the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 16 Nov 2023
Magma-poor continent-ocean transition zones of the southern North Atlantic: a wide-angle seismic synthesis of a new frontier
Abstract. Magma-poor rifted margins, and their corresponding potential zones of exhumed serpentinized mantle, represent a unique class of tectonic boundaries with enormous promise for advancing the energy transition, such as with hydrogen production, carbon sequestration, and in the search for critical minerals. In this study, a synthesis of the results from seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection profiling, and resulting velocity models, across the continent-ocean transitions of the southern North Atlantic Ocean is presented. The models are assessed and compared to understand characteristic basement types and upper mantle behaviour across the region and between conjugate margin pairs. Ultimately, this work highlights the variable nature of continent-ocean transition zones, even within the magma-poor rifted margin end-member case, and points to avenues for future research to fill the knowledge gaps that will accelerate the energy transition.
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2656', Anonymous Referee #1, 24 Nov 2023
Dear Editor,
In the contribution “Magma-poor continent-ocean transition zones of the southern North Atlantic: a wide-angle seismic synthesis of a new frontier”, J. K. Welford (J.K.W.) provides a synthesis of the velocity models derived from seismic refraction and wide-angle reflection profiling along the rifted margins of the southern parts of the North Atlantic plus Labrador Sea. The author uses the interpretation of these profiles to compare the along-dip extent of the domains made of thinned continental crust, exhumed and non-exhumed serpentinized mantle, and thin, normal and thick oceanic crust among the different margins, and speculates on the potential causes of their diversity among margins.
I found the manuscript very well written and referenced. It is convenient to have all the velocity models for the southern North Atlantic margins displayed with a same color scale and a same vertical exaggeration throughout the paper, and at similar vertical and horizontal scales within each figure, however I think that this contribution could benefit from a certain number of precisions and clarifications.
My main points of concern are the following:
- It is not clear from the manuscript whether the interpreted extent of the different “basement type” and “mantle type” domains in the rifted margin seismic sections are from J.K.W. or from the authors of the original contribution.
- Given that the present contribution aims to provide a coherent synthesis, the best may be to use one and the same methodology to do all the interpretations. If that is what was done, then the methodology needs to be presented. For instance, if the extent of the exhumed mantle corresponds to a specific velocity interval, this interval must be stated. However, when I compare the Moho trend vs the velocity model plotted in profiles 12 and 14, with the Moho trend vs the velocity model in the other profiles, I suspect that the same rule was not applied in all profiles.
- It is not clear how each of these “basement type” and “mantle type” domains is defined. It should be specified whether the interpreted extent of the different domains is only based on the velocity model, or whether other data like gravimetry analyses, magnetic anomaly analyses, seismic reflection images, drilling/dredging, etc. are included. When a different approach has been used for interpreting the domains extent in the different profiles (for instance because the same data were not necessarily available everywhere), then the evidence on which the interpretation is based must be specified for each profile.
- According to Schön, 2015, Péron-Pinvidic et al., 2016; Osmundsen et al., 2016; Karner et al., 2021, amongst others, and implied by the author in l 66-67, velocity models do not bear only one solution with respect to the petrological nature of the rocks. It would be useful to further develop and discuss this aspect, especially because the sections discussed in this contribution appear to be only discussed from the seismic velocity model perspective. If that is indeed the case, then the proposed interpretations would not be very convincing, and I would recommend to at least display some sort of error bar.
- The comparison and analysis of the extent of serpentinized, exhumed or non-exhumed mantle along the southern North Atlantic undertaken in the discussion section looks weak to me because of the lack of convincing arguments to accurately identify exhumed mantle domains (distinguish them from magmatic additions, for example).
Additional minor points are listed below:
L 20: Why mentioning the Wilson Cycle here? it is never discussed in the manuscript.
L 53-54: I’d specify that wide tracts of exhumed serpentinized mantle can display variable amounts of magmatic products (e.g.: Bronner et al., 2011; Epin et al., 2019).
L 59: Reston (2009) states "Magma-poor, magma-dominated and transform are all approximately equally numerous" (see caption of his fig. 1), but according to the more recent map by Haupert et al. (2016), magma-poor margins may be more common than magma-rich ones.
L 66-67: As said in the point 4) above, I think this would merit some further development and referencing, since the present paper is about one of these geophysical methods that provide non-unique solutions. The occurrence of a “S-reflector” or the lack of Moho reflectivity on seismic reflection sections can for instance be used to support interpretations of exhumed mantle.
L 113: Please explicit how the continent-ocean transition zone (COTZ) is defined: from the figures, it appears to correspond to the zone where serpentinized mantle occurs, but this is never stated in the text.
L 155: How is “transitional crust” defined in the present contribution?
L 160-161: Thinon et al. (2003) rely on a gravity analysis and reflection seismic data in addition to velocity models to support their interpretation. I think this should be mentioned.
L 178: Please specify how "oceanic crust" is defined in this study. Is it based on the only seismic velocity profile? For instance, what is the difference between exhumed mantle with scarce magmatic additions and thin oceanic crust?
L 193-194: The interpretation by Merino et al. doesn't only rely on a seismic velocity model but also on a gravity analysis. I think this should be mentioned.
L 260-261: I don't think this is correct, this process requires only the remaining crust to be fully brittle, and yet the upper part of the crust is always brittle, as shown by the systematic presence of faults on seismic reflection profiles. This may well be because an "infinite" amount of less than 10 °C oceanic water constantly cools the upper part of the crust.
L 270: Another (easy to observe) definition of LaLOC was proposed by Sauter et al. (2023), who describe it as the inner edge of tabular magmatic crust (top basement and Moho are flat and parallel). How does this definition compare to the (velocity-based?) definition in the present manuscript?
L 282-283: This is inaccurate: Manatschal et al. (2015) state that deformation in the proximal and necking domains may be controlled by their inherited, and thus highly variable among margins, rheology, while deformation in the hyperextended domain may be rather controlled by a much more uniform rheology among margins, acquired through pervasive fluid alteration.
L 285-286: An alternative explanation could simply be that mantle exhumation continues as long as extension continues and not enough magma is formed to accommodate extension.
L 289-291: This sounds contradictory with the statement on L 260-261, where it is stated that mantle serpentinization requires ultra-slow extension. Besides, it is not clear to me what is the logical link between the two parts of this sentence: "this piece-wise acceleration [...] may be sufficient to explain why unexhumed mantle serpentinization is so widespread". This should be clarified.
L291-292: This would imply that no "failed rift" basin would display exhumed mantle. I find this statement a bit bold because the occurrence of exhumed mantle in the southern part of the Porcupine Basin cannot be ruled out.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2656-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', J. Kim Welford, 11 Mar 2024
NOTE: Original comments in normal text, responses in bold italics.
