the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 25 Apr 2023
Analysis of atmospheric particle growth based on vapor concentrations measured at the high-altitude GAW station Chacaltaya in the Bolivian Andes
Abstract. Early growth of atmospheric particles is essential for their survival and ability to participate in cloud formation. Many different atmospheric vapors contribute to the growth, but even the main contributors still remain poorly identified in many environments, such as high-altitude sites. Based on measured organic vapor and sulfuric acid concentrations under ambient conditions, particle growth during new particle formation events was simulated and compared with the measured particle size distribution at Chacaltaya Global Atmosphere Watch station in Bolivia (5240 m a.s.l.) during April and May 2018, as a part of the SALTENA (Southern Hemisphere high-ALTitude Experiment on particle Nucleation and growth) campaign . The simulations showed that the detected vapors were sufficient to explain the observed particle growth, although some discrepancies were found between modelled and measured particle growth rates. This study gives an insight on the key factors affecting the particle growth on the site. Low volatile organic compounds were found to be the main contributor to the particle growth, covering on average 65 % of simulated particle mass in particle with diameter of 40 nm In addition, sulfuric acid had a major contribution to the particle growth, covering at maximum 39 % of simulated particle mass in 40 nm particle during periods when volcanic activity was detected on the area, suggesting that volcanic emissions can greatly enhance the particle growth.
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The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
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Interactive discussion
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-526', Anonymous Referee #1, 28 May 2023
The manuscript is well ready for discussion. The reviewer has a few minor comments for the authors considering. The measurements of CCN are critical to confirm which chemicals drove the growth of newly formed particles. However, the data were not included here while the station had taken the measurements. Anything happened? How about the growth of pre-existing particles? Does the result support the analysis presented here?
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-526-RC1 -
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-526', Anonymous Referee #2, 23 Jun 2023
This work reports an analysis of aerosol particles growth from both measurements and modelling approaches. It aims to grow the knowledge on new particle formation events in high-altitudes in the southern hemisphere. It uses a complex and extended dataset during the SALTENA campaign, and the results could fit within the scope of ACP, being of interest for the international research community. The manuscript is well organized and written, however, at the current status, I would recommend this manuscript to be published as a measurement report. If not, the manuscript needs to provide more significant advance for aerosol science before it is published as research article in ACP, and I would suggest some aspects to be considered in order to improve the manuscript and/or strengthen its impact.
Major comments
- The main objective of combining models and measurements is to validate and/or improve models. However, in this case, the model does not really provide insights on the uncertainties because, as stated by the authors, at mountain sites the comparison of modeled and real GR provides the comparison of different processes (homogeneous vs non-homogeneous conditions). How the results of this work can be used in future works? Which are the uncertainties of the model if you are directly comparing processes that are different (homogeneous vs non-homogeneous)?
- One of the major limitations that the reader can appreciate to apply this model in real atmosphere is that precursor vapors are only consumed to form/grow new particles, but what about the larger particles or condensation sink?
- I recommend the authors to extend the study, e.g. by analyzing the contribution of different vapours to different size ranges (GR 3-7, 7-20,…), comparing different models (e.g. MALTE-BOX or UHMA models),… Despite this work uses state-of-the-art instrumentation, there is no significant advances. If there is not additional results, I would suggest this manuscript to be published as a measurement report.
Minor and technical comments
L25 – space before dot
L29 – Dot after “40 nm”?
L42-43 – what about evaporation?
L44-45 – this sentence is not completely correct, rephrase. If particles continue growing, will act as CCN, but if it collides with pre-existing particles doesn’t mean it will not act as CCN…
L46 – this reference is probably not the best, some more recent could better support the role of H2SO4 on nucleation (e.g. Sipilä et al., 2010; Ehn et al., 2014).
L70-72 – There is previous studies that discussed this phenomenon and its effect on NPF events. For example, Garcia et al. (2014), Foucart et al. (2018) and Casquero-Vera et al. (2020) already showed the appearance of particles in a large range of diameters at the same time that NPF starts and noticed the difficulties to identify and characterize NPF events at mountain sites. Specially Foucart et al. (2018) mentioned this process and the term “apparent” growth rates at mountain sites because of the advection, non-homogeneous air masses and the overestimation of GR. I think these works need to be cited here or along the manuscript because, in addition to Sellegri et al. (2019), these studies have pointed some of the discussed phenomena.
L76 – “is influenced”
L76-77 – how can the station be at free troposphere and boundary layer at same time? Actually, next sentence doesn’t give a percentage for both occurring at same time. Maybe change by “could be simultaneously affected by long- and short-range aerosol and precursor vapors transport”?
L80-86 – why giving these values in the introduction? I would recommend removing this lines from the introduction.
L92 – “the role that different precursors/organic compounds…”?
L139-142 – what about the absolute or relative differences in ELVOCs region? The scale doesn’t allow the comparison in this region (Fig. S1).
L261 – point and parenthesis
L261-263 – the authors state again that there are multiple air masses affecting the station, if that the case, how can you compare real NPF events with modelling (e.g. modelling consider homogeneous conditions as it is mentioned at the beginning of this paragraph)?
L267-271 – this doesn’t completely agree with the results presented by Rose et al. 2017, who showed that there is a clear pattern of the boundary layer (BL) at CHC. Is then the BL and FT conditions the same air mass?
L314-315 – what this sentence means?
Fig. 1 - why error bars are only in one direction?
L341 – how sensitive is the model to the initial particle number concentration? According to the example provided, it is fixed to 2000 #/cm3 with diameters of 2nm?
L356 – please include in the Fig. S4 the corresponding GR as text in each subplot (the values used for Fig. 1) and the geometric diameters (as Fig. 3).
L374&380 – Change “Fig. 3x” by “Figure 3x”
Figure 3 – Local time? Please also indicate in the text when you refer to the events time.
L440-444 – here the authors states about the growth of larger particles but actually the model does not include the size distribution of to simulate the growth of those pre-existing particles, so here probably refers to already “formed” from the model? Please clarify this paragraph.
L485 – The code does not work, please verify the files provided.
Initial radius of the particle is 1e-09 m.
Undefined function or variable 'flx_eaim_MABNAGO_hd_pd_AH'.
Error in odearguments (line 90)
f0 = feval(ode,t0,y0,args{:}); % ODE15I sets args{1} to yp0.
