the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 14 Dec 2023
Loss of nitrogen via anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) in the California current system during the Quaternary
Abstract. The California current system (CCS) hosts one of the largest oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) in the world: the Eastern North Pacific (ENP) OMZ, which is dissociated into a subtropical and tropical region (i.e., the ESTNP and ETNP). In the modern ENP OMZ, bioavailable nitrogen (N) is lost via denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox). Even so, paleo-reconstructions of N-loss have focused solely on denitrification. Fluctuations in bulk sedimentary δ15N over glacial-interglacial cycles have been interpreted to reflect variations in denitrification rates in response to ETNP OMZ intensity changes. This δ15N signal is thought to be transported northwards to the ESTNP OMZ. Here, we present the first CCS sedimentary record of ladderane lipids, biomarkers for anammox, located within the ESTNP OMZ (32° N; 118° W). Over the last two glacial terminations (~160 cal ka BP), ladderane concentrations were analysed in combination with the index of ladderanes with five cyclobutane moieties (NL5), short-chain (SC) ladderane degradation products, and productivity proxies. This shows that: 1) ladderanes derived from anammox bacteria living within the ESTNP OMZ water column; 2) ladderanes were continuously present, with relatively high concentrations during both glacial- and interglacial-periods, showcasing the ESTNP OMZ must have retained an anoxic core in which N-loss occurred; and 3) anammox abundance appears to have been driven both by OM-remineralization and advection changes, which regulated nutrient and oxygen levels. Our study shows that anammox was an important feature in the CCS and provides a more holistic picture of N-loss dynamics and the development of the ESTNP OMZ over glacial-interglacial cycles. Lastly, ladderanes were also detected in 160–500 cal ka BP sediments (15.7–37.5 mbsf; analysed at a low temporal resolution), highlighting their potential as anammox biomarkers in relatively deeper buried sediments for future studies.
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2915', Anonymous Referee #1, 10 Jan 2024
Review of « Loss of nitrogen via anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) in the California current system during the Quaternary » by Z.R. van Kemenade et al. Biogeosciences
The authors of this paper analyzed ladderanes and their degradation products in a sedimentary core collected offshore California and covering the last 500 kyrs. Ladderanes were detected in all the sedment samples and were likely produced within the water column (oxygen minimum zone). The relationship between the abundance of ladderanes and their degradation products (short chain ones) was shown to differ between the Holocene and the rest of the record, suggesting a change in oxygen exposure of these lipids. Overall, this work shows the importance of the anammox process in the California current system and provides a detailed understanding of the N cycling over the last glacial-interglacial periods.
This is a very interesting study based on anammox lipid biomarkers, which goes straight to the point and is very well-written. In addition to providing a comprehensive picture of the N dynamics in the zone of study over the last glacial-interglacial periods, this manuscript shows the potential of the ladderanes to reconstruct the anammox process over very long time periods, as these molecules were detected in sediments deposited through the past 500 kyr. I recommend its publication if Biogeosciences after minor revisions, as proposed below
Lines 21-22. I would specify that ladderanes and their degradation products were detected.
Line 59. Fig. 2 instead of Fig. 1.
Line 80. Fig. 1 ? Please check the numbering of the figures.
Line 173. I would specify the limit of detection/quantitation of the ladderanes and degradation products in this section.
Lines 223-226. Please refer to Fig. 4 here. The colors used to differentiate the individual ladderanes in Fig. 4 are difficult to distinguish. I would also use different symbols.
Lines 235-236. I would also refer to Fig. 4 here.
Lines 263-269. The discussion provided here (explanation of the depletion in water column and sedimentary delta15N and presence of ladderanes) should be clarified.
Line 278. While the transport instead of « And ».
Lines 280-283. Transport of ladderanes and in situ production of these compounds could both act together ? Why are they considered independently ?
Lines 293-294. The authors could provide and discuss the C/N ratios and not only TC and TN separately.
Lines 294-295. This part of the sentence is unclear to me. I would expect an increase in TC and TN with productivity ?
Line 296. Please remove « interestingly » (no opinion on your results). « Are not the highest ».
Line 297. Please specify the number of the figure.
Line 304. « This suggests that » rather than « This appears to ».
Lines 307-308. What is the link between the two paragraphs ?
Lines 308-312. This could also explain the low exposition of ladderane FAs to oxygen over this period ?
Lines 313-314. The concentrations peak just before MIS 5e ?
Lines 331-333. I would show the relationship between the concentrations in ladderanes and TC and TN to support the hypothesis of the co-variation with paleoproductivity.
Lines 333-335. This part is unclear to me and should be clarified.
Lines 335-336. Please further explain what are these discrepancies exactly.
Lines 373-374. This correlation is not valid over all the record (this is a general trend).
Lines 380-381. These discrepancies are seen more during MIS 5 than MIS 3.
Lines 382-387. Please explain more clearly how it can be detected that anammox and denitrification are out-of-phase.
Lines 388-393. I don’t see the aim of this paragraph and where the authors want to go.
Line 393. « can also be supplied »
Line 403. Please provide the determination coefficient of this correlation.
Line 404. « it may be reasonable »
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2915-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Zoe van Kemenade, 01 Feb 2024
We greatly appreciate the time and effort the reviewers have taken to comment on our manuscript to improve its content. We propose several adjustments, based on these comments. Please find below our response to individual comments in bold.
On behalf of all co-authors,
Zoë van KemenadeReferee #1
The authors of this paper analyzed ladderanes and their degradation products in a sedimentary core collected offshore California and covering the last 500 kyrs. Ladderanes were detected in all the sedment samples and were likely produced within the water column (oxygen minimum zone). The relationship between the abundance of ladderanes and their degradation products (short chain ones) was shown to differ between the Holocene and the rest of the record, suggesting a change in oxygen exposure of these lipids. Overall, this work shows the importance of the anammox process in the California current system and provides a detailed understanding of the N cycling over the last glacial-interglacial periods.
This is a very interesting study based on anammox lipid biomarkers, which goes straight to the point and is very well-written. In addition to providing a comprehensive picture of the N dynamics in the zone of study over the last glacial-interglacial periods, this manuscript shows the potential of the ladderanes to reconstruct the anammox process over very long time periods, as these molecules were detected in sediments deposited through the past 500 kyr. I recommend its publication if Biogeosciences after minor revisions, as proposed below
Lines 21-22. I would specify that ladderanes and their degradation products were detected.
We agree. We propose to specify it as follows: ‘Lastly, ladderanes and their SC-products were..’
Line 59. Fig. 2 instead of Fig. 1.
Thank you for catching this error. We realized, however, that a reference to figure 2 here is not according to Biogeosciences regulations, which state that figures should be referenced in order of their appearance. We therefore plan to remove the reference to the figure here entirely. Figure 2 would then be referenced for the first time after figure 1 is referenced.
Line 80. Fig. 1 ? Please check the numbering of the figures. We have thoroughly checked the numbering of figures and will revise them where necessary.
Line 173. I would specify the limit of detection/quantitation of the ladderanes and degradation products in this section.
We agree that this should be included. We propose to include the following sentence in method section 3.5:
‘A detection limit of 30–35 pg injected on-column and a linear response of (r(4) > 0.99) over approximately 3 orders of magnitude was achieved (S1, Table 8a)’.
Lines 223-226. Please refer to Fig. 4 here. The colors used to differentiate the individual ladderanes in Fig. 4 are difficult to distinguish. I would also use different symbols.
Biogeosciences wishes to have the reference of figures in the text in the same order as the figures themselves. Hence, we can unfortunately not yet reference figure 4, as it is placed in the discussion. Therefore, we only cite Table 3 (S1) here.
Lines 235-236. I would also refer to Fig. 4 here.
We propose to adjust the order in which the ladderane results are presented, so that the ladderane concentrations over the entire record are stated first (Fig. 3). This way, figure 4 can be referenced in this section.
Lines 263-269. The discussion provided here (explanation of the depletion in water column and sedimentary delta15N and presence of ladderanes) should be clarified.
We propose to add further clarifications to this paragraph. More specifically, we propose to add the following section:
“This means that at ODP site 1012, the sedimentary δ15N signal is thought to predominantly derive from the ETNP, and not the ESTNP OMZ. In order to understand the observed ladderane trends in the ODP site 1012 record, it is thus important to establish whether the detected ladderanes reflect a local signal (from the ESTNP OMZ) or whether they are also sourced from the ETNP OMZ core and similarly transported northwards with the CU, towards ODP site 1012. Alternatively, ladderanes could also be synthesized by sedimentary anammox bacteria (Vossenberg et al., 2008).”
Line 278. While the transport instead of « And ».
We will adapt this sentence to ‘Additionally, while the transport…’
Lines 280-283. Transport of ladderanes and in situ production of these compounds could both act together ? Why are they considered independently ?
Yes that is true, but we clarify our argument in this discussion section, which is based on the observed relative abundances of SC-ladderane (which are similar to those observed in the Arabian Sea where ladderanes are directly deposited on the sea-floor). Due to their labile nature, the transport of ladderanes are likely not the dominant pathway for the occurrence of SC-ladderanes in the record. We agree though that transport of ladderanes cannot be entirely excluded, hence we propose to add the following to final sentence of this discussion section:
“…..although some contribution of allochthonous or sedimentary anammox cannot be entirely excluded.”