In the contribution “Magma-poor continent-ocean transition zones of the southern North Atlantic: a wide-angle seismic synthesis of a new frontier”, J. K. Welford (J.K.W.) provides a synthesis of the velocity models derived from seismic refraction and wide-angle reflection profiling along the rifted margins of the southern parts of the North Atlantic plus Labrador Sea. The author uses the interpretation of these profiles to compare the along-dip extent of the domains made of thinned continental crust, exhumed and non-exhumed serpentinized mantle, and thin, normal and thick oceanic crust among the different margins, and speculates on the potential causes of their diversity among margins.
I found the manuscript very well written and referenced. It is convenient to have all the velocity models for the southern North Atlantic margins displayed with a same color scale and a same vertical exaggeration throughout the paper, and at similar vertical and horizontal scales within each figure, however I think that this contribution could benefit from a certain number of precisions and clarifications.
Thank you for your comments about the writing and the referencing.
My main points of concern are the following:
- It is not clear from the manuscript whether the interpreted extent of the different “basement type” and “mantle type” domains in the rifted margin seismic sections are from J.K.W. or from the authors of the original contribution.
That is a very good point that I did not make clear in the submitted manuscript. In response to this comment, and the next, I am adding a methodology section where I clearly describe what the interpretations are based on, as well as how the model sections were generated.
- Given that the present contribution aims to provide a coherent synthesis, the best may be to use one and the same methodology to do all the interpretations. If that is what was done, then the methodology needs to be presented. For instance, if the extent of the exhumed mantle corresponds to a specific velocity interval, this interval must be stated. However, when I compare the Moho trend vs the velocity model plotted in profiles 12 and 14, with the Moho trend vs the velocity model in the other profiles, I suspect that the same rule was not applied in all profiles.
Again, thank you for this important point. I am adding a methodology section to make this all clearer. Effectively, the basement type interpretations were taken directly from the published interpretations of others. For the mantle type, I used my own evaluation of the velocity models to decide on the extents of serpentinized versus un-serpentinized un-exhumed mantle. Hopefully this will be made much clearer to the reader.
- It is not clear how each of these “basement type” and “mantle type” domains is defined. It should be specified whether the interpreted extent of the different domains is only based on the velocity model, or whether other data like gravimetry analyses, magnetic anomaly analyses, seismic reflection images, drilling/dredging, etc. are included. When a different approach has been used for interpreting the domains extent in the different profiles (for instance because the same data were not necessarily available everywhere), then the evidence on which the interpretation is based must be specified for each profile.
This is an excellent point. I need to make this information far clearer in the manuscript. This synthesis is solely based on velocity models from seismic reflection/wide-angle refraction profiling. That being said, many of the published models that are reproduced here were interpreted using additional information not available to me. I am adding additional details in the text to point out how the published interpretations of the velocity models were arrived at.
- According to Schön, 2015, Péron-Pinvidic et al., 2016; Osmundsen et al., 2016; Karner et al., 2021, amongst others, and implied by the author in l 66-67, velocity models do not bear only one solution with respect to the petrological nature of the rocks. It would be useful to further develop and discuss this aspect, especially because the sections discussed in this contribution appear to be only discussed from the seismic velocity model perspective. If that is indeed the case, then the proposed interpretations would not be very convincing, and I would recommend to at least display some sort of error bar.
This synthesis is based exclusively on velocity models from RWAR profiling, similar to the compilation from Funck et al. 2017 in the Geological Society of London, Special Publications (doi:10.1144/SP447.9). While I agree with what is proposed in this comment, I do not have access to the original data used to build these published models and so do not have any means of computing error bars. My only option is to direct readers to the original published works from which the models were extracted.
- The comparison and analysis of the extent of serpentinized, exhumed or non-exhumed mantle along the southern North Atlantic undertaken in the discussion section looks weak to me because of the lack of convincing arguments to accurately identify exhumed mantle domains (distinguish them from magmatic additions, for example).
I agree that there are large uncertainties when it comes to comparing mantle domains along rifted margins. These uncertainties are due to a) the non-uniqueness of velocity-lithology relationships and b) the paucity of exhumed mantle sites confirmed through drilling, which are effectively limited to just the Iberian margin. The velocity distributions of these anomalous zones, with depth, do tend to show trends that can be used for differentiating mantle types versus magmatic addition. For one, the serpentinized mantle velocities in these zones tend to show a gradual increase with depth, getting closer to the velocities of unaltered mantle (8 km/s), as a function of the degree of serpentinization. Also, these zones do not show a distinct Moho. In contrast, zones with magmatic addition, particularly in the lower crust, will still show a Moho, revealed by PmP reflections. I will add these explanations to the text to hopefully make readers more confident in the discussion.
Additional minor points are listed below:
L 20: Why mentioning the Wilson Cycle here? it is never discussed in the manuscript.
Excellent point. I have now tried to bring the Wilson Cycle concept back into the Discussion.
L 53-54: I’d specify that wide tracts of exhumed serpentinized mantle can display variable amounts of magmatic products (e.g.: Bronner et al., 2011; Epin et al., 2019).
Agree. Text added.
L 59: Reston (2009) states "Magma-poor, magma-dominated and transform are all approximately equally numerous" (see caption of his fig. 1), but according to the more recent map by Haupert et al. (2016), magma-poor margins may be more common than magma-rich ones.
Thank you for this comment. I will edit the text accordingly.
L 66-67: As said in the point 4) above, I think this would merit some further development and referencing, since the present paper is about one of these geophysical methods that provide non-unique solutions. The occurrence of a “S-reflector” or the lack of Moho reflectivity on seismic reflection sections can for instance be used to support interpretations of exhumed mantle.
I wholeheartedly agree with this comment. That being said, the distribution of published seismic reflection lines coinciding with the presented velocity models is not consistent. I have added mention of the S-reflector and Moho reflectivity but including such evidence graphically in this manuscript is beyond the scope (which will be made a great deal clearer).
L 113: Please explicit how the continent-ocean transition zone (COTZ) is defined: from the figures, it appears to correspond to the zone where serpentinized mantle occurs, but this is never stated in the text.
Thank you for this comment. I am adding these details to the new methodology section in the text.
L 155: How is “transitional crust” defined in the present contribution?
I will explicitly define what is meant by transitional crust in the revised text.
L 160-161: Thinon et al. (2003) rely on a gravity analysis and reflection seismic data in addition to velocity models to support their interpretation. I think this should be mentioned.
Agree. These details will be added to the text.
L 178: Please specify how "oceanic crust" is defined in this study. Is it based on the only seismic velocity profile? For instance, what is the difference between exhumed mantle with scarce magmatic additions and thin oceanic crust?
The interpretations of oceanic crust are lifted directly from the published papers from which the velocity models were extracted.
L 193-194: The interpretation by Merino et al. doesn't only rely on a seismic velocity model but also on a gravity analysis. I think this should be mentioned.