Error in ode15s (line 150)
odearguments(FcnHandlesUsed, solver_name, ode, tspan, y0, options, varargin);
Error in MODNAG (line 235)
[tout1, output1] = ode15s(@flx_eaim_MABNAGO_hd_pd_AH,time,input(3:end),options,whats,diss_frac,RxnP,DP);
References
Casquero-Vera, J. A., Lyamani, H., Dada, L., Hakala, S., Paasonen, P., Román, R., Fraile, R., Petäjä, T., Olmo-Reyes, F. J., and Alados-Arboledas, L.: New particle formation at urban and high-altitude remote sites in the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14253–14271, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14253-2020, 2020.
Ehn, M., Thornton, J., Kleist, E., Sipila, M., Junninen, H., Pullinen, I., Springer, M., Rubach, F., Tillmann, R., Lee, B., LopezHilfiker, F., Andres, S., Acir, I., Rissanen, M., Jokinen, T., Schobesberger, S., Kangasluoma, J., Kontkanen, J., Nieminen, T., Kurten, T., Nielsen, L., Jorgensen, S., Kjaergaard, H., Canagaratna, M., Dal Maso, M., Berndt, T., Petaja, T., Wahner, A., Kerminen, V., Kulmala, M., Worsnop, D., Wildt, J., and Mentel, T.: A large source of low-volatility secondary organic aerosol, Nature, 506, 476–479, doi:10.1038/nature13032, 2014.
Foucart, B., Sellegri, K., Tulet, P., Rose, C., Metzger, J.-M., and Picard, D.: High occurrence of new particle formation events at the Maïdo high-altitude observatory (2150 m), Réunion (Indian Ocean), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 9243–9261, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9243-2018, 2018.
García, M. I., Rodríguez, S., González, Y., and García, R. D.: Climatology of new particle formation at Izaña mountain GAW observatory in the subtropical North Atlantic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3865–3881, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3865-2014, 2014.
Sipilä, M., Berndt, T., Petaja, T., Brus, D., Vanhanen, J., Stratmann, F., Patokoski, J., Mauldin, R., Hyvarinen, A., Lihavainen, H., and Kulmala, M.: The role of sulfuric acid in atmospheric nucleation, Science, 327, 1243–1246, doi:10.1126/science.1180315, 2010.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-526-RC2 -
AC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-526', Arto Heitto, 15 Sep 2023
Answers to reviewer comments regarding the manuscript “Analysis of atmospheric particle growth based on vapor concentrations measured at the high-altitude GAW station Chacaltaya in the Bolivian Andes”
Comments by the reviewers are written below on bold, our reply in normal text and modifications for the manuscript in italic.
RC 1
The manuscript is well ready for discussion. The reviewer has a few minor comments for the authors considering. The measurements of CCN are critical to confirm which chemicals drove the growth of newly formed particles. However, the data were not included here while the station had taken the measurements. Anything happened? How about the growth of pre-existing particles? Does the result support the analysis presented here?
We thank reviewer for their comments. Regarding the CCN measurements, no direct CCN measurements have been made at Chacaltaya and hence they are not included in our analysis. Rose et al. (2017) did report CCN calculations, but they were based on SMPS data, not CCN counter data.
Related to the pre-existing particles, they are not directly considered in our model study. However, since our model is constrained by the measured vapor concentrations, which are affected also by condensation on the pre-existing particles, the effect of growth of pre-existing particles to the vapor concentrations is indirectly taken into account in the model.
RC 2
This work reports an analysis of aerosol particles growth from both measurements and modelling approaches. It aims to grow the knowledge on new particle formation events in high altitudes in the southern hemisphere. It uses a complex and extended dataset during the SALTENA campaign, and the results could fit within the scope of ACP, being of interest for the international research community. The manuscript is well organized and written, however, at the current status, I would recommend this manuscript to be published as a measurement report. If not, the manuscript needs to provide more significant advance for aerosol science before it is published as research article in ACP, and I would suggest some aspects to be considered in order to improve the manuscript and/or strengthen its impact.
We thank the reviewer for the thorough review of our manuscript and for the comments that helped us in improving the manuscript. We have considered all the comments and modified the manuscript as needed. Below we reply to the comments point-by-point. Regarding the suggestion of publishing our manuscript as a measurement report instead of a research article, we find that our study doesn’t merely report new interesting measurement results, but substantially advances our general understanding of atmospheric compounds contributing to the particle growth. As of now, most of the CIMS measurements reported are from near the sea level, and it is highly valuable that in this study the perspective has been expanded to higher altitudes. In addition, since only few direct particle-phase composition measurements of atmospheric particles are available and they have large uncertainties, there is a demand for methods to estimate particle phase composition, In this study we present rather simple model approach to do these estimations based on gas phase measurements, that usually are better available. Using this method in our study, our substantial findings are the variability of the contributing vapors to the particle growth between days and months and especially the significant role of volcanic activity to the particle growth in volcanically active areas. Hence we argue, that this study should indeed be published as a research article. We have also now emphasized these points in the Abstract of the manuscript where we have rephrased the text in lines 26-32:
“Despite the challenging topography and ambient conditions around the station, simple particle growth model used in the study was able to show that the detected vapors were sufficient to explain the observed particle growth, although some discrepancies were found between modelled and measured particle growth rates. This study, one of the first of such studies conducted on high-altitude, gives an insight on the key factors affecting the particle growth on the site and helps to improve the understanding of important factors on high-altitude sites and the Atmosphere in general. Low volatile organic compounds originating from multiple surrounding sources such as Amazonia and La Paz metropolitan area, were found to be the main contributor to the particle growth, covering on average 65% of simulated particle mass in particle with diameter of 30 nm. In addition, sulfuric acid had a major contribution to the particle growth, covering at maximum 37% of simulated particle mass in 30 nm particle during periods when volcanic activity was detected on the area, compared to around 1% contribution on days without volcanic activity. This suggests that volcanic emissions can greatly enhance the particle growth. “
Major comments
1. The main objective of combining models and measurements is to validate and/or improve models. However, in this case, the model does not really provide insights on the uncertainties because, as stated by the authors, at mountain sites the comparison of modeled and real GR provides the comparison of different processes (homogeneous vs non-homogeneous conditions). How the results of this work can be used in future works? Which are the uncertainties of the model if you are directly comparing processes that are different (homogeneous vs non-homogeneous)?