Lines 293-294. The authors could provide and discuss the C/N ratios and not only TC and TN separately.
We agree that a discussion on the C/N ratio would benefit the study. We therefore plan to include C/N ratios (calculated on an atomic basis) in figure 4 and add the results in section 4.1. In addition, we will add the following sections to the discussion:
Section 5.2.1:
‘The C/N ratio remains fairly stable throughout MIS 1 to MIS 5c (MN = 16, STD = 2); Fig. 4F), with higher values observed during MIS 6 (MN = 20, STD = 2; discussed in section 5.2.2). Based on stoichiometry, enhanced NO3- supply is expected to lower the ratio in phytoplankton biomass (Matsumoto et al., 2020). Yet, changes in nutrient concentrations have been observed to effect the C/P and N/P, but not the C/N ratio (Frigstad et al., 2011). It is therefore not surprising that the increased TN content during mid-MIS 5 is not reflected in the C/N ratio. Also, while the δ13C signal (-23 to -22 ‰; Fig. 4I) reflects a typical marine origin of OM, the C/N ratio is higher than commonly observed for marine algae (e.g., Lamb et al., 2006). This is likely caused by preferential remineralization of organic N during the settling of OM from the photic zone (Verardo & Mcintyre, 1994; Schneider et al., 2003).’
Section 5.2.2:
‘MIS 6 and its termination (T2) are further characterized by relatively high C/N ratios (17–23; Fig. 4F). Matsumoto et al., (2020) found, using a global ocean carbon cycle model, that during glacial periods the expansion of sea ice increased global C:N:P ratios. Additionally, taxonomic changes during glacials, in which eukaryotic phytoplankton became more dominant, resulted in NO3- depletion (hereby increasing the C/N ratio).’
Section 5.3:
‘Moreover, the C/N ratio remains fairly consistent throughout the record (13–19), except during MIS 6 and T2 where it is higher (17–23; Fig. 4F) and variations do not correspond to those observed in ladderane FAs or δ15N.’
Lines 294-295. This part of the sentence is unclear to me. I would expect an increase in TC and TN with productivity ? We will add the word ‘elevated’ to clarify that it indeed concerns an increase in TOC and TN.
Line 296. Please remove « interestingly » (no opinion on your results). « Are not the highest ».We will remove the word interestingly.
Line 297. Please specify the number of the figure. Thank you for spotting this error, we include the number of the figure.
Line 304. « This suggests that » rather than « This appears to ».We will remove ‘this appears to’ and change it to ‘this indicates that’.
Lines 307-308. What is the link between the two paragraphs ?
The paragraph starting at line 308 explains the possible mechanism (i.e. an intensified OMZ) for the inferred reduced oxygen exposure discussed in the preceding paragraph. We will adapt the first sentence of the paragraph to better underline the relationship with the preceding paragraph, as follows:
‘Reduced oxygen exposure is likely to have resulted from an intensified OMZ; Lembke-Jene et al. (2018) showed…’
Lines 308-312. This could also explain the low exposition of ladderane FAs to oxygen over this period ?
Yes, we agree. The purpose of this paragraph is to provide an explanation for the reduced oxygen exposure of ladderane FAs during the Holocene, but we realize this was not clear. We hope that with the revision presented in response to the previous comment, the relationship between this and previous paragraph is more clear (i.e. how an intensified OMZ led to more reduced oxygen exposure of ladderane FAs during the Holocene).
Lines 313-314. The concentrations peak just before MIS 5e ?
Both, as we see it. Indeed, there is a peak at the end of MIS 6 (right before MIS 5e), which is discussed in section 5.2.2 (which deals with the two most recent glacial periods). But there is also a peak during MIS 5e.
Lines 331-333. I would show the relationship between the concentrations in ladderanes and TC and TN to support the hypothesis of the co-variation with paleoproductivity.
In this sentence we were solely referring to the co-variation between those proxies during MIS 5, and not over the entire record. We realize this was not sufficiently clear. Estimating whether a (linear) relationship exists between ladderanes and productivity proxies during MIS 5 is unfortunately not possible, as the sample size would be too small (<20). We realize the word ‘co-variation’ seems to indicate a significant relationship. Hence, we suggest to adapt this sentence to clarify our meaning, as follows:
‘As such, the co-occurrence of ladderane FA and paleo-productivity proxies maxima during MIS 5…’
Also, to further clarify: over the entire record, there is no significant relationship between ladderanes and productivity proxies. Discrepancies between their concentrations are for example seen during MIS 2 and MIS 6. These discrepancies during these glacial periods will be addressed in more detail in section 5.2.2. with the following:
‘At the same time, decreased upwelling during glacial periods in the North Pacific (Worne et al., 2019) may have also lowered nutrient availability. Low nitrogen availability is reflected in relatively low TN concentrations in this record (Fig. 4H).’
Lines 333-335. This part is unclear to me and should be clarified.
We will move this section to the next paragraph and revise it to the following:
‘Remineralization of increased phytoplankton biomass may consequently also have led to more reduced local conditions, favouring anammox. This local signal would not have been recorded in the western part of the North Pacific, where intermediate waters were oxic (Matul et al., 2016).’
Lines 335-336. Please further explain what are these discrepancies exactly.
We aim to revise this sentence as follows: ‘The relatively subdued δ15N signal during mid-MIS 5, and consequent implications for our understanding of the N-cycle in the CCS are further discussed in section 5.3.’
Lines 373-374.
We will adjust this line to more precisely describe the results by the Liu et al. (2005) study as follows: ‘The cross-correlation for both δ15N–δ18O and δ18O–SST at ODP site 1012 (Liu et al., 2005) indicates that….’.
Lines 380-381. These discrepancies are seen more during MIS 5 than MIS 3.
We agree with this. Also, since we solely present the discrepancy with MIS 5 in section 5.2.1, we will remove MIS 3 from this sentence.
Lines 382-387. Please explain more clearly how it can be detected that anammox and denitrification are out-of-phase.
We apologize for this unclarity. We did not mean to state that they are out-of-phase. Rather, we meant to indicate that this may be an option, but that the known literature indicates this is actually not a reasonable explanation for the discrepancies between the ladderane and δ15N record. Also, in response to the next comment, we propose to change the structure of this discussion section and add some clarifications, to better highlight our conclusion. We propose the following revision:
‘This suggests that increased anammox does not always correspond to increased N-loss, possibly via simultaneously reduced denitrification rates (Koeve and Kähler, 2010). Yet, Babbin et al. (2014) showed, using incubations from the ETNP OMZ, that both denitrification and anammox are limited by OM supply, and their rates increase in response to the addition of OM. Moreover, these authors showed that both denitrifiers and anammox bacteria are similarly inhibited by oxygen in the marine environment, at DO concentration above 3 to 8 µmol L-1 (Babbin et al., 2014). As such, both anammox and denitrification should respond similarly to changes in DO and OM in the CCS.
Alternatively, anammox and denitrification could be unsynchronized in response to variations in the C:N ratio of OM. Given the average C:N signature of marine OM (106:16; Redfield, 1963), stoichiometric constraints should result in a ratio of N2 production via denitrification and anammox of 71:29 (Koeve and Kähler, 2010). Localized variations in the C:N signature may result in different relative contributions. Yet, integrating these variations over space and time should obtain a similar ratio (Dalsgaard et al., 2012; Ward, 2013; Babbin et al., 2014). Moreover, the TOC:TN ratio remains fairly consistent throughout the record (11–16), where it is higher (15–20; Fig. 4F) and variations do not correspond to those observed in ladderane FAs or δ15N. As such, given the temporal resolution of the record (which does not cover seasonality), denitrification and anammox intensities are expected to fluctuate in-tandem.
Consequently, variability in δ15N of the CCS sedimentary record may, at times, simply not relate directly to changes in denitrification and/or anammox rates. Reconstructions of…’
Lines 388-393. I don’t see the aim of this paragraph and where the authors want to go.
With this paragraph, we aim to exclude DO concentrations and OM supply as possible reasons for the observed differences between the δ15N and ladderane FA record. To clarify the purpose of this paragraph, we will revise this discussion section, as described in the previous comment.
Line 393. « can also be supplied »
We will remove this sentence, as it distracts from the main message of the paragraph and was repetitive (a similar sentence is also present in discussion section 5.2.1, line 338).
Line 403. Please provide the determination coefficient of this correlation.
We apologize, we have wrote this down incorrectly. The Liu et al. (2005) study does not show a direct correlation between δ15N and U K′37 -based SST but rather a cross correlation for both δ15N–δ18O and δ18O–SST, which will also be revised in line 396. We will adjust this sentence to now reflect a result from Liu et al. (2008), rather than Liu et al. (2005). This line will be altered as follows:
‘Given the phase-relationship between the δ15N and UK′37 -based SST records of the CCS (Liu et al., 2008) and ….’