Agree. These details will be added to the text.
L 260-261: I don't think this is correct, this process requires only the remaining crust to be fully brittle, and yet the upper part of the crust is always brittle, as shown by the systematic presence of faults on seismic reflection profiles. This may well be because an "infinite" amount of less than 10 °C oceanic water constantly cools the upper part of the crust.
Agree. I will make this clearer in the revised text.
L 270: Another (easy to observe) definition of LaLOC was proposed by Sauter et al. (2023), who describe it as the inner edge of tabular magmatic crust (top basement and Moho are flat and parallel). How does this definition compare to the (velocity-based?) definition in the present manuscript?
This is a strong point. As mentioned, the interpretation of oceanic crust is lifted directly from the published papers from which the velocity models were extracted. When describing the models, I will explicitly comment on how their geometries compare to the definition from Sauter et al.
L 282-283: This is inaccurate: Manatschal et al. (2015) state that deformation in the proximal and necking domains may be controlled by their inherited, and thus highly variable among margins, rheology, while deformation in the hyperextended domain may be rather controlled by a much more uniform rheology among margins, acquired through pervasive fluid alteration.
Agree. I will make this clearer in the revised manuscript.
L 285-286: An alternative explanation could simply be that mantle exhumation continues as long as extension continues and not enough magma is formed to accommodate extension.
Agree. I think this is exactly what is happening. I will make this clearer in the revised manuscript.
L 289-291: This sounds contradictory with the statement on L 260-261, where it is stated that mantle serpentinization requires ultra-slow extension. Besides, it is not clear to me what is the logical link between the two parts of this sentence: "this piece-wise acceleration [...] may be sufficient to explain why unexhumed mantle serpentinization is so widespread". This should be clarified.
Agree. I will clarify the text further to avoid any contradiction.
L291-292: This would imply that no "failed rift" basin would display exhumed mantle. I find this statement a bit bold because the occurrence of exhumed mantle in the southern part of the Porcupine Basin cannot be ruled out.
Fair point. I will soften the statement in the revised manuscript.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2656-AC1
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RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2656', Frédéric Mouthereau, 02 Jan 2024
Review of paper entitled “Magma-poor continent-ocean transition zones of the southern North Atlantic: a wide-angle seismic synthesis of a new frontier” by J. Kim Welford
This paper presents a useful short review of the rifting processes involved at magma-poor continent-ocean transition zones based on geophysical data (especially seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection) across the margins of south North Atlantic (between 30°N and 65°N). The author conclude in proposing some future research directions. It is well written and geophysical constraints presented are useful. The study is somewhat qualitative. Considering the large amount of existing numerical models on the subject, perhaps some more informations e.g. on the extension velocities can be provided. I also suggest to consider the role of inheritance in its broader sense, that is considering the lithosphere mantle evolution. This would permit the full exploitation of maps presented in Figure 1 and Figure 9. My detailed comments are below.
Figure 1 and Figure 9: I note that there are several inconsistencies and relationships regarding the boundary between terranes/cratons (Avalonia, Gondwana) and the deformed variscan domain in western Europe and northern Africa (France, Morocco). For instance, northern morocco (MOR) is described as Gondwana but it should be included in the Variscan domain (reworked Gondwana). Actually the continental crust south of Avalonia is peri-gondwanan. this has a strong impact on architecture and rheology of MOR prior to rifting. Actually this means that the mantle (not only the crust) has been modified and this probably the main aspect of inheritance as the mantle lithosphere thickness (the most resistant part of the lithosphere) can vary a range much larger than the crust (crust is 40 km thick on average on Earth).
In addition, the drawing of the Variscan front to the North looks fine but the Rheic suture is to the south so Avalonia should also extend to the south of the variscan front. this problem is inherent to the presentation of both deformed orogenic domains and the crustal affinity domain. You can refer to Mouthereau et al. (2021) for the mapping in this area and perhaps find useful the description of the mantle evolution in that domain.
I also note that the Labrador Sea is presented to occur between Archean and Proterozoic crusts. But the lithosphere below Labrador has lost its archean root as it has been modified during Paleoproterozoic and the mantle is much younger thinned, and refertilized during the Neo-Proterozoic (Connelly et al., 2000; Tappe et al., 2006). This might be keys to explain why the rifting took this direction.
Regarding Figure 8 which synthesises geometries I am wondering if some systematics on lengths of OCTZ can be found associated with northward propagation of rifting. Lengths are possibly decreasing in the direction of transform zones. This is a feature that is predicted by 3D modelling of rifting (Jourdon et al., 2020). In the same line of thoughts, more numbers may extracted from these geophysical models such as the velocities integrated over the lifetime of OCTZ (from initiation of rifting to the onset of spreading).
I have other comments on the way RWAR results are presented. In case of serpentinised mantle I would expect the Moho reflections to be lacking. This is not shown for lines 1 and 2 of Fig. 2, line 3 and unclear in line 4 of Fig. 3, unclear for line 8 of fig. 4, and not shown for lines 12, 14 but it does for line 9 in Fig. 5. To me the same problem holds for next Fig. 6 as I see bodies of serpentinised mantle but it is unclear if its upper or lower limit actually refers to a Moho. As this is one of point the author raised in discussion 6.2 I think this should be made clear. Note I am not a geophysicist but I think these comments might help the general reader.
Line #38-40: Labails et al. (2010) indicate 190 Ma for the age of breakup and onset of oceanic spreading. How do you integrate this study in your geological background ?
line 715: Correct “detrital”
References :
Jourdon, A., Pourhiet, L.L., Mouthereau, F., May, D., 2020. Modes of Propagation of Continental Breakup and Associated Oblique Rift Structures. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 125. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jb019906
Mouthereau, F., Angrand, P., Jourdon, A., Ternois, S., Fillon, C., Calassou, S., Chevrot, S., Ford, M., Jolivet, L., Manatschal, G., Masini, E., Thinon, I., Vidal, O., Baudin, T., 2021. Cenozoic mountain building and topographic evolution in Western Europe: impact of billions of years of lithosphere evolution and plate kinematics. Bsgf - Earth Sci Bulletin 192, 56. https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2021040
Connelly, J.N., Gool, J.A. van, Mengel, F.C., 2000. Temporal evolution of a deeply eroded orogen: the Nagssugtoqidian Orogen, West Greenland. Can. J. Earth Sci. 37, 1121–1142. https://doi.org/10.1139/e00-032
TAPPE, S., FOLEY, S.F., JENNER, G.A., HEAMAN, L.M., KJARSGAARD, B.A., ROMER, R.L., STRACKE, A., JOYCE, N., HOEFS, J., 2006. Genesis of Ultramafic Lamprophyres and Carbonatites at Aillik Bay, Labrador: a Consequence of Incipient Lithospheric Thinning beneath the North Atlantic Craton. J. Pet. 47, 1261–1315. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egl008
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2656-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', J. Kim Welford, 11 Mar 2024
NOTE: Original comments in normal text with responses as bold italic text.