The main objective of this study was to study how different factors (most importantly organic vapors and sulfuric acid) contribute to the initial secondary aerosol growth on this high-altitude site and if the measured vapors can explain the detected particle growth. On one hand the study tests the ability of the model, which is based on gas-particle transportation without including particle phase processes, in capturing the observed growth. However, even more importantly, the study explores the connection between observed vapor concentrations and particle growth, and thus tests and validates the measurements of condensable vapors.
It is true that our model assumes homogeneous conditions and as stated in the manuscript caution must be used when the model results are compared to the measurements made in inhomogeneous conditions. However, in this manuscript we present also multiple events with relatively homogeneous conditions and for these days our model approach gives valuable information on the factors affecting initial particle growth.
2. One of the major limitations that the reader can appreciate to apply this model in real atmosphere is that precursor vapors are only consumed to form/grow new particles, but what about the larger particles or condensation sink?
In our study the gas phase concentrations are not affected at all by the model. Instead, the model uses measured gas phase concentrations which already are affected by condensation sink. Therefore, while larger particles are not directly included in the model, their effect on vapor concentrations is indirectly included. To emphasize this, we have now added to the line 168 this sentence:
“In this study measured vapor concentration of organic vapors and sulfuric acid were used as an input. It is worth noting that by doing this the reduction of ambient vapors by condensation sink is also indirectly taken into account in the model.”
3. I recommend the authors to extend the study, e.g. by analyzing the contribution of different vapours to different size ranges (GR 3-7, 7-20,…), comparing different models (e.g. MALTE-BOX or UHMA models),… Despite this work uses state-of-the-art instrumentation, there is no significant advances. If there is not additional results, I would suggest this manuscript to be published as a measurement report.
To our understanding, the models mentioned by the reviewer are box models. Therefore, the use of them, or other aerosol box models, would not provide significant benefit to the analysis presented here. While a box model that includes full particle size distribution might allow better analyzing size dependent particle composition compared to MODNAG model, they would still be inherently constrained by the same assumptions as MODNAG (homogenity of air mass) and we argue that comparing them would not give us any additional information. We have chosen to not analyze the size dependent contributions of vapors here, and instead concentrate on the overall picture of the role of vapors from different volatilities. Detailed analysis of the size dependence from the model simulations would also increase the sensitivity of the results to assumed vapor properties, and, with the fluctuations in size distribution at this site creating challenges to the determination of particle growth rate for specific size ranges, the validation data from observations would be limited.
Multiple CIMS measurements have been reported in the literature, but still we lack measurements from many relevant environments. In addition, information on what organic compounds are important for particle growth in different environments still have big uncertainty. Hence, we argue, that our study in this high-altitude Southern Hemisphere location does advance our general knowledge of role of organic compounds in early growth of atmospheric particles. We were able to show that within uncertainties the measured vapor concentrations on the spot are sufficient to explain the observed particle growth. We also confirmed the major role of SVOCs and sulfuric acid on particle growth, along with smaller but still notable contribution of ELVOCs. We believe that our study lays a good ground work for further research with e.g. other models.
Minor and technical comments
L25 – space before dot
We have removed the space.
L29 – Dot after “40 nm”?
We have removed the dot.
L42-43 – what about evaporation?
We have added now sentence
“Assuming the gas phase concentrations are high enough to allow condensational growth of the particles,”
to the text to emphasize that we are focusing on situations where the net affect of condensation and evaporation to the particle growth is positive.
L44-45 – this sentence is not completely correct, rephrase. If particles continue growing, will act as CCN, but if it collides with pre-existing particles doesn’t mean it will not act as CCN…
We have now rephrased the text to:
“The growth of particles serves as a source of CCN-sized particles while their collisions with pre-existing larger particles reduces the production of potential CCN from the secondary aerosol.”
L46 – this reference is probably not the best, some more recent could better support the role of H2SO4 on nucleation (e.g. Sipilä et al., 2010; Ehn et al., 2014).
We thank the reviewer for the suggested citations. We have added Sipilä et al 2010 citation.
L70-72 – There is previous studies that discussed this phenomenon and its effect on NPF events. For example, Garcia et al. (2014), Foucart et al. (2018) and Casquero-Vera et al. (2020) already showed the appearance of particles in a large range of diameters at the same time that NPF starts and noticed the difficulties to identify and characterize NPF events at mountain sites. Specially Foucart et al. (2018) mentioned this process and the term “apparent” growth rates at mountain sites because of the advection, non-homogeneous air masses and the overestimation of GR. I think these works need to be cited here or along the manuscript because, in addition to Sellegri et al. (2019), these studies have pointed some of the discussed phenomena.
Thank you for pointing out these relevant studies. All of them have now been added to the citation list in line 74
L76 – “is influenced”
As the text is edited (see response to the comment below), this typo is removed.
L76-77 – how can the station be at free troposphere and boundary layer at same time? Actually, next sentence doesn’t give a percentage for both occurring at same time. Maybe change by “could be simultaneously affected by long- and short-range aerosol and precursor vapors transport”?
Thank you for the suggestion to make the text clearer! We have edited the text accordingly and now it reads:
“CHC can be simultaneously affected by long- and short-range aerosol and precursor vapors transport (Aliaga et al., 2021).”
L80-86 – why giving these values in the introduction? I would recommend removing this lines from the introduction.
We think these values given here are relevant to give understanding of conditions in the area and put our study in context.
L92 – “the role that different precursors/organic compounds…”?
We have now rephrased the line as:
“the role that different vapors play in the growth”
L139-142 – what about the absolute or relative differences in ELVOCs region? The scale doesn’t allow the comparison in this region (Fig. S1).
Thank you for pointing this out. We have now changed the y-axis in Figure S1 to logarithmic scale to ease the comparison. However, regarding our study the ELVOC concentrations from Nitrate CIMS are generally so low that including them would not make large impact on the results.
L261 – point and parenthesis
Typo is corrected.
L261-263 – the authors state again that there are multiple air masses affecting the station, if that the case, how can you compare real NPF events with modelling (e.g. modelling consider homogeneous conditions as it is mentioned at the beginning of this paragraph)?
As discussed in our answer to the first major comment of the reviewer, it is true that one has to be cautious when comparing measured and modelled data in this kind of complicated conditions. This is why we have brought it up and discussed it in our manuscript. However, we also still argue that on many of the events presented in our study the conditions are homogeneous enough to allow meaningful and insightful comparisons between measured and modelled data.