Line 404. « it may be reasonable » This will be adjusted.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2915-AC1
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Zoe van Kemenade, 01 Feb 2024
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RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2915', Anonymous Referee #2, 14 Jan 2024
This study investigates the presence of anammox bacteria in the OMZ of the Eastern Subtropical North Pacific by means of ladderane lipid analysis. In total, 69 sediment samples were analysed from ODP site 1012 covering the past ca 500 kyrs. Short-chain ladderanes are interpreted as measure of oxygen exposure and thus changes in OMZ strength. Ladderane lipids were detected in all samples, however, the older parts of the sediment cores showed very low concentrations and almost no variation, which makes any profound interpretation on past N-cycling difficult. The focus of the current study is therefore restricted to the past ca 160 kyrs. As far as I know this is one of the very few studies using ladderane lipids as proxy for past anammox activity and indicating an alternative pathway of N-loss besides denitrification. It also reports the oldest evidence for anammox in the sedimentary record and I recommend publication after minor revision.
Title: Ladderane abundances in the older parts of the core are extremely low and basically show no variation. Please consider changing the title to ‘...late Quaternary’ or ‘..during the last 160 kyrs’.
Line31-32: maybe delete sentence as you repeat in Hydrographic setting Line 118-119.
Line 71: you may want to add the study by Brunner et al. (2012, PNAS 110(47), 18994-18999), who first showed N isotope effects in anammox bacteria (K. stuttgartiensis).
Line 77: Ganeshram et al. (2000) is missing in the reference list
Line 101ff: what are modern SST and subsurface temperatures (OMZ)? I think it’s worth adding this information as you discuss temperatures later.
Line 112: CU already introduced in line 59
Line 221ff: results are generally reported in past tense
Line 224: delete ‘The content of’
Line 235: maybe add here the information that ladderane concentrations without the internal standards are significantly lower than those calculated with internal standard.
Line 235-236: maybe add a mean NL5 value and also mention that highest values are recorded in the older core section. I wonder why? Maybe higher uncertainty because of low concentrations?
Line 243-244: maybe replace by ‘..ladderane FAs and their degradation products..’
Line 259/Fig. 4: I suggest to show NL5 values instead of temperatures, which seem a bit random. Add a threshold value according to Rattray et al. (2010) that indicates water column vs. sedimentary anammox.
Line 248ff: the authors argue that this lack of variation may be due to the low sampling resolution. Alternatively, a weaker OMZ or predominance of denitrification in the OMZ may also explain the general low abundance of anammox bacteria and thus ladderane lipids. The d15N record of Liu et al. (2015) still shows variation between ca 160-500 kyr so maybe anammox was just minor? Or due to strong degradation of labile ladderanes? This was also indicated in the Arabian Sea anammox record.
Line 256/Fig. 5: add a, b, c,... to the panels
Line 297: where is Fig. X?
Line 308-312: this paragraph seems a bit out of place. It relates to the interpretation before (lines 296ff)? Then make the link.
Line 313ff: there are distinct maxima in SST, d18O and d15N during MIS 5e (Fig. 4) but not in ladderanes. There is some variation during MIS 5 but there is no clear trend as seen in d15N. d15N shows a clear pattern of higher values during warm intervals 5a, c, e and lower values during cold intervals 5b, d, reflecting changes in denitrification. This is not seen in ladderanes, maybe due to the low sampling resolution (for instance there is only one datapoint covering MIS 5d).
Line 318: You mean ‘during MIS 5b and d, intermediate waters... were oxic’
Line 351ff: both deglaciations are only represented by a single data point. Particularly during the last deglaciation, a more gradual increase in ladderanes toward the Holocene following d15N is also likely.
Line 370: I guess that one of the potential reasons for higher ladderane concentrations compared to the Arabian Sea record may relate to analytical improvements, i.e. use of internal standard.
Line 378ff: what do you think are the main differences to the anammox record from the Arabian Sea OMZ, where ladderanes closely follow TOC and d15N on the glacial-interglacial cycle? A generally weaker/thinner OMZ and higher dynamics of N-cycling processes in the ESTNP? Incomplete utilization of nitrate during periods of enhanced upwelling?
Line 382: maybe add C/N ratios to Fig. 4
Line 387: if denitrification and anammox are expected to fluctuate in tandem, you would expect similar patterns in both d15N and ladderanes, right? This is not the case. Maybe anammox contributes to N-loss only to a minor extent?
Line 431: I understand that ladderane analysis is very time-consuming but this is not a high-resolution record compared to Liu et al. (2005) and Herbert et al. (2001). Please change.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2915-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Zoe van Kemenade, 01 Feb 2024
We greatly appreciate the time and effort the reviewers have taken to comment on our manuscript to improve its content. We propose several adjustments, based on these comments. Please find below our response to individual comments in bold.
On behalf of all co-authors,
Zoë van KemenadeReferee #2
This study investigates the presence of anammox bacteria in the OMZ of the Eastern Subtropical North Pacific by means of ladderane lipid analysis. In total, 69 sediment samples were analysed from ODP site 1012 covering the past ca 500 kyrs. Short-chain ladderanes are interpreted as measure of oxygen exposure and thus changes in OMZ strength. Ladderane lipids were detected in all samples, however, the older parts of the sediment cores showed very low concentrations and almost no variation, which makes any profound interpretation on past N-cycling difficult. The focus of the current study is therefore restricted to the past ca 160 kyrs. As far as I know this is one of the very few studies using ladderane lipids as proxy for past anammox activity and indicating an alternative pathway of N-loss besides denitrification. It also reports the oldest evidence for anammox in the sedimentary record and I recommend publication after minor revision.
Title: Ladderane abundances in the older parts of the core are extremely low and basically show no variation. Please consider changing the title to ‘...late Quaternary’ or ‘..during the last 160 kyrs’.
We agree that changing the title to ‘….late Quaternary’ better describes the time-span that is discussed in the manuscript and will change the title accordingly.
Line31-32: maybe delete sentence as you repeat in Hydrographic setting Line 118-119.
We agree that this is repetitive. However, as we introduce various studies within the introduction that either investigated the ESTNP or the ETNP, we feel it is necessary to include this sentence in the introduction. Nonetheless, we will remove the coordinates within the sentence, which are now only mentioned in the hydrographic section (to limit some of the repetitiveness).
Line 71: you may want to add the study by Brunner et al. (2012, PNAS 110(47), 18994-18999), who first showed N isotope effects in anammox bacteria (K. stuttgartiensis).
We agree it would be appropriate to reference this study. We will adapt the sentence as follows:
‘Enrichment cultures of anammox bacteria have, however, shown that they induce a similar isotope fractionation effect (Brunner et al., 2013), with that of Ca. Scalindua spp. being +16 to +30 ‰ (Kobayashi et al., 2019).’
Line 77: Ganeshram et al. (2000) is missing in the reference list.
Thank you for pointing this out. The Ganeshram paper will be added to the reference list.
Line 101ff: what are modern SST and subsurface temperatures (OMZ)? I think it’s worth adding this information as you discuss temperatures later.
While we agree that this information would provide a greater understanding of the system, it would require quite a lengthy explanation as decadal-, annual- and seasonal-scale natural oscillations of the climate system lead to a large variation in temperatures within the CCS and the ENP OMZ. As our study does not aim to compare reconstructed NL5-temperatures with modern-day temperatures, we decided not to include an introduction on modern-day temperatures in the Hydrographic section (section 2). Even so, we do mention modern-day temperatures in the context of the discussion in section 5.1, but solely to establish whether the NL5-derived temperatures relate better to water column or sea-floor temperatures. We feel this is sufficient for the purpose of the manuscript.
Line 112: CU already introduced in line 59.
The sentence will be altered to only include the abbreviation. We will make the same adjustment for line 105 in the Hydrographic section.
Line 221ff: results are generally reported in past tense.
We will adjust the results section so that results are now reported in the past tense.
Line 224: delete ‘The content of’
This will be deleted.
Line 235: maybe add here the information that ladderane concentrations without the internal standards are significantly lower than those calculated with internal standard.
We will add the following information in results section 4.2.1:
‘Concentrations calculated without the use of the internal standard (Hopmans et al., 2006; see section 2.5) are reported in S1 (Table 8b) and were a factor 1.2 and 1.3 lower for [3]-(SC-)ladderanes [5]-(SC-)ladderanes, respectively. Concentrations calculated with the two quantification methods showed a strong positive linear relationship of R2 = 0.88 and 0.89 for [3]-(SC-)ladderanes and [5]-(SC-)ladderanes, respectively (Fig. S2.2).’
Line 235-236: maybe add a mean NL5 value and also mention that highest values are recorded in the older core section. I wonder why? Maybe higher uncertainty because of low concentrations?
We will add the following section to this sentence:
‘…with highest values observed in >160 cal ka BP sediments (S1, Table 6).’
We agree that it is certainly possible that these higher values are the cause of a higher uncertainty associated with the lower concentrations. While we have thought about including a discussion on this possibility in the manuscript, we have opted not to do so because we solely use NL5-derived temperatures in order to elucidate whether the ladderane signal derives from water column or sedimentary anammox (see section 5.1) and therefore a discussion on factors influencing the NL5-index in >160 cal ka BP sediments exceeds the purpose of the manuscript. We hope a more in-depth discussion on this can be included in future work by either ourselves or others.
Line 243-244: maybe replace by ‘..ladderane FAs and their degradation products..’
We will revise this sentence as follows: ‘…C18[3]-, C18[5]-, C20[3]- and C20[5]- ladderane Fas and their short chain C14[3]-, C14[5]-, C16[5]-products were…’
Line 259/Fig. 4: I suggest to show NL5 values instead of temperatures, which seem a bit random. Add a threshold value according to Rattray et al. (2010) that indicates water column vs. sedimentary anammox.