This paper presents a useful short review of the rifting processes involved at magma-poor continent-ocean transition zones based on geophysical data (especially seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection) across the margins of south North Atlantic (between 30°N and 65°N). The author conclude in proposing some future research directions. It is well written and geophysical constraints presented are useful. The study is somewhat qualitative. Considering the large amount of existing numerical models on the subject, perhaps some more informations e.g. on the extension velocities can be provided. I also suggest to consider the role of inheritance in its broader sense, that is considering the lithosphere mantle evolution. This would permit the full exploitation of maps presented in Figure 1 and Figure 9. My detailed comments are below.
Thank you for your constructive comments on the manuscript.
It is true that the comparisons are very qualitative in nature. In order to be able to quantify extension velocities, one would need to either find numerical modelling results that exactly match the features and geometries of specific RWAR profiles, or else extract them from deformable plate reconstructions. Given the variability in the showcased velocity models and the uncertainties inherent in the alternative methods mentioned, I would not be comfortable attempting such a quantitative analysis at the regional scale given available constraints. This certainly represents a compelling avenue for future research however.
Secondly, I agree that inheritance, particularly lithospheric mantle inheritance, likely plays an important role in rifting and how deeper processes are manifest in the shallower crust. The challenge here though is that, using wide-angle seismic methods, only the very most top of the mantle velocity structure is sampled (if at all), such that there is no information with which to interrogate lithospheric mantle structure on a sufficiently deep scale to enable discussion of how these features impact rifting, as captured in the velocity models.
Figure 1 and Figure 9: I note that there are several inconsistencies and relationships regarding the boundary between terranes/cratons (Avalonia, Gondwana) and the deformed variscan domain in western Europe and northern Africa (France, Morocco). For instance, northern morocco (MOR) is described as Gondwana but it should be included in the Variscan domain (reworked Gondwana). Actually the continental crust south of Avalonia is peri-gondwanan. this has a strong impact on architecture and rheology of MOR prior to rifting. Actually this means that the mantle (not only the crust) has been modified and this probably the main aspect of inheritance as the mantle lithosphere thickness (the most resistant part of the lithosphere) can vary a range much larger than the crust (crust is 40 km thick on average on Earth).
This is a very important point. I will edit both figures 1 and 9 to show Morocco, north of the High Atlas mountains, as being Variscan on the maps. Thank you for this comment.
In addition, the drawing of the Variscan front to the North looks fine but the Rheic suture is to the south so Avalonia should also extend to the south of the variscan front. this problem is inherent to the presentation of both deformed orogenic domains and the crustal affinity domain. You can refer to Mouthereau et al. (2021) for the mapping in this area and perhaps find useful the description of the mantle evolution in that domain.
Yes. I agree that Avalonia lies south of the Variscan front and as you mentioned, it is challenging to show both the orogenic domains and the crustal affinities within one map without making it significantly more complicated. I will refer to your 2021 paper for ideas on how to do this most effectively.
I also note that the Labrador Sea is presented to occur between Archean and Proterozoic crusts. But the lithosphere below Labrador has lost its archean root as it has been modified during Paleoproterozoic and the mantle is much younger thinned, and refertilized during the Neo-Proterozoic (Connelly et al., 2000; Tappe et al., 2006). This might be keys to explain why the rifting took this direction.
Yes. This is a compelling point that I will incorporate into the discussion.
Regarding Figure 8 which synthesises geometries I am wondering if some systematics on lengths of OCTZ can be found associated with northward propagation of rifting. Lengths are possibly decreasing in the direction of transform zones. This is a feature that is predicted by 3D modelling of rifting (Jourdon et al., 2020). In the same line of thoughts, more numbers may extracted from these geophysical models such as the velocities integrated over the lifetime of OCTZ (from initiation of rifting to the onset of spreading).
This is a very interesting point. Thank you for providing the Jourdon reference. I do not have a concrete answer just yet but will ponder this point in greater depth as I revise the manuscript. I would very much like to be able to extract additional quantifiable constraints from this synthesis and you provide one avenue for that.
I have other comments on the way RWAR results are presented. In case of serpentinised mantle I would expect the Moho reflections to be lacking. This is not shown for lines 1 and 2 of Fig. 2, line 3 and unclear in line 4 of Fig. 3, unclear for line 8 of fig. 4, and not shown for lines 12, 14 but it does for line 9 in Fig. 5. To me the same problem holds for next Fig. 6 as I see bodies of serpentinised mantle but it is unclear if its upper or lower limit actually refers to a Moho. As this is one of point the author raised in discussion 6.2 I think this should be made clear. Note I am not a geophysicist but I think these comments might help the general reader.
This is also a very good point. Where mantle is interpreted as exhumed, there should not be a Moho (although one could technically get a wide-angle reflection off of a serpentinization front if it is abrupt enough). The models presented in this synthesis show the model boundaries as presented in the original published manuscripts, where authors did not necessarily make this clear. This is definitely the case for the velocity models in Figure 2 from the Labrador Sea. For Figure 3, there is no issue because none of the serpentinized mantle is interpreted as exhumed. Line 8 in Figure 4 is particularly unusual because they interpret a high velocity lower crust below the Moho, when this should in fact be referred to as low velocity upper mantle. The variable character for the profiles in Figure 5 and Figure 6 are completely a function of how the models were obtained (forward modelling versus inversion). To your point, this definitely needs clarifying and I will endeavour to make this a great clearer in the revised manuscript.
Line #38-40: Labails et al. (2010) indicate 190 Ma for the age of breakup and onset of oceanic spreading. How do you integrate this study in your geological background ?
Excellent point. I will revisit this date and perhaps explicitly mention both.
line 715: Correct “detrital”
Good catch. Edited.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2656-AC2
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AC2: 'Reply on RC2', J. Kim Welford, 11 Mar 2024
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RC3: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2656', Georgios-Pavlos Farangitakis, 08 Feb 2024
General comments: This paper presents a synthesis of the evolutional models of magma-poor continent-ocean transition zones and their corresponding rifted margins using refraction and wide-angle reflection seismic focusing on the margins of the (south) North Atlantic. The study presents a good documentation, and -most importantly- standardization of the continent to ocean transition and its relative mantle and basement domains. When methodologies or studies have displayed bias or are generally sparsely sampled, this is clearly indicated and that adds to the integrity of this review. A discussion follows in the end with regards to the origin of this observed margin differentiation, supported by 3 very descriptive summarizing figures that help drive the point home.