L267-271 – this doesn’t completely agree with the results presented by Rose et al. 2017, who showed that there is a clear pattern of the boundary layer (BL) at CHC. Is then the BL and FT conditions the same air mass?
The difference in results of these two studies comes from different methods used in them to identify air masses, wind direction in Rose et al. and FLEXPART modelling in Aliaga et al. However, in the end both articles agree that air mass with high vapor concentrations and particle concentrations originates from the PBL.
L314-315 – what this sentence means?
We thank reviewer for noticing this unclear sentence. We have now clarified the sentence by changing it to:
“Therefore, the difference in obtained GR values between this study and the previous studies for the Chacaltaya site is larger than would be expected from solely the differences in GR calculation methods”
Fig. 1 - why error bars are only in one direction?
For most of the events, determining which mode peaks should be included to GR calculations was not straightforward (for example determining when the event ends). Hence, for each of such an event, multiple GR calculations were conducted with slightly different selection of mode peaks. The calculation which best described the event was chosen as the main GR calculation and the rest are presented as an error bar in Fig. 1 In modelled GR the error bars represent GRs calculated from the modelled particle diameter evolution over similar time frame as in respective GR calculation from measurements. In all events the GR calculated from the main set of mode peak diameters and the respective GR from model happen to give lowest or highest GR value from all subsets and hence the error bar goes only in one direction. The explanation of what the error bars represent in the Fig. 1 is given in Fig. 1 captions in line 309-311.
L341 – how sensitive is the model to the initial particle number concentration? According to the example provided, it is fixed to 2000 #/cm3 with diameters of 2nm?
As MODNAG simulates only single particle, the initial particle concentration is not an input variable for the model and is not sensitive to it at all.
We assume the reviewer refers to the MODNAG.m file in the GitHub repository. We thank the reviewer for being so throughout when going through the codes in the repository and noticing this total particle number concentration value. However, this value is not used in MODNAG, total number concentration as an input is a remnant from older code that was used when making the code for MODNAG analysis. The value is now removed from the code to prevent future confusion. In addition, it is also important to notice that the results presented in this manuscript are not created with MODNAG.m but with MODNAG_Bolivia.m code. MODNAG.m was used in our previous paper (Heitto et al., 2022). Unfortunately, we had the wrong DOI number in the manuscript that was related to the other MODNAG version. We have now updated the DOI number in the manuscript.
L356 – please include in the Fig. S4 the corresponding GR as text in each subplot (the values used for Fig. 1) and the geometric diameters (as Fig. 3).
We have edited the Figure S4 as requested
L374&380 – Change “Fig. 3x” by “Figure 3x”
We have changed these in lines 373, 380 and 386.
Figure 3 – Local time? Please also indicate in the text when you refer to the events time.
The reviewer is correct, the presented times are in local time. We have added the mentioning of this in the caption of Figure 3 and also included the mention in line 231 by adding:
“(onwards presented as local time, UTC-4)”
L440-444 – here the authors states about the growth of larger particles but actually the model does not include the size distribution of to simulate the growth of those pre-existing particles, so here probably refers to already “formed” from the model? Please clarify this paragraph.
We thank the reviewer for this comment. In this paragraph by “background” we meant freshly formed particles that are measured in the morning and that assumingly continue growing during the day over the area, but which we cannot measure, since the air mass at the station changes. We did not refer to the pre-existing larger particles. We understand that our choice of term may have caused confusion and we have now rephrased the paragraph as follows:
“The results show that the size of particles evolving in the air mass detected in the morning and again possibly in the afternoon may have had a notably slower GR compared to the overall measured particle population. However, since only the ensemble particle population can be measured, it is hard to make any profound conclusions about how well our model captures the growth in the air mass measured in the morning for the cases with inhomogeneous air mass (see Figure S7 for more information). “
L485 – The code does not work, please verify the files provided.
Initial radius of the particle is 1e-09 m.
Undefined function or variable 'flx_eaim_MABNAGO_hd_pd_AH'.
Error in odearguments (line 90)
f0 = feval(ode,t0,y0,args{:}); % ODE15I sets args{1} to yp0.
Error in ode15s (line 150)
odearguments(FcnHandlesUsed, solver_name, ode, tspan, y0, options, varargin);
Error in MODNAG (line 235)
[tout1, output1] = ode15s(@flx_eaim_MABNAGO_hd_pd_AH,time,input(3:end),options,whats,diss_frac,RxnP,DP);
Thank you for pointing this out. We apologize for the inconvenience. There was a mistake in the code where an old name of differential equation solver function was used in the code instead of the new updated one. The codes in the repository are now updated and should work correctly.
References
Casquero-Vera, J. A., Lyamani, H., Dada, L., Hakala, S., Paasonen, P., Román, R., Fraile, R., Petäjä, T., Olmo-Reyes, F. J., and Alados-Arboledas, L.: New particle formation at urban and high-altitude remote sites in the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14253–14271, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14253-2020, 2020.
Ehn, M., Thornton, J., Kleist, E., Sipila, M., Junninen, H., Pullinen, I., Springer, M., Rubach, F., Tillmann, R., Lee, B., LopezHilfiker, F., Andres, S., Acir, I., Rissanen, M., Jokinen, T., Schobesberger, S., Kangasluoma, J., Kontkanen, J., Nieminen, T., Kurten, T., Nielsen, L., Jorgensen, S., Kjaergaard, H., Canagaratna, M., Dal Maso, M., Berndt, T., Petaja, T., Wahner, A., Kerminen, V., Kulmala, M., Worsnop, D., Wildt, J., and Mentel, T.: A large source of low-volatility secondary organic aerosol, Nature, 506, 476–479, doi:10.1038/nature13032, 2014.
Foucart, B., Sellegri, K., Tulet, P., Rose, C., Metzger, J.-M., and Picard, D.: High occurrence of new particle formation events at the Maïdo high-altitude observatory (2150 m), Réunion (Indian Ocean), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 9243–9261, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9243-2018, 2018.
García, M. I., Rodríguez, S., González, Y., and García, R. D.: Climatology of new particle formation at Izaña mountain GAW observatory in the subtropical North Atlantic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3865–3881, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3865-2014, 2014.