We agree that it is better to show the original NL5-index values. We will therefore adjust the figure accordingly. As for adding a threshold value: to the best of our knowledge, Rattray et al., (2010) does not provide an exact threshold value for sedimentary anammox. We have therefore included the following sentence and hope this will sufficiently addresses the comment:
‘According to the NL5-calibration by Rattray et al., (2010), NL5 indices within this range more closely reflect water column rather than sedimentary anammox bacteria’.
Line 248ff: the authors argue that this lack of variation may be due to the low sampling resolution. Alternatively, a weaker OMZ or predominance of denitrification in the OMZ may also explain the general low abundance of anammox bacteria and thus ladderane lipids. The d15N record of Liu et al. (2015) still shows variation between ca 160-500 kyr so maybe anammox was just minor? Or due to strong degradation of labile ladderanes? This was also indicated in the Arabian Sea anammox record.
We apologize for the unclarity. We did not aim to argue that there is a lack of variation in ladderane concentrations in >160 cal ka BP sediment, but that the resolution of our record in this time-frame is not sufficient to assess whether any variability exists. In addition, we agree that a strong degradation of ladderanes also complicates interpretation of any variability. We will therefore adjust this section as follows:
‘Unfortunately, the coarse sampling resolution in >160 cal ka BP sediments and low ladderane FA concentrations (due to diagenesis) complicate interpretations of the variations in ladderane FAs. Therefore, analysis of trends in ladderane concentrations over (inter)glacial cycling is limited to <160 cal ka BP sediments.’
Line 256/Fig. 5: add a, b, c,... to the panels.
This will be added to the panels.
Line 297: where is Fig. X?
Thank you for spotting this error. We will adjust the reference of this figure (which is figure 5A).
Line 308-312: this paragraph seems a bit out of place. It relates to the interpretation before (lines 296ff)? Then make the link.
This paragraph explains the possible mechanism via which ladderanes could have experienced a decreased oxygen exposure. We agree that the transition to this paragraph was unclear. We will therefore include the following phrasing, and hope this better explains why this paragraph follows the preceding one:
‘Reduced oxygen exposure is likely to have resulted from an intensified OMZ; Lembke-Jene et al. (2018) showed…’
Line 313ff: there are distinct maxima in SST, d18O and d15N during MIS 5e (Fig. 4) but not in ladderanes. There is some variation during MIS 5 but there is no clear trend as seen in d15N. d15N shows a clear pattern of higher values during warm intervals 5a, c, e and lower values during cold intervals 5b, d, reflecting changes in denitrification. This is not seen in ladderanes, maybe due to the low sampling resolution (for instance there is only one datapoint covering MIS 5d).
We will address the discrepancies between these proxies in detail in section 5.3. We hope this sufficiently addresses the raised points.
Line 318: You mean ‘during MIS 5b and d, intermediate waters... were oxic’
No not exactly. The Matul et al. (2016) reference mentioned in this sentence revealed that intermediate waters in the western North Pacific were oxic throughout MIS 5b-d (so including MIS 5c). We will revise this paragraph to better explain how we can still observed high ladderane concentrations at this time, while taking into account oxic western North Pacific intermediate waters:
‘Remineralization of increased phytoplankton biomass may consequently also have led to more reduced local conditions, which would also favour anammox. This local signal would not have been recorded in the western part of the North Pacific, where intermediate waters were oxic (Matul et al., 2016).’
Line 351ff: both deglaciations are only represented by a single data point. Particularly during the last deglaciation, a more gradual increase in ladderanes toward the Holocene following d15N is also likely.
We agree that the conclusions made in this paragraph are probably not sufficiently supported by the data, as indeed we only have one data point for each deglaciation. We will therefore remove this section, and will not make any inferences on anammox trends during deglaciations. Instead, we propose to add the following section, which we believe fits the discussion of this section better:
‘While enhanced anammox in response to deoxygenation during glacial maxima is at odds with previous assessments of N-loss in the CCS (e.g., Liu et al., 2005), deoxygenation of the Pacific is consistent with recent paleo-proxy studies (Anderson et al., 2019; Lu et al., 2016) and modelling results (Matsumoto et al., 2020). According to these studies, many parts of the glacial ocean, including the equatorial Pacific, had substantially lower DO during the last glacial period than today. This fits with increased ladderane FAs at this time, which suggests N-loss in the CCS was likely more intense during glacial maxima than previously assumed.’
Line 370: I guess that one of the potential reasons for higher ladderane concentrations compared to the Arabian Sea record may relate to analytical improvements, i.e. use of internal standard.
We agree that this may indeed contribute to the higher concentrations observed in our record, and that stating that ‘ladderane concentrations are higher than in the Arabian Sea’ without giving any context on why this is, should be prevented. We will therefore adjust this sentence to the following:
‘However, the occurrence of ladderane FAs throughout our CCS record now shows that anammox was (also) responsible for N-loss and thus contributed, at least partially, to the sedimentary δ15N record.’
Line 378ff: what do you think are the main differences to the anammox record from the Arabian Sea OMZ, where ladderanes closely follow TOC and d15N on the glacial-interglacial cycle? A generally weaker/thinner OMZ and higher dynamics of N-cycling processes in the ESTNP? Incomplete utilization of nitrate during periods of enhanced upwelling?
Yes, indeed we think that the δ15N record of the CCS does not solely reflect changes in N-loss rates, but also NO3- availability and NO3- assimilation by phytoplankton. An incomplete utilization of nitrate during periods of enhanced upwelling leads to a subdued δ15N signal, hereby leading to differences in variability between the ladderane and δ15N records. We will outline our arguments for this idea in section 5.3, which we propose to revise sightly to better highlight our arguments as follows:
‘Consequently, variability in δ15N of the CCS sedimentary record may, at times, simply not relate directly to changes in denitrification and/or anammox rates. Reconstructions of N-loss using sedimentary δ15N depend on the assumption that there was complete biological utilization of NO3- by phytoplankton. However, during periods of high upwelling intensity (as likely occurred during mid-MIS 5; see section 5.2.1), the high NO3- availability may result in incomplete NO3- assimilation. This allows for the preferential uptake of 14N by primary producers, resulting in a pool of δ15N depleted OM available for heterotrophic denitrification (Tesdal et al., 2013). Hence, at times of high NO3- supply, incomplete nitrate assimilation would have quenched the δ15N signal, even if denitrification was as intense as during periods of low NO3- availability. Moreover, a study by Altabet and Francois (1994) showed that sedimentary δ15N in the equatorial Pacific records the isotopic enrichment of near-surface NO3- via depletion by phytoplankton, in which enriched δ15N values are associated with reduced NO3 availability for phytoplankton assimilation. Also, in the South Pacific, NO3- concentrations have been found to affect the UK′37 index (Placencia et al., 2010). Given the phase-relationship between the δ15N and UK′37 -based SST records of the CCS (Liu et al., 2008) and the discrepancies between the δ15N and ladderane records, it may be reasonable to conclude that the CCS sedimentary δ15N fluctuations (also) record variations in NO3- assimilation by phytoplankton.’
Line 382: maybe add C/N ratios to Fig. 4.
Referee #1 also made this suggestion. We agree that an inclusion of the C/N ratio would benefit the study. We will therefore include C:N ratios (measured as their weight ratio) in figure 4, add the results in section 4.1 (line 226) and discuss the ratio in the following sections:
Section 5.2.1:
‘The C/N ratio remains fairly stable throughout MIS 1 to MIS 5c (MN = 16, STD = 2); Fig. 4F), with higher values observed during MIS 6 (MN = 20, STD = 2; discussed in section 5.2.2). Based on stoichiometry, enhanced NO3- supply is expected to lower the ratio in phytoplankton biomass (Matsumoto et al., 2020). Yet, changes in nutrient concentrations have been observed to effect the C/P and N/P, but not the C/N ratio (Frigstad et al., 2011). It is therefore not surprising that the increased TN content during mid-MIS 5 is not reflected in the C/N ratio. Also, while the δ13C signal (-23 to -22 ‰; Fig. 4I) reflects a typical marine origin of OM, the C/N ratio is higher than commonly observed for marine algae (e.g., Lamb et al., 2006). This is likely caused by preferential remineralization of organic N during the settling of OM from the photic zone (Verardo & Mcintyre, 1994; Schneider et al., 2003).’
Section 5.2.2:
‘MIS 6 and its termination (T2) are further characterized by relatively high C/N ratios (17–23; Fig. 4F). Matsumoto et al., (2020) found, using a global ocean carbon cycle model, that during glacial periods the expansion of sea ice increased global C:N:P ratios. Additionally, taxonomic changes during glacials, in which eukaryotic phytoplankton became more dominant, resulted in NO3- depletion (hereby increasing the C/N ratio).’
Section 5.3:
‘Moreover, the C/N ratio remains fairly consistent throughout the record (13–19), except during MIS 6 and T2 where it is higher (17–23; Fig. 4F) and variations do not correspond to those observed in ladderane FAs or δ15N.’
Line 387: if denitrification and anammox are expected to fluctuate in tandem, you would expect similar patterns in both d15N and ladderanes, right? This is not the case. Maybe anammox contributes to N-loss only to a minor extent?