The manuscript is overall very well written and reads really well. I believe there are two formative changes that could benefit this work as listed below and one change with regards to the content, (followed by some minor comments split per segment of the manuscript):
- It is unclear to me if this is the final format of the paper, however it would benefit significantly if the figures are directly below the part of the text discussing them. I.e. when I am reading section 5.2 I need to scroll up and down 3 pages. If this is just a final proofing issue please ignore this comment.
- On figures 2-6 it is unclear to me whether the interpretation of the basement and upper mantle along with the profile interpretation on the velocity cross-section is done from the author or the cited authors (or if one is an interpretation and the other is a direct translation).
- On the discussion about inheritance, the role of lower crustal to mantle inheritance (or rheological diversity) seems to not be considered enough. There are quite a few studies (i.e. Autin et al. 2013, Manatschal 2015, Heron et al. 2019, Farangitakis 2020) that indicate that the domains in a rift would be controlled by previous crustal inheritance (or mantle-straddling “seeds” even lower. Would that not in turn control the location of serpentinization?
Find below a list of minor specific comments for the manuscript content:
1 Introduction:
L20-24: This paragraph feels slightly out of order (Wilson cycle mentioned after magma content in rifts and not re-visited again in the manuscript). It could be omitted or reworked to start with the rift seeds in the deformation zones and then revert to how this relates to the Wilson cycle.
Figure 1: a) It might help to add the chron symbol & (corresponding) number in the legend (not all chrons, but an example) as it would help the reader know where to focus and what to look for.
b) Consider adding the word “select” behind the fracture zones as well, since not all fracture zones within the map are delineated/named.
L25-L28: This paragraph would benefit from a slight expansion on how the review is done (maybe expand the second sentence further). Also, the first sentence is written in active voice while the second is written in passive voice
2 Geological background:
L38: Would be useful to the reader to define where the “northernmost” point sits in the map (i.e. above the NAFZ, below the NAFZ?, or between 30 and 40 degrees etc)
3 Characterization of rifted margins:
L53: “manifested” instead of “manifest”
L58: A citation for the COTs would add consistency as done with each of the previous settings in the paragraph.
4 Geophysical Methods:
L85: Consider a sentence that explains the reduction bias mentioned between using FMRT vs TI methods.
5 Geophysical Constraints:
L174: “both” needs to be removed.
L185-191 & Figure 5: The J anomaly is quite extensively mentioned in this text segment; however it is not clear where it is in any of the map or cross-sections.
6 Discussion:
L261: Consider adding a representative velocity for the “ultra-slow” rifting to help clarify the relative velocity.
Pavlos Farangitakis
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2656-RC3 -
AC3: 'Reply on RC3', J. Kim Welford, 11 Mar 2024
NOTE: Original comments in normal text with responses as bold italic text.
General comments: This paper presents a synthesis of the evolutional models of magma-poor continent-ocean transition zones and their corresponding rifted margins using refraction and wide-angle reflection seismic focusing on the margins of the (south) North Atlantic. The study presents a good documentation, and -most importantly- standardization of the continent to ocean transition and its relative mantle and basement domains. When methodologies or studies have displayed bias or are generally sparsely sampled, this is clearly indicated and that adds to the integrity of this review. A discussion follows in the end with regards to the origin of this observed margin differentiation, supported by 3 very descriptive summarizing figures that help drive the point home.
Thank you for your review of the manuscript and your constructive comments.
The manuscript is overall very well written and reads really well. I believe there are two formative changes that could benefit this work as listed below and one change with regards to the content, (followed by some minor comments split per segment of the manuscript):
- It is unclear to me if this is the final format of the paper, however it would benefit significantly if the figures are directly below the part of the text discussing them. I.e. when I am reading section 5.2 I need to scroll up and down 3 pages. If this is just a final proofing issue please ignore this comment.
I will attempt to fix this in the revised manuscript for easier reading. The manuscript was originally formatted in LaTeX and later converted to a Word document for submission. There may be room to adjust things.
- On figures 2-6 it is unclear to me whether the interpretation of the basement and upper mantle along with the profile interpretation on the velocity cross-section is done from the author or the cited authors (or if one is an interpretation and the other is a direct translation).
This is an excellent point, also raised by another reviewer. I am adding a methodology section to the revised manuscript to make this point very clear. Briefly, the interpretations were mostly inherited from the published works, although I did use some degree of artistic license depending on the vintage of the model and how specifically it was described in the original paper.
- On the discussion about inheritance, the role of lower crustal to mantle inheritance (or rheological diversity) seems to not be considered enough. There are quite a few studies (i.e. Autin et al. 2013, Manatschal 2015, Heron et al. 2019, Farangitakis 2020) that indicate that the domains in a rift would be controlled by previous crustal inheritance (or mantle-straddling “seeds” even lower. Would that not in turn control the location of serpentinization?
This is another strong point, also raised by another reviewer. I agree absolutely that mantle inheritance may be controlling a great deal of the localization of serpentinization. The challenge in this synthesis is that the models are primarily crustal models, with occasional sampling of the topmost underlying mantle. Therefore, the velocity models just don’t provide enough constraints for an in-depth discussion. That being said, in the revised manuscript, I will address this limitation of using RWAR velocity models as the primary means of addressing serpentinization trends.
Find below a list of minor specific comments for the manuscript content:
1 Introduction:
L20-24: This paragraph feels slightly out of order (Wilson cycle mentioned after magma content in rifts and not re-visited again in the manuscript). It could be omitted or reworked to start with the rift seeds in the deformation zones and then revert to how this relates to the Wilson cycle.
Agree. I will rearrange the text and bring the Wilson cycle discussion back later in the manuscript.
Figure 1: a) It might help to add the chron symbol & (corresponding) number in the legend (not all chrons, but an example) as it would help the reader know where to focus and what to look for.
Agree. Very good point. This will be done for the revised manuscript.
b) Consider adding the word “select” behind the fracture zones as well, since not all fracture zones within the map are delineated/named.
Agree. Very good point. This will be done for the revised manuscript.
L25-L28: This paragraph would benefit from a slight expansion on how the review is done (maybe expand the second sentence further). Also, the first sentence is written in active voice while the second is written in passive voice
Agree. A methodological section is being added to make the review process a great deal clearer. I will also check the text for consistent use of active voice.
2 Geological background:
L38: Would be useful to the reader to define where the “northernmost” point sits in the map (i.e. above the NAFZ, below the NAFZ?, or between 30 and 40 degrees etc)
Agree. Good point. It does correspond to the NAFZ. I will make this clear in the revised text.
3 Characterization of rifted margins:
L53: “manifested” instead of “manifest”
Agree. Done.
L58: A citation for the COTs would add consistency as done with each of the previous settings in the paragraph.
Agree. A citation will be added.
4 Geophysical Methods:
L85: Consider a sentence that explains the reduction bias mentioned between using FMRT vs TI methods.