Sipilä, M., Berndt, T., Petaja, T., Brus, D., Vanhanen, J., Stratmann, F., Patokoski, J., Mauldin, R., Hyvarinen, A., Lihavainen, H., and Kulmala, M.: The role of sulfuric acid in atmospheric nucleation, Science, 327, 1243–1246, doi:10.1126/science.1180315, 2010.
References for author’s respond
Heitto, A., Lehtinen, K., Petäjä, T., Lopez-Hilfiker, F., Thornton, J. A., Kulmala, M., and Yli-Juuti, T.: Effects of oligomerization and decomposition on the nanoparticle growth: a model study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 155–171, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-155-2022, 2022.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-526-AC1
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-526', Anonymous Referee #1, 28 May 2023
The manuscript is well ready for discussion. The reviewer has a few minor comments for the authors considering. The measurements of CCN are critical to confirm which chemicals drove the growth of newly formed particles. However, the data were not included here while the station had taken the measurements. Anything happened? How about the growth of pre-existing particles? Does the result support the analysis presented here?
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-526-RC1 -
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-526', Anonymous Referee #2, 23 Jun 2023
This work reports an analysis of aerosol particles growth from both measurements and modelling approaches. It aims to grow the knowledge on new particle formation events in high-altitudes in the southern hemisphere. It uses a complex and extended dataset during the SALTENA campaign, and the results could fit within the scope of ACP, being of interest for the international research community. The manuscript is well organized and written, however, at the current status, I would recommend this manuscript to be published as a measurement report. If not, the manuscript needs to provide more significant advance for aerosol science before it is published as research article in ACP, and I would suggest some aspects to be considered in order to improve the manuscript and/or strengthen its impact.
Major comments
- The main objective of combining models and measurements is to validate and/or improve models. However, in this case, the model does not really provide insights on the uncertainties because, as stated by the authors, at mountain sites the comparison of modeled and real GR provides the comparison of different processes (homogeneous vs non-homogeneous conditions). How the results of this work can be used in future works? Which are the uncertainties of the model if you are directly comparing processes that are different (homogeneous vs non-homogeneous)?
- One of the major limitations that the reader can appreciate to apply this model in real atmosphere is that precursor vapors are only consumed to form/grow new particles, but what about the larger particles or condensation sink?
- I recommend the authors to extend the study, e.g. by analyzing the contribution of different vapours to different size ranges (GR 3-7, 7-20,…), comparing different models (e.g. MALTE-BOX or UHMA models),… Despite this work uses state-of-the-art instrumentation, there is no significant advances. If there is not additional results, I would suggest this manuscript to be published as a measurement report.
Minor and technical comments
L25 – space before dot
L29 – Dot after “40 nm”?
L42-43 – what about evaporation?
L44-45 – this sentence is not completely correct, rephrase. If particles continue growing, will act as CCN, but if it collides with pre-existing particles doesn’t mean it will not act as CCN…
L46 – this reference is probably not the best, some more recent could better support the role of H2SO4 on nucleation (e.g. Sipilä et al., 2010; Ehn et al., 2014).
L70-72 – There is previous studies that discussed this phenomenon and its effect on NPF events. For example, Garcia et al. (2014), Foucart et al. (2018) and Casquero-Vera et al. (2020) already showed the appearance of particles in a large range of diameters at the same time that NPF starts and noticed the difficulties to identify and characterize NPF events at mountain sites. Specially Foucart et al. (2018) mentioned this process and the term “apparent” growth rates at mountain sites because of the advection, non-homogeneous air masses and the overestimation of GR. I think these works need to be cited here or along the manuscript because, in addition to Sellegri et al. (2019), these studies have pointed some of the discussed phenomena.
L76 – “is influenced”
L76-77 – how can the station be at free troposphere and boundary layer at same time? Actually, next sentence doesn’t give a percentage for both occurring at same time. Maybe change by “could be simultaneously affected by long- and short-range aerosol and precursor vapors transport”?
L80-86 – why giving these values in the introduction? I would recommend removing this lines from the introduction.
L92 – “the role that different precursors/organic compounds…”?
L139-142 – what about the absolute or relative differences in ELVOCs region? The scale doesn’t allow the comparison in this region (Fig. S1).
L261 – point and parenthesis
L261-263 – the authors state again that there are multiple air masses affecting the station, if that the case, how can you compare real NPF events with modelling (e.g. modelling consider homogeneous conditions as it is mentioned at the beginning of this paragraph)?
L267-271 – this doesn’t completely agree with the results presented by Rose et al. 2017, who showed that there is a clear pattern of the boundary layer (BL) at CHC. Is then the BL and FT conditions the same air mass?
L314-315 – what this sentence means?
Fig. 1 - why error bars are only in one direction?
L341 – how sensitive is the model to the initial particle number concentration? According to the example provided, it is fixed to 2000 #/cm3 with diameters of 2nm?
L356 – please include in the Fig. S4 the corresponding GR as text in each subplot (the values used for Fig. 1) and the geometric diameters (as Fig. 3).
L374&380 – Change “Fig. 3x” by “Figure 3x”
Figure 3 – Local time? Please also indicate in the text when you refer to the events time.
L440-444 – here the authors states about the growth of larger particles but actually the model does not include the size distribution of to simulate the growth of those pre-existing particles, so here probably refers to already “formed” from the model? Please clarify this paragraph.
L485 – The code does not work, please verify the files provided.
Initial radius of the particle is 1e-09 m.
Undefined function or variable 'flx_eaim_MABNAGO_hd_pd_AH'.
Error in odearguments (line 90)
f0 = feval(ode,t0,y0,args{:}); % ODE15I sets args{1} to yp0.
Error in ode15s (line 150)
odearguments(FcnHandlesUsed, solver_name, ode, tspan, y0, options, varargin);
Error in MODNAG (line 235)
[tout1, output1] = ode15s(@flx_eaim_MABNAGO_hd_pd_AH,time,input(3:end),options,whats,diss_frac,RxnP,DP);
References
Casquero-Vera, J. A., Lyamani, H., Dada, L., Hakala, S., Paasonen, P., Román, R., Fraile, R., Petäjä, T., Olmo-Reyes, F. J., and Alados-Arboledas, L.: New particle formation at urban and high-altitude remote sites in the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14253–14271, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14253-2020, 2020.