In section 5.3, we argue why δ15N and ladderanes do not always show the same pattern, even though anammox and denitrification are inferred to fluctuate in-tandem. The main reason is that the δ15N record is shaped by many processes. We believe that the δ15N record of the CCS does not solely reflect an N-loss (or denitrification) signal, but is amongst others also shaped by incomplete nitrate utilization during periods of intense upwelling. These arguments will be outlined more precisely in section 5.3 (see also the response to previous comments).
Line 431: I understand that ladderane analysis is very time-consuming but this is not a high-resolution record compared to Liu et al. (2005) and Herbert et al. (2001). Please change
Agreed. We will adjust the sentence as follows: ‘The CCS record shows a continuous presence of ladderane FAs over the last two interglacial-glacial transitions...’.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2915-AC2
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AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Zoe van Kemenade, 01 Feb 2024
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2915', Anonymous Referee #1, 10 Jan 2024
Review of « Loss of nitrogen via anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) in the California current system during the Quaternary » by Z.R. van Kemenade et al. Biogeosciences
The authors of this paper analyzed ladderanes and their degradation products in a sedimentary core collected offshore California and covering the last 500 kyrs. Ladderanes were detected in all the sedment samples and were likely produced within the water column (oxygen minimum zone). The relationship between the abundance of ladderanes and their degradation products (short chain ones) was shown to differ between the Holocene and the rest of the record, suggesting a change in oxygen exposure of these lipids. Overall, this work shows the importance of the anammox process in the California current system and provides a detailed understanding of the N cycling over the last glacial-interglacial periods.
This is a very interesting study based on anammox lipid biomarkers, which goes straight to the point and is very well-written. In addition to providing a comprehensive picture of the N dynamics in the zone of study over the last glacial-interglacial periods, this manuscript shows the potential of the ladderanes to reconstruct the anammox process over very long time periods, as these molecules were detected in sediments deposited through the past 500 kyr. I recommend its publication if Biogeosciences after minor revisions, as proposed below
Lines 21-22. I would specify that ladderanes and their degradation products were detected.
Line 59. Fig. 2 instead of Fig. 1.
Line 80. Fig. 1 ? Please check the numbering of the figures.
Line 173. I would specify the limit of detection/quantitation of the ladderanes and degradation products in this section.
Lines 223-226. Please refer to Fig. 4 here. The colors used to differentiate the individual ladderanes in Fig. 4 are difficult to distinguish. I would also use different symbols.
Lines 235-236. I would also refer to Fig. 4 here.
Lines 263-269. The discussion provided here (explanation of the depletion in water column and sedimentary delta15N and presence of ladderanes) should be clarified.
Line 278. While the transport instead of « And ».
Lines 280-283. Transport of ladderanes and in situ production of these compounds could both act together ? Why are they considered independently ?
Lines 293-294. The authors could provide and discuss the C/N ratios and not only TC and TN separately.
Lines 294-295. This part of the sentence is unclear to me. I would expect an increase in TC and TN with productivity ?
Line 296. Please remove « interestingly » (no opinion on your results). « Are not the highest ».
Line 297. Please specify the number of the figure.
Line 304. « This suggests that » rather than « This appears to ».
Lines 307-308. What is the link between the two paragraphs ?
Lines 308-312. This could also explain the low exposition of ladderane FAs to oxygen over this period ?
Lines 313-314. The concentrations peak just before MIS 5e ?
Lines 331-333. I would show the relationship between the concentrations in ladderanes and TC and TN to support the hypothesis of the co-variation with paleoproductivity.
Lines 333-335. This part is unclear to me and should be clarified.
Lines 335-336. Please further explain what are these discrepancies exactly.
Lines 373-374. This correlation is not valid over all the record (this is a general trend).
Lines 380-381. These discrepancies are seen more during MIS 5 than MIS 3.
Lines 382-387. Please explain more clearly how it can be detected that anammox and denitrification are out-of-phase.
Lines 388-393. I don’t see the aim of this paragraph and where the authors want to go.
Line 393. « can also be supplied »
Line 403. Please provide the determination coefficient of this correlation.
Line 404. « it may be reasonable »
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2915-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Zoe van Kemenade, 01 Feb 2024
We greatly appreciate the time and effort the reviewers have taken to comment on our manuscript to improve its content. We propose several adjustments, based on these comments. Please find below our response to individual comments in bold.
On behalf of all co-authors,
Zoë van KemenadeReferee #1
The authors of this paper analyzed ladderanes and their degradation products in a sedimentary core collected offshore California and covering the last 500 kyrs. Ladderanes were detected in all the sedment samples and were likely produced within the water column (oxygen minimum zone). The relationship between the abundance of ladderanes and their degradation products (short chain ones) was shown to differ between the Holocene and the rest of the record, suggesting a change in oxygen exposure of these lipids. Overall, this work shows the importance of the anammox process in the California current system and provides a detailed understanding of the N cycling over the last glacial-interglacial periods.
This is a very interesting study based on anammox lipid biomarkers, which goes straight to the point and is very well-written. In addition to providing a comprehensive picture of the N dynamics in the zone of study over the last glacial-interglacial periods, this manuscript shows the potential of the ladderanes to reconstruct the anammox process over very long time periods, as these molecules were detected in sediments deposited through the past 500 kyr. I recommend its publication if Biogeosciences after minor revisions, as proposed below
Lines 21-22. I would specify that ladderanes and their degradation products were detected.
We agree. We propose to specify it as follows: ‘Lastly, ladderanes and their SC-products were..’
Line 59. Fig. 2 instead of Fig. 1.
Thank you for catching this error. We realized, however, that a reference to figure 2 here is not according to Biogeosciences regulations, which state that figures should be referenced in order of their appearance. We therefore plan to remove the reference to the figure here entirely. Figure 2 would then be referenced for the first time after figure 1 is referenced.
Line 80. Fig. 1 ? Please check the numbering of the figures. We have thoroughly checked the numbering of figures and will revise them where necessary.
Line 173. I would specify the limit of detection/quantitation of the ladderanes and degradation products in this section.
We agree that this should be included. We propose to include the following sentence in method section 3.5:
‘A detection limit of 30–35 pg injected on-column and a linear response of (r(4) > 0.99) over approximately 3 orders of magnitude was achieved (S1, Table 8a)’.
Lines 223-226. Please refer to Fig. 4 here. The colors used to differentiate the individual ladderanes in Fig. 4 are difficult to distinguish. I would also use different symbols.
Biogeosciences wishes to have the reference of figures in the text in the same order as the figures themselves. Hence, we can unfortunately not yet reference figure 4, as it is placed in the discussion. Therefore, we only cite Table 3 (S1) here.
Lines 235-236. I would also refer to Fig. 4 here.
We propose to adjust the order in which the ladderane results are presented, so that the ladderane concentrations over the entire record are stated first (Fig. 3). This way, figure 4 can be referenced in this section.
Lines 263-269. The discussion provided here (explanation of the depletion in water column and sedimentary delta15N and presence of ladderanes) should be clarified.
We propose to add further clarifications to this paragraph. More specifically, we propose to add the following section:
“This means that at ODP site 1012, the sedimentary δ15N signal is thought to predominantly derive from the ETNP, and not the ESTNP OMZ. In order to understand the observed ladderane trends in the ODP site 1012 record, it is thus important to establish whether the detected ladderanes reflect a local signal (from the ESTNP OMZ) or whether they are also sourced from the ETNP OMZ core and similarly transported northwards with the CU, towards ODP site 1012. Alternatively, ladderanes could also be synthesized by sedimentary anammox bacteria (Vossenberg et al., 2008).”
Line 278. While the transport instead of « And ».
We will adapt this sentence to ‘Additionally, while the transport…’
Lines 280-283. Transport of ladderanes and in situ production of these compounds could both act together ? Why are they considered independently ?
Yes that is true, but we clarify our argument in this discussion section, which is based on the observed relative abundances of SC-ladderane (which are similar to those observed in the Arabian Sea where ladderanes are directly deposited on the sea-floor). Due to their labile nature, the transport of ladderanes are likely not the dominant pathway for the occurrence of SC-ladderanes in the record. We agree though that transport of ladderanes cannot be entirely excluded, hence we propose to add the following to final sentence of this discussion section:
“…..although some contribution of allochthonous or sedimentary anammox cannot be entirely excluded.”
Lines 293-294. The authors could provide and discuss the C/N ratios and not only TC and TN separately.
We agree that a discussion on the C/N ratio would benefit the study. We therefore plan to include C/N ratios (calculated on an atomic basis) in figure 4 and add the results in section 4.1. In addition, we will add the following sections to the discussion:
Section 5.2.1:
‘The C/N ratio remains fairly stable throughout MIS 1 to MIS 5c (MN = 16, STD = 2); Fig. 4F), with higher values observed during MIS 6 (MN = 20, STD = 2; discussed in section 5.2.2). Based on stoichiometry, enhanced NO3- supply is expected to lower the ratio in phytoplankton biomass (Matsumoto et al., 2020). Yet, changes in nutrient concentrations have been observed to effect the C/P and N/P, but not the C/N ratio (Frigstad et al., 2011). It is therefore not surprising that the increased TN content during mid-MIS 5 is not reflected in the C/N ratio. Also, while the δ13C signal (-23 to -22 ‰; Fig. 4I) reflects a typical marine origin of OM, the C/N ratio is higher than commonly observed for marine algae (e.g., Lamb et al., 2006). This is likely caused by preferential remineralization of organic N during the settling of OM from the photic zone (Verardo & Mcintyre, 1994; Schneider et al., 2003).’