I am not entirely clear on what you mean by the reduction bias here. Are you able to specify?
5 Geophysical Constraints:
L174: “both” needs to be removed.
Agree. Done.
L185-191 & Figure 5: The J anomaly is quite extensively mentioned in this text segment; however it is not clear where it is in any of the map or cross-sections.
Agree. Very good point. I will add it to several of the maps for reference.
6 Discussion:
L261: Consider adding a representative velocity for the “ultra-slow” rifting to help clarify the relative velocity.
Agree. I will add such a velocity in the revised manuscript text.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2656-AC3
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2656', Anonymous Referee #1, 24 Nov 2023
Dear Editor,
In the contribution “Magma-poor continent-ocean transition zones of the southern North Atlantic: a wide-angle seismic synthesis of a new frontier”, J. K. Welford (J.K.W.) provides a synthesis of the velocity models derived from seismic refraction and wide-angle reflection profiling along the rifted margins of the southern parts of the North Atlantic plus Labrador Sea. The author uses the interpretation of these profiles to compare the along-dip extent of the domains made of thinned continental crust, exhumed and non-exhumed serpentinized mantle, and thin, normal and thick oceanic crust among the different margins, and speculates on the potential causes of their diversity among margins.
I found the manuscript very well written and referenced. It is convenient to have all the velocity models for the southern North Atlantic margins displayed with a same color scale and a same vertical exaggeration throughout the paper, and at similar vertical and horizontal scales within each figure, however I think that this contribution could benefit from a certain number of precisions and clarifications.
My main points of concern are the following:
- It is not clear from the manuscript whether the interpreted extent of the different “basement type” and “mantle type” domains in the rifted margin seismic sections are from J.K.W. or from the authors of the original contribution.
- Given that the present contribution aims to provide a coherent synthesis, the best may be to use one and the same methodology to do all the interpretations. If that is what was done, then the methodology needs to be presented. For instance, if the extent of the exhumed mantle corresponds to a specific velocity interval, this interval must be stated. However, when I compare the Moho trend vs the velocity model plotted in profiles 12 and 14, with the Moho trend vs the velocity model in the other profiles, I suspect that the same rule was not applied in all profiles.
- It is not clear how each of these “basement type” and “mantle type” domains is defined. It should be specified whether the interpreted extent of the different domains is only based on the velocity model, or whether other data like gravimetry analyses, magnetic anomaly analyses, seismic reflection images, drilling/dredging, etc. are included. When a different approach has been used for interpreting the domains extent in the different profiles (for instance because the same data were not necessarily available everywhere), then the evidence on which the interpretation is based must be specified for each profile.
- According to Schön, 2015, Péron-Pinvidic et al., 2016; Osmundsen et al., 2016; Karner et al., 2021, amongst others, and implied by the author in l 66-67, velocity models do not bear only one solution with respect to the petrological nature of the rocks. It would be useful to further develop and discuss this aspect, especially because the sections discussed in this contribution appear to be only discussed from the seismic velocity model perspective. If that is indeed the case, then the proposed interpretations would not be very convincing, and I would recommend to at least display some sort of error bar.
- The comparison and analysis of the extent of serpentinized, exhumed or non-exhumed mantle along the southern North Atlantic undertaken in the discussion section looks weak to me because of the lack of convincing arguments to accurately identify exhumed mantle domains (distinguish them from magmatic additions, for example).
Additional minor points are listed below:
L 20: Why mentioning the Wilson Cycle here? it is never discussed in the manuscript.
L 53-54: I’d specify that wide tracts of exhumed serpentinized mantle can display variable amounts of magmatic products (e.g.: Bronner et al., 2011; Epin et al., 2019).
L 59: Reston (2009) states "Magma-poor, magma-dominated and transform are all approximately equally numerous" (see caption of his fig. 1), but according to the more recent map by Haupert et al. (2016), magma-poor margins may be more common than magma-rich ones.
L 66-67: As said in the point 4) above, I think this would merit some further development and referencing, since the present paper is about one of these geophysical methods that provide non-unique solutions. The occurrence of a “S-reflector” or the lack of Moho reflectivity on seismic reflection sections can for instance be used to support interpretations of exhumed mantle.
L 113: Please explicit how the continent-ocean transition zone (COTZ) is defined: from the figures, it appears to correspond to the zone where serpentinized mantle occurs, but this is never stated in the text.
L 155: How is “transitional crust” defined in the present contribution?
L 160-161: Thinon et al. (2003) rely on a gravity analysis and reflection seismic data in addition to velocity models to support their interpretation. I think this should be mentioned.
L 178: Please specify how "oceanic crust" is defined in this study. Is it based on the only seismic velocity profile? For instance, what is the difference between exhumed mantle with scarce magmatic additions and thin oceanic crust?
L 193-194: The interpretation by Merino et al. doesn't only rely on a seismic velocity model but also on a gravity analysis. I think this should be mentioned.
L 260-261: I don't think this is correct, this process requires only the remaining crust to be fully brittle, and yet the upper part of the crust is always brittle, as shown by the systematic presence of faults on seismic reflection profiles. This may well be because an "infinite" amount of less than 10 °C oceanic water constantly cools the upper part of the crust.
L 270: Another (easy to observe) definition of LaLOC was proposed by Sauter et al. (2023), who describe it as the inner edge of tabular magmatic crust (top basement and Moho are flat and parallel). How does this definition compare to the (velocity-based?) definition in the present manuscript?
L 282-283: This is inaccurate: Manatschal et al. (2015) state that deformation in the proximal and necking domains may be controlled by their inherited, and thus highly variable among margins, rheology, while deformation in the hyperextended domain may be rather controlled by a much more uniform rheology among margins, acquired through pervasive fluid alteration.
L 285-286: An alternative explanation could simply be that mantle exhumation continues as long as extension continues and not enough magma is formed to accommodate extension.
L 289-291: This sounds contradictory with the statement on L 260-261, where it is stated that mantle serpentinization requires ultra-slow extension. Besides, it is not clear to me what is the logical link between the two parts of this sentence: "this piece-wise acceleration [...] may be sufficient to explain why unexhumed mantle serpentinization is so widespread". This should be clarified.
L291-292: This would imply that no "failed rift" basin would display exhumed mantle. I find this statement a bit bold because the occurrence of exhumed mantle in the southern part of the Porcupine Basin cannot be ruled out.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2656-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', J. Kim Welford, 11 Mar 2024
NOTE: Original comments in normal text, responses in bold italics.
In the contribution “Magma-poor continent-ocean transition zones of the southern North Atlantic: a wide-angle seismic synthesis of a new frontier”, J. K. Welford (J.K.W.) provides a synthesis of the velocity models derived from seismic refraction and wide-angle reflection profiling along the rifted margins of the southern parts of the North Atlantic plus Labrador Sea. The author uses the interpretation of these profiles to compare the along-dip extent of the domains made of thinned continental crust, exhumed and non-exhumed serpentinized mantle, and thin, normal and thick oceanic crust among the different margins, and speculates on the potential causes of their diversity among margins.
