Preprints
https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1402
https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1402
22 May 2024
 | 22 May 2024

Small emission sources disproportionately account for a large majority of total methane emissions from the US oil and gas sector

James P. Williams, Mark Omara, Anthony Himmelberger, Daniel Zavala-Araiza, Katlyn MacKay, Joshua Benmergui, Maryann Sargent, Steven C. Wofsy, Steven P. Hamburg, and Ritesh Gautam

Abstract. Reducing methane emissions from the oil and gas (oil/gas) sector has been identified as a critically important global strategy for reducing near-term climate warming. Recent measurements, especially by satellite and aerial remote sensing, underscore the importance of targeting the small number of facilities emitting methane at high rates (i.e., “super-emitters”) for measurement and mitigation. However, the contributions from individual oil/gas facilities emitting at low emission rates that are often undetected are poorly understood, especially in the context of total national- and regional-level estimates. In this work, we compile empirical measurements gathered using methods with low limits of detection to develop a facility-level model to quantify total methane emissions from the continental United States (CONUS) midstream and upstream oil/gas sector for 2021. We find that ~70 % (95 % confidence intervals: 63–82 %) of total oil/gas methane emissions in the CONUS for the year 2021 (Total: 14.3 Tg/yr) originate from facilities emitting <100 kg/hr. While there is variability among the emission distribution curves for different oil/gas production basins, facilities with low emissions are consistently found to account for the majority of total basin emissions (i.e., range across basins 63 %–90 % of total basin emissions from facilities emitting <100 kg/hr). Production well sites were responsible for 70 % of total regional oil/gas methane emissions, with the highest contributions from a large population of low-producing well sites. Our results are also in broad agreement with several independent aerial remote sensing campaigns (e.g., MethaneAIR, Bridger Gas Mapping LiDAR, AVIRIS-NG, and Global Airborne Observatory). Our findings highlight the importance of accounting for the significant contribution of small emission sources to total oil/gas methane emissions. While reducing emissions from high-emitting facilities is important, it is not sufficient for the overall mitigation of methane emissions from the oil and gas sector which according to this study is dominated by small emission sources across the US. Tracking changes in emissions over time and designing effective mitigation policies should consider the large contribution of small methane sources to total emissions.

Publisher's note: Copernicus Publications remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors.
James P. Williams, Mark Omara, Anthony Himmelberger, Daniel Zavala-Araiza, Katlyn MacKay, Joshua Benmergui, Maryann Sargent, Steven C. Wofsy, Steven P. Hamburg, and Ritesh Gautam

Status: closed

Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse
  • RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-1402', Anonymous Referee #1, 05 Jun 2024
    • AC2: 'Reply on RC1', James Philip Williams, 07 Sep 2024
  • RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-1402', Anonymous Referee #2, 30 Jun 2024
    • AC3: 'Reply on RC2', James Philip Williams, 07 Sep 2024
  • CC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-1402', Daniel Cusworth, 02 Jul 2024
    • AC1: 'Reply on CC1', James Philip Williams, 07 Sep 2024

Status: closed

Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse
  • RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-1402', Anonymous Referee #1, 05 Jun 2024
    • AC2: 'Reply on RC1', James Philip Williams, 07 Sep 2024
  • RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-1402', Anonymous Referee #2, 30 Jun 2024
    • AC3: 'Reply on RC2', James Philip Williams, 07 Sep 2024
  • CC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-1402', Daniel Cusworth, 02 Jul 2024
    • AC1: 'Reply on CC1', James Philip Williams, 07 Sep 2024
James P. Williams, Mark Omara, Anthony Himmelberger, Daniel Zavala-Araiza, Katlyn MacKay, Joshua Benmergui, Maryann Sargent, Steven C. Wofsy, Steven P. Hamburg, and Ritesh Gautam
James P. Williams, Mark Omara, Anthony Himmelberger, Daniel Zavala-Araiza, Katlyn MacKay, Joshua Benmergui, Maryann Sargent, Steven C. Wofsy, Steven P. Hamburg, and Ritesh Gautam

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Short summary
We utilize peer-reviewed facility-level oil and gas methane emission rate data gathered in prior work to estimate the relative contributions of methane sources emitting at different emission rates in the United States. We find that the majority of total methane emissions in the US oil and gas sector stem from a large number of small sources emitting in aggregate, corroborating findings from several other studies.