Ehn, M., Thornton, J., Kleist, E., Sipila, M., Junninen, H., Pullinen, I., Springer, M., Rubach, F., Tillmann, R., Lee, B., LopezHilfiker, F., Andres, S., Acir, I., Rissanen, M., Jokinen, T., Schobesberger, S., Kangasluoma, J., Kontkanen, J., Nieminen, T., Kurten, T., Nielsen, L., Jorgensen, S., Kjaergaard, H., Canagaratna, M., Dal Maso, M., Berndt, T., Petaja, T., Wahner, A., Kerminen, V., Kulmala, M., Worsnop, D., Wildt, J., and Mentel, T.: A large source of low-volatility secondary organic aerosol, Nature, 506, 476–479, doi:10.1038/nature13032, 2014.
Foucart, B., Sellegri, K., Tulet, P., Rose, C., Metzger, J.-M., and Picard, D.: High occurrence of new particle formation events at the Maïdo high-altitude observatory (2150 m), Réunion (Indian Ocean), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 9243–9261, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9243-2018, 2018.
García, M. I., Rodríguez, S., González, Y., and García, R. D.: Climatology of new particle formation at Izaña mountain GAW observatory in the subtropical North Atlantic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3865–3881, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3865-2014, 2014.
Sipilä, M., Berndt, T., Petaja, T., Brus, D., Vanhanen, J., Stratmann, F., Patokoski, J., Mauldin, R., Hyvarinen, A., Lihavainen, H., and Kulmala, M.: The role of sulfuric acid in atmospheric nucleation, Science, 327, 1243–1246, doi:10.1126/science.1180315, 2010.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-526-RC2 -
AC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-526', Arto Heitto, 15 Sep 2023
Answers to reviewer comments regarding the manuscript “Analysis of atmospheric particle growth based on vapor concentrations measured at the high-altitude GAW station Chacaltaya in the Bolivian Andes”
Comments by the reviewers are written below on bold, our reply in normal text and modifications for the manuscript in italic.
RC 1
The manuscript is well ready for discussion. The reviewer has a few minor comments for the authors considering. The measurements of CCN are critical to confirm which chemicals drove the growth of newly formed particles. However, the data were not included here while the station had taken the measurements. Anything happened? How about the growth of pre-existing particles? Does the result support the analysis presented here?
We thank reviewer for their comments. Regarding the CCN measurements, no direct CCN measurements have been made at Chacaltaya and hence they are not included in our analysis. Rose et al. (2017) did report CCN calculations, but they were based on SMPS data, not CCN counter data.
Related to the pre-existing particles, they are not directly considered in our model study. However, since our model is constrained by the measured vapor concentrations, which are affected also by condensation on the pre-existing particles, the effect of growth of pre-existing particles to the vapor concentrations is indirectly taken into account in the model.
RC 2
This work reports an analysis of aerosol particles growth from both measurements and modelling approaches. It aims to grow the knowledge on new particle formation events in high altitudes in the southern hemisphere. It uses a complex and extended dataset during the SALTENA campaign, and the results could fit within the scope of ACP, being of interest for the international research community. The manuscript is well organized and written, however, at the current status, I would recommend this manuscript to be published as a measurement report. If not, the manuscript needs to provide more significant advance for aerosol science before it is published as research article in ACP, and I would suggest some aspects to be considered in order to improve the manuscript and/or strengthen its impact.
We thank the reviewer for the thorough review of our manuscript and for the comments that helped us in improving the manuscript. We have considered all the comments and modified the manuscript as needed. Below we reply to the comments point-by-point. Regarding the suggestion of publishing our manuscript as a measurement report instead of a research article, we find that our study doesn’t merely report new interesting measurement results, but substantially advances our general understanding of atmospheric compounds contributing to the particle growth. As of now, most of the CIMS measurements reported are from near the sea level, and it is highly valuable that in this study the perspective has been expanded to higher altitudes. In addition, since only few direct particle-phase composition measurements of atmospheric particles are available and they have large uncertainties, there is a demand for methods to estimate particle phase composition, In this study we present rather simple model approach to do these estimations based on gas phase measurements, that usually are better available. Using this method in our study, our substantial findings are the variability of the contributing vapors to the particle growth between days and months and especially the significant role of volcanic activity to the particle growth in volcanically active areas. Hence we argue, that this study should indeed be published as a research article. We have also now emphasized these points in the Abstract of the manuscript where we have rephrased the text in lines 26-32:
“Despite the challenging topography and ambient conditions around the station, simple particle growth model used in the study was able to show that the detected vapors were sufficient to explain the observed particle growth, although some discrepancies were found between modelled and measured particle growth rates. This study, one of the first of such studies conducted on high-altitude, gives an insight on the key factors affecting the particle growth on the site and helps to improve the understanding of important factors on high-altitude sites and the Atmosphere in general. Low volatile organic compounds originating from multiple surrounding sources such as Amazonia and La Paz metropolitan area, were found to be the main contributor to the particle growth, covering on average 65% of simulated particle mass in particle with diameter of 30 nm. In addition, sulfuric acid had a major contribution to the particle growth, covering at maximum 37% of simulated particle mass in 30 nm particle during periods when volcanic activity was detected on the area, compared to around 1% contribution on days without volcanic activity. This suggests that volcanic emissions can greatly enhance the particle growth. “
Major comments
1. The main objective of combining models and measurements is to validate and/or improve models. However, in this case, the model does not really provide insights on the uncertainties because, as stated by the authors, at mountain sites the comparison of modeled and real GR provides the comparison of different processes (homogeneous vs non-homogeneous conditions). How the results of this work can be used in future works? Which are the uncertainties of the model if you are directly comparing processes that are different (homogeneous vs non-homogeneous)?
The main objective of this study was to study how different factors (most importantly organic vapors and sulfuric acid) contribute to the initial secondary aerosol growth on this high-altitude site and if the measured vapors can explain the detected particle growth. On one hand the study tests the ability of the model, which is based on gas-particle transportation without including particle phase processes, in capturing the observed growth. However, even more importantly, the study explores the connection between observed vapor concentrations and particle growth, and thus tests and validates the measurements of condensable vapors.
It is true that our model assumes homogeneous conditions and as stated in the manuscript caution must be used when the model results are compared to the measurements made in inhomogeneous conditions. However, in this manuscript we present also multiple events with relatively homogeneous conditions and for these days our model approach gives valuable information on the factors affecting initial particle growth.