I found the manuscript very well written and referenced. It is convenient to have all the velocity models for the southern North Atlantic margins displayed with a same color scale and a same vertical exaggeration throughout the paper, and at similar vertical and horizontal scales within each figure, however I think that this contribution could benefit from a certain number of precisions and clarifications.
Thank you for your comments about the writing and the referencing.
My main points of concern are the following:
- It is not clear from the manuscript whether the interpreted extent of the different “basement type” and “mantle type” domains in the rifted margin seismic sections are from J.K.W. or from the authors of the original contribution.
That is a very good point that I did not make clear in the submitted manuscript. In response to this comment, and the next, I am adding a methodology section where I clearly describe what the interpretations are based on, as well as how the model sections were generated.
- Given that the present contribution aims to provide a coherent synthesis, the best may be to use one and the same methodology to do all the interpretations. If that is what was done, then the methodology needs to be presented. For instance, if the extent of the exhumed mantle corresponds to a specific velocity interval, this interval must be stated. However, when I compare the Moho trend vs the velocity model plotted in profiles 12 and 14, with the Moho trend vs the velocity model in the other profiles, I suspect that the same rule was not applied in all profiles.
Again, thank you for this important point. I am adding a methodology section to make this all clearer. Effectively, the basement type interpretations were taken directly from the published interpretations of others. For the mantle type, I used my own evaluation of the velocity models to decide on the extents of serpentinized versus un-serpentinized un-exhumed mantle. Hopefully this will be made much clearer to the reader.
- It is not clear how each of these “basement type” and “mantle type” domains is defined. It should be specified whether the interpreted extent of the different domains is only based on the velocity model, or whether other data like gravimetry analyses, magnetic anomaly analyses, seismic reflection images, drilling/dredging, etc. are included. When a different approach has been used for interpreting the domains extent in the different profiles (for instance because the same data were not necessarily available everywhere), then the evidence on which the interpretation is based must be specified for each profile.
This is an excellent point. I need to make this information far clearer in the manuscript. This synthesis is solely based on velocity models from seismic reflection/wide-angle refraction profiling. That being said, many of the published models that are reproduced here were interpreted using additional information not available to me. I am adding additional details in the text to point out how the published interpretations of the velocity models were arrived at.
- According to Schön, 2015, Péron-Pinvidic et al., 2016; Osmundsen et al., 2016; Karner et al., 2021, amongst others, and implied by the author in l 66-67, velocity models do not bear only one solution with respect to the petrological nature of the rocks. It would be useful to further develop and discuss this aspect, especially because the sections discussed in this contribution appear to be only discussed from the seismic velocity model perspective. If that is indeed the case, then the proposed interpretations would not be very convincing, and I would recommend to at least display some sort of error bar.
This synthesis is based exclusively on velocity models from RWAR profiling, similar to the compilation from Funck et al. 2017 in the Geological Society of London, Special Publications (doi:10.1144/SP447.9). While I agree with what is proposed in this comment, I do not have access to the original data used to build these published models and so do not have any means of computing error bars. My only option is to direct readers to the original published works from which the models were extracted.
- The comparison and analysis of the extent of serpentinized, exhumed or non-exhumed mantle along the southern North Atlantic undertaken in the discussion section looks weak to me because of the lack of convincing arguments to accurately identify exhumed mantle domains (distinguish them from magmatic additions, for example).
I agree that there are large uncertainties when it comes to comparing mantle domains along rifted margins. These uncertainties are due to a) the non-uniqueness of velocity-lithology relationships and b) the paucity of exhumed mantle sites confirmed through drilling, which are effectively limited to just the Iberian margin. The velocity distributions of these anomalous zones, with depth, do tend to show trends that can be used for differentiating mantle types versus magmatic addition. For one, the serpentinized mantle velocities in these zones tend to show a gradual increase with depth, getting closer to the velocities of unaltered mantle (8 km/s), as a function of the degree of serpentinization. Also, these zones do not show a distinct Moho. In contrast, zones with magmatic addition, particularly in the lower crust, will still show a Moho, revealed by PmP reflections. I will add these explanations to the text to hopefully make readers more confident in the discussion.
Additional minor points are listed below:
L 20: Why mentioning the Wilson Cycle here? it is never discussed in the manuscript.
Excellent point. I have now tried to bring the Wilson Cycle concept back into the Discussion.
L 53-54: I’d specify that wide tracts of exhumed serpentinized mantle can display variable amounts of magmatic products (e.g.: Bronner et al., 2011; Epin et al., 2019).
Agree. Text added.
L 59: Reston (2009) states "Magma-poor, magma-dominated and transform are all approximately equally numerous" (see caption of his fig. 1), but according to the more recent map by Haupert et al. (2016), magma-poor margins may be more common than magma-rich ones.
Thank you for this comment. I will edit the text accordingly.
L 66-67: As said in the point 4) above, I think this would merit some further development and referencing, since the present paper is about one of these geophysical methods that provide non-unique solutions. The occurrence of a “S-reflector” or the lack of Moho reflectivity on seismic reflection sections can for instance be used to support interpretations of exhumed mantle.
I wholeheartedly agree with this comment. That being said, the distribution of published seismic reflection lines coinciding with the presented velocity models is not consistent. I have added mention of the S-reflector and Moho reflectivity but including such evidence graphically in this manuscript is beyond the scope (which will be made a great deal clearer).
L 113: Please explicit how the continent-ocean transition zone (COTZ) is defined: from the figures, it appears to correspond to the zone where serpentinized mantle occurs, but this is never stated in the text.
Thank you for this comment. I am adding these details to the new methodology section in the text.
L 155: How is “transitional crust” defined in the present contribution?
I will explicitly define what is meant by transitional crust in the revised text.
L 160-161: Thinon et al. (2003) rely on a gravity analysis and reflection seismic data in addition to velocity models to support their interpretation. I think this should be mentioned.
Agree. These details will be added to the text.
L 178: Please specify how "oceanic crust" is defined in this study. Is it based on the only seismic velocity profile? For instance, what is the difference between exhumed mantle with scarce magmatic additions and thin oceanic crust?
The interpretations of oceanic crust are lifted directly from the published papers from which the velocity models were extracted.
L 193-194: The interpretation by Merino et al. doesn't only rely on a seismic velocity model but also on a gravity analysis. I think this should be mentioned.
Agree. These details will be added to the text.
L 260-261: I don't think this is correct, this process requires only the remaining crust to be fully brittle, and yet the upper part of the crust is always brittle, as shown by the systematic presence of faults on seismic reflection profiles. This may well be because an "infinite" amount of less than 10 °C oceanic water constantly cools the upper part of the crust.
