the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 29 Nov 2023
The Doppler wind, temperature, and aerosol RMR lidar system at Kühlungsborn/Germany – Part 1: technical specifications and capabilities
Abstract. This paper describes the technical specifications of the extensions made to the middle atmospheric lidar facility at the Leibniz Institute of Atmospheric Physics in Kühlungsborn, Germany (54.12° N, 11.77° E). The upgrade complements the existing, vertically pointing daylight-capable Rayleigh-Mie-Raman (RMR) temperature lidar with a 2-beam, nighttime-only RMR wind-temperature lidar. The 2-beam system comprises an independent lidar with laser, telescopes, and detectors, which is synchronized with and adapted to the temperature lidar. This work intends to highlight the recent innovations in the construction of a 3-beam Doppler-Rayleigh wind lidar system using the single-edge Iodine-cell technique, which allows for the simultaneous measurement of wind, temperature, and aerosols. We will detail supporting subsystems that allow for a high degree of lidar automation and concisely provide key technical information about the system that will support readers in the development of additional Doppler-Rayleigh wind lidar systems. We show an example of time-resolved temperature and wind soundings reaching up to ~90 km. These data agree well with ECMWF-IFS profiles between 35 and ~50 km but show a much larger variability above. In the companion article, we will present the algorithm design and uncertainty budgets associated with the data processing chain.
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Notice on discussion status
The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
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Preprint
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The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
- Preprint
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- Final revised paper
Journal article(s) based on this preprint
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2733', Anonymous Referee #1, 23 Dec 2023
This manuscript described the Rayleigh-Mie-Raman (RMR) lidar system at the The Leibniz Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) in Kuhlungsborn, Germany that is one of research groups having much of the lidar measurement know-how.
As mentioned in the Introduction, the importance of lidar measurements, which can observe temperature and wind speed in the middle atmosphere with high time and height resolution, is widely accepted. However, there are not many sites in the world that have such lidar facilities because of the complexity of the system configuration and operation. This paper presents the design concept of the RMR lidar system, an overview and detailed description of each component, and the arrangement of the optical elements. Each component itself may not necessarily be new technology, but the detailed information of where, why, and how it was incorporated into the lidar system is very important when a lidar system is built. This paper is a valuable insight for the lidar research community as well as for newcomers to it. The data analysis will be described in a companion paper, so there is no need to go into detail in this paper, but it would be nice to have more information on data quality for the example observations. So, I would recommend it for acceptance after the minor points listed below are addressed.
(Minor comments)
- In each section, abstract, summary and others, it is better to use same words for your lidar system.
- a vertically emitting, daylight-capable temperature lidar (called ’RMR2’ here)
- a two-beam tiltable system intended for wind and temperature measurements (called ’RMR3’ here)
- “3-beam Doppler-Rayleigh wind lidar system” and “vertically pointing daylight-capable Rayleigh-Mie-Raman (RMR) temperature lidar with a 2-beam, nighttime only RMR wind-temperature lidar” are used in abstract.
- “Doppler RMR lidar” is used in summary.
- (Line 35) Check “between 30 and 80 km” and remove “(?)”.
- Add power consumption of laser in Table A1.
- (Fig.10) I would like to recommend you that a typical data is shown as an example for this paper because Discussion of the observed phenomena is not main purport. The night on 6 Feb. 2023 might not be a good example because it was between minor warming and major warming.
- (Line 389-390) Mention the measurement errors of temperature and wind speeds, too. Comparison of error and standard deviation is necessary when the natural geophysical variability over the measurement period is discussed.
- (Line 423) “~since October 2021”, to when? If it is November 2023, “159 nights” are approximately 20% of 26 months. Is the weather condition only reason of no observation in 80% of nights?
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2733-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Michael Gerding, 20 Feb 2024
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2023/egusphere-2023-2733/egusphere-2023-2733-AC1-supplement.pdf
- In each section, abstract, summary and others, it is better to use same words for your lidar system.
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RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2733', Anonymous Referee #2, 27 Feb 2024
This paper effectively elucidates the Rayleigh-Mie-Raman (RMR) lidar system deployed at the Leibniz Institute of Atmospheric Physics in Germany. It underscores the significance of lidar measurements in the middle atmosphere and emphasizes the global rarity of such facilities due to their intricate nature. The author provides a comprehensive breakdown of the RMR lidar system, offering a lucid overview of each component and their interconnections.
While the individual components may not introduce entirely novel technologies, the paper stands out in its emphasis on explaining the rationale behind their integration into the lidar system. This aspect proves valuable for both seasoned researchers and newcomers seeking a deeper understanding of the system's operational principles.
However, the paper could enhance its impact by delving into the observational implications of these changes. Discussing how the modifications to the RMR lidar system contribute to improved observational capabilities, address specific scientific questions, or advance our understanding of atmospheric phenomena would add a valuable layer to the paper's narrative. Highlighting the potential observational impact would provide readers with a clearer sense of the practical implications and significance of the described changes.
