capitalize Spearman’s
190 – insert comma after 2018-19, also replace dash with en dash
193 – clarify: end of April to end of March. Is this meant to be end of May?
200 – what is meant by hence not extra?
257-260 – If the SNOWPACK model is assimilating the station data (which is what I understand is happening), what is the value in only using the model output at the station locations over the measured station data? Further, why not compare the model output over the full domain to the Sentinel-1 melt products through time?
265 – was the sensitivity to the selected 3x3 window evaluated? What if a 5x5 window was utilized? This might provide some insight to the previous statement regarding whether “stations having an impact on the radar backscatter.”
280 – see previous comment re: time lag
294 - should this read perimeter rather than parameter?
298 – revise sentence for improved clarity “this influenced the miss of the first….”
326 – delete also
Additional comments:
- I suggest the addition of a Discussion paragraph on avalanche dynamics related to meltwater percolation. Sentinel-1 is sensitive to surface to near-surface melt while wet snow avalanches initiate due to failure of a buried interface or at the bottom of the snowpack. The discussion would benefit from some insights regarding these differences.
- Another common trigger of wet snow avalanches is rain on snow. While it would be beyond the scope of the manuscript to add a significant analysis in this regard, a simple analysis comparing a re-analysis precipitation product (e.g., ERA5-Land) with the avalanche frequency might identify which events are melt related and which were precipitation related, and improve the comparisons presented in this manuscript.
Data Availability: See major comment. Also provide a reference for the Gamma software program.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1510-RC1
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