Section 5.2.2:
‘MIS 6 and its termination (T2) are further characterized by relatively high C/N ratios (17–23; Fig. 4F). Matsumoto et al., (2020) found, using a global ocean carbon cycle model, that during glacial periods the expansion of sea ice increased global C:N:P ratios. Additionally, taxonomic changes during glacials, in which eukaryotic phytoplankton became more dominant, resulted in NO3- depletion (hereby increasing the C/N ratio).’
Section 5.3:
‘Moreover, the C/N ratio remains fairly consistent throughout the record (13–19), except during MIS 6 and T2 where it is higher (17–23; Fig. 4F) and variations do not correspond to those observed in ladderane FAs or δ15N.’
Lines 294-295. This part of the sentence is unclear to me. I would expect an increase in TC and TN with productivity ? We will add the word ‘elevated’ to clarify that it indeed concerns an increase in TOC and TN.
Line 296. Please remove « interestingly » (no opinion on your results). « Are not the highest ».We will remove the word interestingly.
Line 297. Please specify the number of the figure. Thank you for spotting this error, we include the number of the figure.
Line 304. « This suggests that » rather than « This appears to ».We will remove ‘this appears to’ and change it to ‘this indicates that’.
Lines 307-308. What is the link between the two paragraphs ?
The paragraph starting at line 308 explains the possible mechanism (i.e. an intensified OMZ) for the inferred reduced oxygen exposure discussed in the preceding paragraph. We will adapt the first sentence of the paragraph to better underline the relationship with the preceding paragraph, as follows:
‘Reduced oxygen exposure is likely to have resulted from an intensified OMZ; Lembke-Jene et al. (2018) showed…’
Lines 308-312. This could also explain the low exposition of ladderane FAs to oxygen over this period ?
Yes, we agree. The purpose of this paragraph is to provide an explanation for the reduced oxygen exposure of ladderane FAs during the Holocene, but we realize this was not clear. We hope that with the revision presented in response to the previous comment, the relationship between this and previous paragraph is more clear (i.e. how an intensified OMZ led to more reduced oxygen exposure of ladderane FAs during the Holocene).
Lines 313-314. The concentrations peak just before MIS 5e ?
Both, as we see it. Indeed, there is a peak at the end of MIS 6 (right before MIS 5e), which is discussed in section 5.2.2 (which deals with the two most recent glacial periods). But there is also a peak during MIS 5e.
Lines 331-333. I would show the relationship between the concentrations in ladderanes and TC and TN to support the hypothesis of the co-variation with paleoproductivity.
In this sentence we were solely referring to the co-variation between those proxies during MIS 5, and not over the entire record. We realize this was not sufficiently clear. Estimating whether a (linear) relationship exists between ladderanes and productivity proxies during MIS 5 is unfortunately not possible, as the sample size would be too small (<20). We realize the word ‘co-variation’ seems to indicate a significant relationship. Hence, we suggest to adapt this sentence to clarify our meaning, as follows:
‘As such, the co-occurrence of ladderane FA and paleo-productivity proxies maxima during MIS 5…’
Also, to further clarify: over the entire record, there is no significant relationship between ladderanes and productivity proxies. Discrepancies between their concentrations are for example seen during MIS 2 and MIS 6. These discrepancies during these glacial periods will be addressed in more detail in section 5.2.2. with the following:
‘At the same time, decreased upwelling during glacial periods in the North Pacific (Worne et al., 2019) may have also lowered nutrient availability. Low nitrogen availability is reflected in relatively low TN concentrations in this record (Fig. 4H).’
Lines 333-335. This part is unclear to me and should be clarified.
We will move this section to the next paragraph and revise it to the following:
‘Remineralization of increased phytoplankton biomass may consequently also have led to more reduced local conditions, favouring anammox. This local signal would not have been recorded in the western part of the North Pacific, where intermediate waters were oxic (Matul et al., 2016).’
Lines 335-336. Please further explain what are these discrepancies exactly.
We aim to revise this sentence as follows: ‘The relatively subdued δ15N signal during mid-MIS 5, and consequent implications for our understanding of the N-cycle in the CCS are further discussed in section 5.3.’
Lines 373-374.
We will adjust this line to more precisely describe the results by the Liu et al. (2005) study as follows: ‘The cross-correlation for both δ15N–δ18O and δ18O–SST at ODP site 1012 (Liu et al., 2005) indicates that….’.
Lines 380-381. These discrepancies are seen more during MIS 5 than MIS 3.
We agree with this. Also, since we solely present the discrepancy with MIS 5 in section 5.2.1, we will remove MIS 3 from this sentence.
Lines 382-387. Please explain more clearly how it can be detected that anammox and denitrification are out-of-phase.
We apologize for this unclarity. We did not mean to state that they are out-of-phase. Rather, we meant to indicate that this may be an option, but that the known literature indicates this is actually not a reasonable explanation for the discrepancies between the ladderane and δ15N record. Also, in response to the next comment, we propose to change the structure of this discussion section and add some clarifications, to better highlight our conclusion. We propose the following revision:
‘This suggests that increased anammox does not always correspond to increased N-loss, possibly via simultaneously reduced denitrification rates (Koeve and Kähler, 2010). Yet, Babbin et al. (2014) showed, using incubations from the ETNP OMZ, that both denitrification and anammox are limited by OM supply, and their rates increase in response to the addition of OM. Moreover, these authors showed that both denitrifiers and anammox bacteria are similarly inhibited by oxygen in the marine environment, at DO concentration above 3 to 8 µmol L-1 (Babbin et al., 2014). As such, both anammox and denitrification should respond similarly to changes in DO and OM in the CCS.
Alternatively, anammox and denitrification could be unsynchronized in response to variations in the C:N ratio of OM. Given the average C:N signature of marine OM (106:16; Redfield, 1963), stoichiometric constraints should result in a ratio of N2 production via denitrification and anammox of 71:29 (Koeve and Kähler, 2010). Localized variations in the C:N signature may result in different relative contributions. Yet, integrating these variations over space and time should obtain a similar ratio (Dalsgaard et al., 2012; Ward, 2013; Babbin et al., 2014). Moreover, the TOC:TN ratio remains fairly consistent throughout the record (11–16), where it is higher (15–20; Fig. 4F) and variations do not correspond to those observed in ladderane FAs or δ15N. As such, given the temporal resolution of the record (which does not cover seasonality), denitrification and anammox intensities are expected to fluctuate in-tandem.
Consequently, variability in δ15N of the CCS sedimentary record may, at times, simply not relate directly to changes in denitrification and/or anammox rates. Reconstructions of…’
Lines 388-393. I don’t see the aim of this paragraph and where the authors want to go.
With this paragraph, we aim to exclude DO concentrations and OM supply as possible reasons for the observed differences between the δ15N and ladderane FA record. To clarify the purpose of this paragraph, we will revise this discussion section, as described in the previous comment.
Line 393. « can also be supplied »
We will remove this sentence, as it distracts from the main message of the paragraph and was repetitive (a similar sentence is also present in discussion section 5.2.1, line 338).
Line 403. Please provide the determination coefficient of this correlation.
We apologize, we have wrote this down incorrectly. The Liu et al. (2005) study does not show a direct correlation between δ15N and U K′37 -based SST but rather a cross correlation for both δ15N–δ18O and δ18O–SST, which will also be revised in line 396. We will adjust this sentence to now reflect a result from Liu et al. (2008), rather than Liu et al. (2005). This line will be altered as follows:
‘Given the phase-relationship between the δ15N and UK′37 -based SST records of the CCS (Liu et al., 2008) and ….’
Line 404. « it may be reasonable » This will be adjusted.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2915-AC1
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Zoe van Kemenade, 01 Feb 2024
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RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2915', Anonymous Referee #2, 14 Jan 2024
This study investigates the presence of anammox bacteria in the OMZ of the Eastern Subtropical North Pacific by means of ladderane lipid analysis. In total, 69 sediment samples were analysed from ODP site 1012 covering the past ca 500 kyrs. Short-chain ladderanes are interpreted as measure of oxygen exposure and thus changes in OMZ strength. Ladderane lipids were detected in all samples, however, the older parts of the sediment cores showed very low concentrations and almost no variation, which makes any profound interpretation on past N-cycling difficult. The focus of the current study is therefore restricted to the past ca 160 kyrs. As far as I know this is one of the very few studies using ladderane lipids as proxy for past anammox activity and indicating an alternative pathway of N-loss besides denitrification. It also reports the oldest evidence for anammox in the sedimentary record and I recommend publication after minor revision.
Title: Ladderane abundances in the older parts of the core are extremely low and basically show no variation. Please consider changing the title to ‘...late Quaternary’ or ‘..during the last 160 kyrs’.
Line31-32: maybe delete sentence as you repeat in Hydrographic setting Line 118-119.
Line 71: you may want to add the study by Brunner et al. (2012, PNAS 110(47), 18994-18999), who first showed N isotope effects in anammox bacteria (K. stuttgartiensis).
Line 77: Ganeshram et al. (2000) is missing in the reference list
Line 101ff: what are modern SST and subsurface temperatures (OMZ)? I think it’s worth adding this information as you discuss temperatures later.