2. One of the major limitations that the reader can appreciate to apply this model in real atmosphere is that precursor vapors are only consumed to form/grow new particles, but what about the larger particles or condensation sink?
In our study the gas phase concentrations are not affected at all by the model. Instead, the model uses measured gas phase concentrations which already are affected by condensation sink. Therefore, while larger particles are not directly included in the model, their effect on vapor concentrations is indirectly included. To emphasize this, we have now added to the line 168 this sentence:
“In this study measured vapor concentration of organic vapors and sulfuric acid were used as an input. It is worth noting that by doing this the reduction of ambient vapors by condensation sink is also indirectly taken into account in the model.”
3. I recommend the authors to extend the study, e.g. by analyzing the contribution of different vapours to different size ranges (GR 3-7, 7-20,…), comparing different models (e.g. MALTE-BOX or UHMA models),… Despite this work uses state-of-the-art instrumentation, there is no significant advances. If there is not additional results, I would suggest this manuscript to be published as a measurement report.
To our understanding, the models mentioned by the reviewer are box models. Therefore, the use of them, or other aerosol box models, would not provide significant benefit to the analysis presented here. While a box model that includes full particle size distribution might allow better analyzing size dependent particle composition compared to MODNAG model, they would still be inherently constrained by the same assumptions as MODNAG (homogenity of air mass) and we argue that comparing them would not give us any additional information. We have chosen to not analyze the size dependent contributions of vapors here, and instead concentrate on the overall picture of the role of vapors from different volatilities. Detailed analysis of the size dependence from the model simulations would also increase the sensitivity of the results to assumed vapor properties, and, with the fluctuations in size distribution at this site creating challenges to the determination of particle growth rate for specific size ranges, the validation data from observations would be limited.
Multiple CIMS measurements have been reported in the literature, but still we lack measurements from many relevant environments. In addition, information on what organic compounds are important for particle growth in different environments still have big uncertainty. Hence, we argue, that our study in this high-altitude Southern Hemisphere location does advance our general knowledge of role of organic compounds in early growth of atmospheric particles. We were able to show that within uncertainties the measured vapor concentrations on the spot are sufficient to explain the observed particle growth. We also confirmed the major role of SVOCs and sulfuric acid on particle growth, along with smaller but still notable contribution of ELVOCs. We believe that our study lays a good ground work for further research with e.g. other models.
Minor and technical comments
L25 – space before dot
We have removed the space.
L29 – Dot after “40 nm”?
We have removed the dot.
L42-43 – what about evaporation?
We have added now sentence
“Assuming the gas phase concentrations are high enough to allow condensational growth of the particles,”
to the text to emphasize that we are focusing on situations where the net affect of condensation and evaporation to the particle growth is positive.
L44-45 – this sentence is not completely correct, rephrase. If particles continue growing, will act as CCN, but if it collides with pre-existing particles doesn’t mean it will not act as CCN…
We have now rephrased the text to:
“The growth of particles serves as a source of CCN-sized particles while their collisions with pre-existing larger particles reduces the production of potential CCN from the secondary aerosol.”
L46 – this reference is probably not the best, some more recent could better support the role of H2SO4 on nucleation (e.g. Sipilä et al., 2010; Ehn et al., 2014).
We thank the reviewer for the suggested citations. We have added Sipilä et al 2010 citation.
L70-72 – There is previous studies that discussed this phenomenon and its effect on NPF events. For example, Garcia et al. (2014), Foucart et al. (2018) and Casquero-Vera et al. (2020) already showed the appearance of particles in a large range of diameters at the same time that NPF starts and noticed the difficulties to identify and characterize NPF events at mountain sites. Specially Foucart et al. (2018) mentioned this process and the term “apparent” growth rates at mountain sites because of the advection, non-homogeneous air masses and the overestimation of GR. I think these works need to be cited here or along the manuscript because, in addition to Sellegri et al. (2019), these studies have pointed some of the discussed phenomena.
Thank you for pointing out these relevant studies. All of them have now been added to the citation list in line 74
L76 – “is influenced”
As the text is edited (see response to the comment below), this typo is removed.
L76-77 – how can the station be at free troposphere and boundary layer at same time? Actually, next sentence doesn’t give a percentage for both occurring at same time. Maybe change by “could be simultaneously affected by long- and short-range aerosol and precursor vapors transport”?
Thank you for the suggestion to make the text clearer! We have edited the text accordingly and now it reads:
“CHC can be simultaneously affected by long- and short-range aerosol and precursor vapors transport (Aliaga et al., 2021).”
L80-86 – why giving these values in the introduction? I would recommend removing this lines from the introduction.
We think these values given here are relevant to give understanding of conditions in the area and put our study in context.
L92 – “the role that different precursors/organic compounds…”?
We have now rephrased the line as:
“the role that different vapors play in the growth”
L139-142 – what about the absolute or relative differences in ELVOCs region? The scale doesn’t allow the comparison in this region (Fig. S1).
Thank you for pointing this out. We have now changed the y-axis in Figure S1 to logarithmic scale to ease the comparison. However, regarding our study the ELVOC concentrations from Nitrate CIMS are generally so low that including them would not make large impact on the results.
L261 – point and parenthesis
Typo is corrected.
L261-263 – the authors state again that there are multiple air masses affecting the station, if that the case, how can you compare real NPF events with modelling (e.g. modelling consider homogeneous conditions as it is mentioned at the beginning of this paragraph)?
As discussed in our answer to the first major comment of the reviewer, it is true that one has to be cautious when comparing measured and modelled data in this kind of complicated conditions. This is why we have brought it up and discussed it in our manuscript. However, we also still argue that on many of the events presented in our study the conditions are homogeneous enough to allow meaningful and insightful comparisons between measured and modelled data.
L267-271 – this doesn’t completely agree with the results presented by Rose et al. 2017, who showed that there is a clear pattern of the boundary layer (BL) at CHC. Is then the BL and FT conditions the same air mass?
The difference in results of these two studies comes from different methods used in them to identify air masses, wind direction in Rose et al. and FLEXPART modelling in Aliaga et al. However, in the end both articles agree that air mass with high vapor concentrations and particle concentrations originates from the PBL.
L314-315 – what this sentence means?
We thank reviewer for noticing this unclear sentence. We have now clarified the sentence by changing it to:
“Therefore, the difference in obtained GR values between this study and the previous studies for the Chacaltaya site is larger than would be expected from solely the differences in GR calculation methods”
Fig. 1 - why error bars are only in one direction?