I'd also like to suggest a correction: On line 35, it would be beneficial to check "between 30 and 80 km" and remove "(?)". Additionally, in Figure 10, it would be helpful if the lower limits of the y-axis were provided below 45.
With these considerations and the suggested correction, I recommend accepting the paper. Overall, it presents a valuable resource for those interested in advanced lidar systems."
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2733-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Michael Gerding, 01 Mar 2024
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2023/egusphere-2023-2733/egusphere-2023-2733-AC2-supplement.pdf
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AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Michael Gerding, 01 Mar 2024
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2733', Anonymous Referee #1, 23 Dec 2023
This manuscript described the Rayleigh-Mie-Raman (RMR) lidar system at the The Leibniz Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) in Kuhlungsborn, Germany that is one of research groups having much of the lidar measurement know-how.
As mentioned in the Introduction, the importance of lidar measurements, which can observe temperature and wind speed in the middle atmosphere with high time and height resolution, is widely accepted. However, there are not many sites in the world that have such lidar facilities because of the complexity of the system configuration and operation. This paper presents the design concept of the RMR lidar system, an overview and detailed description of each component, and the arrangement of the optical elements. Each component itself may not necessarily be new technology, but the detailed information of where, why, and how it was incorporated into the lidar system is very important when a lidar system is built. This paper is a valuable insight for the lidar research community as well as for newcomers to it. The data analysis will be described in a companion paper, so there is no need to go into detail in this paper, but it would be nice to have more information on data quality for the example observations. So, I would recommend it for acceptance after the minor points listed below are addressed.
(Minor comments)
- In each section, abstract, summary and others, it is better to use same words for your lidar system.
- a vertically emitting, daylight-capable temperature lidar (called ’RMR2’ here)
- a two-beam tiltable system intended for wind and temperature measurements (called ’RMR3’ here)
- “3-beam Doppler-Rayleigh wind lidar system” and “vertically pointing daylight-capable Rayleigh-Mie-Raman (RMR) temperature lidar with a 2-beam, nighttime only RMR wind-temperature lidar” are used in abstract.
- “Doppler RMR lidar” is used in summary.
- (Line 35) Check “between 30 and 80 km” and remove “(?)”.
- Add power consumption of laser in Table A1.
- (Fig.10) I would like to recommend you that a typical data is shown as an example for this paper because Discussion of the observed phenomena is not main purport. The night on 6 Feb. 2023 might not be a good example because it was between minor warming and major warming.
- (Line 389-390) Mention the measurement errors of temperature and wind speeds, too. Comparison of error and standard deviation is necessary when the natural geophysical variability over the measurement period is discussed.
- (Line 423) “~since October 2021”, to when? If it is November 2023, “159 nights” are approximately 20% of 26 months. Is the weather condition only reason of no observation in 80% of nights?
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2733-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Michael Gerding, 20 Feb 2024
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2023/egusphere-2023-2733/egusphere-2023-2733-AC1-supplement.pdf
- In each section, abstract, summary and others, it is better to use same words for your lidar system.
-
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2733', Anonymous Referee #2, 27 Feb 2024
This paper effectively elucidates the Rayleigh-Mie-Raman (RMR) lidar system deployed at the Leibniz Institute of Atmospheric Physics in Germany. It underscores the significance of lidar measurements in the middle atmosphere and emphasizes the global rarity of such facilities due to their intricate nature. The author provides a comprehensive breakdown of the RMR lidar system, offering a lucid overview of each component and their interconnections.
While the individual components may not introduce entirely novel technologies, the paper stands out in its emphasis on explaining the rationale behind their integration into the lidar system. This aspect proves valuable for both seasoned researchers and newcomers seeking a deeper understanding of the system's operational principles.
However, the paper could enhance its impact by delving into the observational implications of these changes. Discussing how the modifications to the RMR lidar system contribute to improved observational capabilities, address specific scientific questions, or advance our understanding of atmospheric phenomena would add a valuable layer to the paper's narrative. Highlighting the potential observational impact would provide readers with a clearer sense of the practical implications and significance of the described changes.
I'd also like to suggest a correction: On line 35, it would be beneficial to check "between 30 and 80 km" and remove "(?)". Additionally, in Figure 10, it would be helpful if the lower limits of the y-axis were provided below 45.
With these considerations and the suggested correction, I recommend accepting the paper. Overall, it presents a valuable resource for those interested in advanced lidar systems."
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2733-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Michael Gerding, 01 Mar 2024
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2023/egusphere-2023-2733/egusphere-2023-2733-AC2-supplement.pdf
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AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Michael Gerding, 01 Mar 2024
Peer review completion
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Cited
1 citations as recorded by crossref.
Robin Wing
Eframir Franco-Diaz
Gerd Baumgarten
Jens Fiedler
Torsten Köpnick
Reik Ostermann
The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
- Preprint
(2430 KB) - Metadata XML