Line 112: CU already introduced in line 59
Line 221ff: results are generally reported in past tense
Line 224: delete ‘The content of’
Line 235: maybe add here the information that ladderane concentrations without the internal standards are significantly lower than those calculated with internal standard.
Line 235-236: maybe add a mean NL5 value and also mention that highest values are recorded in the older core section. I wonder why? Maybe higher uncertainty because of low concentrations?
Line 243-244: maybe replace by ‘..ladderane FAs and their degradation products..’
Line 259/Fig. 4: I suggest to show NL5 values instead of temperatures, which seem a bit random. Add a threshold value according to Rattray et al. (2010) that indicates water column vs. sedimentary anammox.
Line 248ff: the authors argue that this lack of variation may be due to the low sampling resolution. Alternatively, a weaker OMZ or predominance of denitrification in the OMZ may also explain the general low abundance of anammox bacteria and thus ladderane lipids. The d15N record of Liu et al. (2015) still shows variation between ca 160-500 kyr so maybe anammox was just minor? Or due to strong degradation of labile ladderanes? This was also indicated in the Arabian Sea anammox record.
Line 256/Fig. 5: add a, b, c,... to the panels
Line 297: where is Fig. X?
Line 308-312: this paragraph seems a bit out of place. It relates to the interpretation before (lines 296ff)? Then make the link.
Line 313ff: there are distinct maxima in SST, d18O and d15N during MIS 5e (Fig. 4) but not in ladderanes. There is some variation during MIS 5 but there is no clear trend as seen in d15N. d15N shows a clear pattern of higher values during warm intervals 5a, c, e and lower values during cold intervals 5b, d, reflecting changes in denitrification. This is not seen in ladderanes, maybe due to the low sampling resolution (for instance there is only one datapoint covering MIS 5d).
Line 318: You mean ‘during MIS 5b and d, intermediate waters... were oxic’
Line 351ff: both deglaciations are only represented by a single data point. Particularly during the last deglaciation, a more gradual increase in ladderanes toward the Holocene following d15N is also likely.
Line 370: I guess that one of the potential reasons for higher ladderane concentrations compared to the Arabian Sea record may relate to analytical improvements, i.e. use of internal standard.
Line 378ff: what do you think are the main differences to the anammox record from the Arabian Sea OMZ, where ladderanes closely follow TOC and d15N on the glacial-interglacial cycle? A generally weaker/thinner OMZ and higher dynamics of N-cycling processes in the ESTNP? Incomplete utilization of nitrate during periods of enhanced upwelling?
Line 382: maybe add C/N ratios to Fig. 4
Line 387: if denitrification and anammox are expected to fluctuate in tandem, you would expect similar patterns in both d15N and ladderanes, right? This is not the case. Maybe anammox contributes to N-loss only to a minor extent?
Line 431: I understand that ladderane analysis is very time-consuming but this is not a high-resolution record compared to Liu et al. (2005) and Herbert et al. (2001). Please change.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2915-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Zoe van Kemenade, 01 Feb 2024
We greatly appreciate the time and effort the reviewers have taken to comment on our manuscript to improve its content. We propose several adjustments, based on these comments. Please find below our response to individual comments in bold.
On behalf of all co-authors,
Zoë van KemenadeReferee #2
This study investigates the presence of anammox bacteria in the OMZ of the Eastern Subtropical North Pacific by means of ladderane lipid analysis. In total, 69 sediment samples were analysed from ODP site 1012 covering the past ca 500 kyrs. Short-chain ladderanes are interpreted as measure of oxygen exposure and thus changes in OMZ strength. Ladderane lipids were detected in all samples, however, the older parts of the sediment cores showed very low concentrations and almost no variation, which makes any profound interpretation on past N-cycling difficult. The focus of the current study is therefore restricted to the past ca 160 kyrs. As far as I know this is one of the very few studies using ladderane lipids as proxy for past anammox activity and indicating an alternative pathway of N-loss besides denitrification. It also reports the oldest evidence for anammox in the sedimentary record and I recommend publication after minor revision.
Title: Ladderane abundances in the older parts of the core are extremely low and basically show no variation. Please consider changing the title to ‘...late Quaternary’ or ‘..during the last 160 kyrs’.
We agree that changing the title to ‘….late Quaternary’ better describes the time-span that is discussed in the manuscript and will change the title accordingly.
Line31-32: maybe delete sentence as you repeat in Hydrographic setting Line 118-119.
We agree that this is repetitive. However, as we introduce various studies within the introduction that either investigated the ESTNP or the ETNP, we feel it is necessary to include this sentence in the introduction. Nonetheless, we will remove the coordinates within the sentence, which are now only mentioned in the hydrographic section (to limit some of the repetitiveness).
Line 71: you may want to add the study by Brunner et al. (2012, PNAS 110(47), 18994-18999), who first showed N isotope effects in anammox bacteria (K. stuttgartiensis).
We agree it would be appropriate to reference this study. We will adapt the sentence as follows:
‘Enrichment cultures of anammox bacteria have, however, shown that they induce a similar isotope fractionation effect (Brunner et al., 2013), with that of Ca. Scalindua spp. being +16 to +30 ‰ (Kobayashi et al., 2019).’
Line 77: Ganeshram et al. (2000) is missing in the reference list.
Thank you for pointing this out. The Ganeshram paper will be added to the reference list.
Line 101ff: what are modern SST and subsurface temperatures (OMZ)? I think it’s worth adding this information as you discuss temperatures later.
While we agree that this information would provide a greater understanding of the system, it would require quite a lengthy explanation as decadal-, annual- and seasonal-scale natural oscillations of the climate system lead to a large variation in temperatures within the CCS and the ENP OMZ. As our study does not aim to compare reconstructed NL5-temperatures with modern-day temperatures, we decided not to include an introduction on modern-day temperatures in the Hydrographic section (section 2). Even so, we do mention modern-day temperatures in the context of the discussion in section 5.1, but solely to establish whether the NL5-derived temperatures relate better to water column or sea-floor temperatures. We feel this is sufficient for the purpose of the manuscript.
Line 112: CU already introduced in line 59.
The sentence will be altered to only include the abbreviation. We will make the same adjustment for line 105 in the Hydrographic section.
Line 221ff: results are generally reported in past tense.
We will adjust the results section so that results are now reported in the past tense.
Line 224: delete ‘The content of’
This will be deleted.
Line 235: maybe add here the information that ladderane concentrations without the internal standards are significantly lower than those calculated with internal standard.
We will add the following information in results section 4.2.1:
‘Concentrations calculated without the use of the internal standard (Hopmans et al., 2006; see section 2.5) are reported in S1 (Table 8b) and were a factor 1.2 and 1.3 lower for [3]-(SC-)ladderanes [5]-(SC-)ladderanes, respectively. Concentrations calculated with the two quantification methods showed a strong positive linear relationship of R2 = 0.88 and 0.89 for [3]-(SC-)ladderanes and [5]-(SC-)ladderanes, respectively (Fig. S2.2).’
Line 235-236: maybe add a mean NL5 value and also mention that highest values are recorded in the older core section. I wonder why? Maybe higher uncertainty because of low concentrations?
We will add the following section to this sentence:
‘…with highest values observed in >160 cal ka BP sediments (S1, Table 6).’
We agree that it is certainly possible that these higher values are the cause of a higher uncertainty associated with the lower concentrations. While we have thought about including a discussion on this possibility in the manuscript, we have opted not to do so because we solely use NL5-derived temperatures in order to elucidate whether the ladderane signal derives from water column or sedimentary anammox (see section 5.1) and therefore a discussion on factors influencing the NL5-index in >160 cal ka BP sediments exceeds the purpose of the manuscript. We hope a more in-depth discussion on this can be included in future work by either ourselves or others.
Line 243-244: maybe replace by ‘..ladderane FAs and their degradation products..’
We will revise this sentence as follows: ‘…C18[3]-, C18[5]-, C20[3]- and C20[5]- ladderane Fas and their short chain C14[3]-, C14[5]-, C16[5]-products were…’
Line 259/Fig. 4: I suggest to show NL5 values instead of temperatures, which seem a bit random. Add a threshold value according to Rattray et al. (2010) that indicates water column vs. sedimentary anammox.
We agree that it is better to show the original NL5-index values. We will therefore adjust the figure accordingly. As for adding a threshold value: to the best of our knowledge, Rattray et al., (2010) does not provide an exact threshold value for sedimentary anammox. We have therefore included the following sentence and hope this will sufficiently addresses the comment:
‘According to the NL5-calibration by Rattray et al., (2010), NL5 indices within this range more closely reflect water column rather than sedimentary anammox bacteria’.
Line 248ff: the authors argue that this lack of variation may be due to the low sampling resolution. Alternatively, a weaker OMZ or predominance of denitrification in the OMZ may also explain the general low abundance of anammox bacteria and thus ladderane lipids. The d15N record of Liu et al. (2015) still shows variation between ca 160-500 kyr so maybe anammox was just minor? Or due to strong degradation of labile ladderanes? This was also indicated in the Arabian Sea anammox record.