For most of the events, determining which mode peaks should be included to GR calculations was not straightforward (for example determining when the event ends). Hence, for each of such an event, multiple GR calculations were conducted with slightly different selection of mode peaks. The calculation which best described the event was chosen as the main GR calculation and the rest are presented as an error bar in Fig. 1 In modelled GR the error bars represent GRs calculated from the modelled particle diameter evolution over similar time frame as in respective GR calculation from measurements. In all events the GR calculated from the main set of mode peak diameters and the respective GR from model happen to give lowest or highest GR value from all subsets and hence the error bar goes only in one direction. The explanation of what the error bars represent in the Fig. 1 is given in Fig. 1 captions in line 309-311.
L341 – how sensitive is the model to the initial particle number concentration? According to the example provided, it is fixed to 2000 #/cm3 with diameters of 2nm?
As MODNAG simulates only single particle, the initial particle concentration is not an input variable for the model and is not sensitive to it at all.
We assume the reviewer refers to the MODNAG.m file in the GitHub repository. We thank the reviewer for being so throughout when going through the codes in the repository and noticing this total particle number concentration value. However, this value is not used in MODNAG, total number concentration as an input is a remnant from older code that was used when making the code for MODNAG analysis. The value is now removed from the code to prevent future confusion. In addition, it is also important to notice that the results presented in this manuscript are not created with MODNAG.m but with MODNAG_Bolivia.m code. MODNAG.m was used in our previous paper (Heitto et al., 2022). Unfortunately, we had the wrong DOI number in the manuscript that was related to the other MODNAG version. We have now updated the DOI number in the manuscript.
L356 – please include in the Fig. S4 the corresponding GR as text in each subplot (the values used for Fig. 1) and the geometric diameters (as Fig. 3).
We have edited the Figure S4 as requested
L374&380 – Change “Fig. 3x” by “Figure 3x”
We have changed these in lines 373, 380 and 386.
Figure 3 – Local time? Please also indicate in the text when you refer to the events time.
The reviewer is correct, the presented times are in local time. We have added the mentioning of this in the caption of Figure 3 and also included the mention in line 231 by adding:
“(onwards presented as local time, UTC-4)”
L440-444 – here the authors states about the growth of larger particles but actually the model does not include the size distribution of to simulate the growth of those pre-existing particles, so here probably refers to already “formed” from the model? Please clarify this paragraph.
We thank the reviewer for this comment. In this paragraph by “background” we meant freshly formed particles that are measured in the morning and that assumingly continue growing during the day over the area, but which we cannot measure, since the air mass at the station changes. We did not refer to the pre-existing larger particles. We understand that our choice of term may have caused confusion and we have now rephrased the paragraph as follows:
“The results show that the size of particles evolving in the air mass detected in the morning and again possibly in the afternoon may have had a notably slower GR compared to the overall measured particle population. However, since only the ensemble particle population can be measured, it is hard to make any profound conclusions about how well our model captures the growth in the air mass measured in the morning for the cases with inhomogeneous air mass (see Figure S7 for more information). “
L485 – The code does not work, please verify the files provided.
Initial radius of the particle is 1e-09 m.
Undefined function or variable 'flx_eaim_MABNAGO_hd_pd_AH'.
Error in odearguments (line 90)
f0 = feval(ode,t0,y0,args{:}); % ODE15I sets args{1} to yp0.
Error in ode15s (line 150)
odearguments(FcnHandlesUsed, solver_name, ode, tspan, y0, options, varargin);
Error in MODNAG (line 235)
[tout1, output1] = ode15s(@flx_eaim_MABNAGO_hd_pd_AH,time,input(3:end),options,whats,diss_frac,RxnP,DP);
Thank you for pointing this out. We apologize for the inconvenience. There was a mistake in the code where an old name of differential equation solver function was used in the code instead of the new updated one. The codes in the repository are now updated and should work correctly.
References
Casquero-Vera, J. A., Lyamani, H., Dada, L., Hakala, S., Paasonen, P., Román, R., Fraile, R., Petäjä, T., Olmo-Reyes, F. J., and Alados-Arboledas, L.: New particle formation at urban and high-altitude remote sites in the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14253–14271, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14253-2020, 2020.
Ehn, M., Thornton, J., Kleist, E., Sipila, M., Junninen, H., Pullinen, I., Springer, M., Rubach, F., Tillmann, R., Lee, B., LopezHilfiker, F., Andres, S., Acir, I., Rissanen, M., Jokinen, T., Schobesberger, S., Kangasluoma, J., Kontkanen, J., Nieminen, T., Kurten, T., Nielsen, L., Jorgensen, S., Kjaergaard, H., Canagaratna, M., Dal Maso, M., Berndt, T., Petaja, T., Wahner, A., Kerminen, V., Kulmala, M., Worsnop, D., Wildt, J., and Mentel, T.: A large source of low-volatility secondary organic aerosol, Nature, 506, 476–479, doi:10.1038/nature13032, 2014.
Foucart, B., Sellegri, K., Tulet, P., Rose, C., Metzger, J.-M., and Picard, D.: High occurrence of new particle formation events at the Maïdo high-altitude observatory (2150 m), Réunion (Indian Ocean), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 9243–9261, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9243-2018, 2018.
García, M. I., Rodríguez, S., González, Y., and García, R. D.: Climatology of new particle formation at Izaña mountain GAW observatory in the subtropical North Atlantic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3865–3881, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3865-2014, 2014.
Sipilä, M., Berndt, T., Petaja, T., Brus, D., Vanhanen, J., Stratmann, F., Patokoski, J., Mauldin, R., Hyvarinen, A., Lihavainen, H., and Kulmala, M.: The role of sulfuric acid in atmospheric nucleation, Science, 327, 1243–1246, doi:10.1126/science.1180315, 2010.
References for author’s respond
Heitto, A., Lehtinen, K., Petäjä, T., Lopez-Hilfiker, F., Thornton, J. A., Kulmala, M., and Yli-Juuti, T.: Effects of oligomerization and decomposition on the nanoparticle growth: a model study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 155–171, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-155-2022, 2022.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-526-AC1
Peer review completion
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Model code and software
MODNAG Arto Heitto https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5592258
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Cheng Wu
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