We apologize for the unclarity. We did not aim to argue that there is a lack of variation in ladderane concentrations in >160 cal ka BP sediment, but that the resolution of our record in this time-frame is not sufficient to assess whether any variability exists. In addition, we agree that a strong degradation of ladderanes also complicates interpretation of any variability. We will therefore adjust this section as follows:
‘Unfortunately, the coarse sampling resolution in >160 cal ka BP sediments and low ladderane FA concentrations (due to diagenesis) complicate interpretations of the variations in ladderane FAs. Therefore, analysis of trends in ladderane concentrations over (inter)glacial cycling is limited to <160 cal ka BP sediments.’
Line 256/Fig. 5: add a, b, c,... to the panels.
This will be added to the panels.
Line 297: where is Fig. X?
Thank you for spotting this error. We will adjust the reference of this figure (which is figure 5A).
Line 308-312: this paragraph seems a bit out of place. It relates to the interpretation before (lines 296ff)? Then make the link.
This paragraph explains the possible mechanism via which ladderanes could have experienced a decreased oxygen exposure. We agree that the transition to this paragraph was unclear. We will therefore include the following phrasing, and hope this better explains why this paragraph follows the preceding one:
‘Reduced oxygen exposure is likely to have resulted from an intensified OMZ; Lembke-Jene et al. (2018) showed…’
Line 313ff: there are distinct maxima in SST, d18O and d15N during MIS 5e (Fig. 4) but not in ladderanes. There is some variation during MIS 5 but there is no clear trend as seen in d15N. d15N shows a clear pattern of higher values during warm intervals 5a, c, e and lower values during cold intervals 5b, d, reflecting changes in denitrification. This is not seen in ladderanes, maybe due to the low sampling resolution (for instance there is only one datapoint covering MIS 5d).
We will address the discrepancies between these proxies in detail in section 5.3. We hope this sufficiently addresses the raised points.
Line 318: You mean ‘during MIS 5b and d, intermediate waters... were oxic’
No not exactly. The Matul et al. (2016) reference mentioned in this sentence revealed that intermediate waters in the western North Pacific were oxic throughout MIS 5b-d (so including MIS 5c). We will revise this paragraph to better explain how we can still observed high ladderane concentrations at this time, while taking into account oxic western North Pacific intermediate waters:
‘Remineralization of increased phytoplankton biomass may consequently also have led to more reduced local conditions, which would also favour anammox. This local signal would not have been recorded in the western part of the North Pacific, where intermediate waters were oxic (Matul et al., 2016).’
Line 351ff: both deglaciations are only represented by a single data point. Particularly during the last deglaciation, a more gradual increase in ladderanes toward the Holocene following d15N is also likely.
We agree that the conclusions made in this paragraph are probably not sufficiently supported by the data, as indeed we only have one data point for each deglaciation. We will therefore remove this section, and will not make any inferences on anammox trends during deglaciations. Instead, we propose to add the following section, which we believe fits the discussion of this section better:
‘While enhanced anammox in response to deoxygenation during glacial maxima is at odds with previous assessments of N-loss in the CCS (e.g., Liu et al., 2005), deoxygenation of the Pacific is consistent with recent paleo-proxy studies (Anderson et al., 2019; Lu et al., 2016) and modelling results (Matsumoto et al., 2020). According to these studies, many parts of the glacial ocean, including the equatorial Pacific, had substantially lower DO during the last glacial period than today. This fits with increased ladderane FAs at this time, which suggests N-loss in the CCS was likely more intense during glacial maxima than previously assumed.’
Line 370: I guess that one of the potential reasons for higher ladderane concentrations compared to the Arabian Sea record may relate to analytical improvements, i.e. use of internal standard.
We agree that this may indeed contribute to the higher concentrations observed in our record, and that stating that ‘ladderane concentrations are higher than in the Arabian Sea’ without giving any context on why this is, should be prevented. We will therefore adjust this sentence to the following:
‘However, the occurrence of ladderane FAs throughout our CCS record now shows that anammox was (also) responsible for N-loss and thus contributed, at least partially, to the sedimentary δ15N record.’
Line 378ff: what do you think are the main differences to the anammox record from the Arabian Sea OMZ, where ladderanes closely follow TOC and d15N on the glacial-interglacial cycle? A generally weaker/thinner OMZ and higher dynamics of N-cycling processes in the ESTNP? Incomplete utilization of nitrate during periods of enhanced upwelling?
Yes, indeed we think that the δ15N record of the CCS does not solely reflect changes in N-loss rates, but also NO3- availability and NO3- assimilation by phytoplankton. An incomplete utilization of nitrate during periods of enhanced upwelling leads to a subdued δ15N signal, hereby leading to differences in variability between the ladderane and δ15N records. We will outline our arguments for this idea in section 5.3, which we propose to revise sightly to better highlight our arguments as follows:
‘Consequently, variability in δ15N of the CCS sedimentary record may, at times, simply not relate directly to changes in denitrification and/or anammox rates. Reconstructions of N-loss using sedimentary δ15N depend on the assumption that there was complete biological utilization of NO3- by phytoplankton. However, during periods of high upwelling intensity (as likely occurred during mid-MIS 5; see section 5.2.1), the high NO3- availability may result in incomplete NO3- assimilation. This allows for the preferential uptake of 14N by primary producers, resulting in a pool of δ15N depleted OM available for heterotrophic denitrification (Tesdal et al., 2013). Hence, at times of high NO3- supply, incomplete nitrate assimilation would have quenched the δ15N signal, even if denitrification was as intense as during periods of low NO3- availability. Moreover, a study by Altabet and Francois (1994) showed that sedimentary δ15N in the equatorial Pacific records the isotopic enrichment of near-surface NO3- via depletion by phytoplankton, in which enriched δ15N values are associated with reduced NO3 availability for phytoplankton assimilation. Also, in the South Pacific, NO3- concentrations have been found to affect the UK′37 index (Placencia et al., 2010). Given the phase-relationship between the δ15N and UK′37 -based SST records of the CCS (Liu et al., 2008) and the discrepancies between the δ15N and ladderane records, it may be reasonable to conclude that the CCS sedimentary δ15N fluctuations (also) record variations in NO3- assimilation by phytoplankton.’
Line 382: maybe add C/N ratios to Fig. 4.
Referee #1 also made this suggestion. We agree that an inclusion of the C/N ratio would benefit the study. We will therefore include C:N ratios (measured as their weight ratio) in figure 4, add the results in section 4.1 (line 226) and discuss the ratio in the following sections:
Section 5.2.1:
‘The C/N ratio remains fairly stable throughout MIS 1 to MIS 5c (MN = 16, STD = 2); Fig. 4F), with higher values observed during MIS 6 (MN = 20, STD = 2; discussed in section 5.2.2). Based on stoichiometry, enhanced NO3- supply is expected to lower the ratio in phytoplankton biomass (Matsumoto et al., 2020). Yet, changes in nutrient concentrations have been observed to effect the C/P and N/P, but not the C/N ratio (Frigstad et al., 2011). It is therefore not surprising that the increased TN content during mid-MIS 5 is not reflected in the C/N ratio. Also, while the δ13C signal (-23 to -22 ‰; Fig. 4I) reflects a typical marine origin of OM, the C/N ratio is higher than commonly observed for marine algae (e.g., Lamb et al., 2006). This is likely caused by preferential remineralization of organic N during the settling of OM from the photic zone (Verardo & Mcintyre, 1994; Schneider et al., 2003).’
Section 5.2.2:
‘MIS 6 and its termination (T2) are further characterized by relatively high C/N ratios (17–23; Fig. 4F). Matsumoto et al., (2020) found, using a global ocean carbon cycle model, that during glacial periods the expansion of sea ice increased global C:N:P ratios. Additionally, taxonomic changes during glacials, in which eukaryotic phytoplankton became more dominant, resulted in NO3- depletion (hereby increasing the C/N ratio).’
Section 5.3:
‘Moreover, the C/N ratio remains fairly consistent throughout the record (13–19), except during MIS 6 and T2 where it is higher (17–23; Fig. 4F) and variations do not correspond to those observed in ladderane FAs or δ15N.’
Line 387: if denitrification and anammox are expected to fluctuate in tandem, you would expect similar patterns in both d15N and ladderanes, right? This is not the case. Maybe anammox contributes to N-loss only to a minor extent?
In section 5.3, we argue why δ15N and ladderanes do not always show the same pattern, even though anammox and denitrification are inferred to fluctuate in-tandem. The main reason is that the δ15N record is shaped by many processes. We believe that the δ15N record of the CCS does not solely reflect an N-loss (or denitrification) signal, but is amongst others also shaped by incomplete nitrate utilization during periods of intense upwelling. These arguments will be outlined more precisely in section 5.3 (see also the response to previous comments).
Line 431: I understand that ladderane analysis is very time-consuming but this is not a high-resolution record compared to Liu et al. (2005) and Herbert et al. (2001). Please change
Agreed. We will adjust the sentence as follows: ‘The CCS record shows a continuous presence of ladderane FAs over the last two interglacial-glacial transitions...’.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2915-AC2
-
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Zoe van Kemenade, 01 Feb 2024
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supplementary material 1 Z. R. van Kemenade, Z. Erdem, E. C. Hopmans, J. S. Sinninge Damsté, and D. Rush https://doi.org/10.25850/nioz/7b.b.sg
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Zoë Rebecca van Kemenade
Zeynep Erdem
Ellen C. Hopmans
Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté
Darci Rush
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