Agree. I will make this clearer in the revised text.
L 270: Another (easy to observe) definition of LaLOC was proposed by Sauter et al. (2023), who describe it as the inner edge of tabular magmatic crust (top basement and Moho are flat and parallel). How does this definition compare to the (velocity-based?) definition in the present manuscript?
This is a strong point. As mentioned, the interpretation of oceanic crust is lifted directly from the published papers from which the velocity models were extracted. When describing the models, I will explicitly comment on how their geometries compare to the definition from Sauter et al.
L 282-283: This is inaccurate: Manatschal et al. (2015) state that deformation in the proximal and necking domains may be controlled by their inherited, and thus highly variable among margins, rheology, while deformation in the hyperextended domain may be rather controlled by a much more uniform rheology among margins, acquired through pervasive fluid alteration.
Agree. I will make this clearer in the revised manuscript.
L 285-286: An alternative explanation could simply be that mantle exhumation continues as long as extension continues and not enough magma is formed to accommodate extension.
Agree. I think this is exactly what is happening. I will make this clearer in the revised manuscript.
L 289-291: This sounds contradictory with the statement on L 260-261, where it is stated that mantle serpentinization requires ultra-slow extension. Besides, it is not clear to me what is the logical link between the two parts of this sentence: "this piece-wise acceleration [...] may be sufficient to explain why unexhumed mantle serpentinization is so widespread". This should be clarified.
Agree. I will clarify the text further to avoid any contradiction.
L291-292: This would imply that no "failed rift" basin would display exhumed mantle. I find this statement a bit bold because the occurrence of exhumed mantle in the southern part of the Porcupine Basin cannot be ruled out.
Fair point. I will soften the statement in the revised manuscript.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2656-AC1
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RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2656', Frédéric Mouthereau, 02 Jan 2024
Review of paper entitled “Magma-poor continent-ocean transition zones of the southern North Atlantic: a wide-angle seismic synthesis of a new frontier” by J. Kim Welford
This paper presents a useful short review of the rifting processes involved at magma-poor continent-ocean transition zones based on geophysical data (especially seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection) across the margins of south North Atlantic (between 30°N and 65°N). The author conclude in proposing some future research directions. It is well written and geophysical constraints presented are useful. The study is somewhat qualitative. Considering the large amount of existing numerical models on the subject, perhaps some more informations e.g. on the extension velocities can be provided. I also suggest to consider the role of inheritance in its broader sense, that is considering the lithosphere mantle evolution. This would permit the full exploitation of maps presented in Figure 1 and Figure 9. My detailed comments are below.
Figure 1 and Figure 9: I note that there are several inconsistencies and relationships regarding the boundary between terranes/cratons (Avalonia, Gondwana) and the deformed variscan domain in western Europe and northern Africa (France, Morocco). For instance, northern morocco (MOR) is described as Gondwana but it should be included in the Variscan domain (reworked Gondwana). Actually the continental crust south of Avalonia is peri-gondwanan. this has a strong impact on architecture and rheology of MOR prior to rifting. Actually this means that the mantle (not only the crust) has been modified and this probably the main aspect of inheritance as the mantle lithosphere thickness (the most resistant part of the lithosphere) can vary a range much larger than the crust (crust is 40 km thick on average on Earth).
In addition, the drawing of the Variscan front to the North looks fine but the Rheic suture is to the south so Avalonia should also extend to the south of the variscan front. this problem is inherent to the presentation of both deformed orogenic domains and the crustal affinity domain. You can refer to Mouthereau et al. (2021) for the mapping in this area and perhaps find useful the description of the mantle evolution in that domain.
I also note that the Labrador Sea is presented to occur between Archean and Proterozoic crusts. But the lithosphere below Labrador has lost its archean root as it has been modified during Paleoproterozoic and the mantle is much younger thinned, and refertilized during the Neo-Proterozoic (Connelly et al., 2000; Tappe et al., 2006). This might be keys to explain why the rifting took this direction.
Regarding Figure 8 which synthesises geometries I am wondering if some systematics on lengths of OCTZ can be found associated with northward propagation of rifting. Lengths are possibly decreasing in the direction of transform zones. This is a feature that is predicted by 3D modelling of rifting (Jourdon et al., 2020). In the same line of thoughts, more numbers may extracted from these geophysical models such as the velocities integrated over the lifetime of OCTZ (from initiation of rifting to the onset of spreading).
I have other comments on the way RWAR results are presented. In case of serpentinised mantle I would expect the Moho reflections to be lacking. This is not shown for lines 1 and 2 of Fig. 2, line 3 and unclear in line 4 of Fig. 3, unclear for line 8 of fig. 4, and not shown for lines 12, 14 but it does for line 9 in Fig. 5. To me the same problem holds for next Fig. 6 as I see bodies of serpentinised mantle but it is unclear if its upper or lower limit actually refers to a Moho. As this is one of point the author raised in discussion 6.2 I think this should be made clear. Note I am not a geophysicist but I think these comments might help the general reader.
Line #38-40: Labails et al. (2010) indicate 190 Ma for the age of breakup and onset of oceanic spreading. How do you integrate this study in your geological background ?
line 715: Correct “detrital”
References :
Jourdon, A., Pourhiet, L.L., Mouthereau, F., May, D., 2020. Modes of Propagation of Continental Breakup and Associated Oblique Rift Structures. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 125. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jb019906
Mouthereau, F., Angrand, P., Jourdon, A., Ternois, S., Fillon, C., Calassou, S., Chevrot, S., Ford, M., Jolivet, L., Manatschal, G., Masini, E., Thinon, I., Vidal, O., Baudin, T., 2021. Cenozoic mountain building and topographic evolution in Western Europe: impact of billions of years of lithosphere evolution and plate kinematics. Bsgf - Earth Sci Bulletin 192, 56. https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2021040
Connelly, J.N., Gool, J.A. van, Mengel, F.C., 2000. Temporal evolution of a deeply eroded orogen: the Nagssugtoqidian Orogen, West Greenland. Can. J. Earth Sci. 37, 1121–1142. https://doi.org/10.1139/e00-032
TAPPE, S., FOLEY, S.F., JENNER, G.A., HEAMAN, L.M., KJARSGAARD, B.A., ROMER, R.L., STRACKE, A., JOYCE, N., HOEFS, J., 2006. Genesis of Ultramafic Lamprophyres and Carbonatites at Aillik Bay, Labrador: a Consequence of Incipient Lithospheric Thinning beneath the North Atlantic Craton. J. Pet. 47, 1261–1315. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egl008
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2656-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', J. Kim Welford, 11 Mar 2024
NOTE: Original comments in normal text with responses as bold italic text.
This paper presents a useful short review of the rifting processes involved at magma-poor continent-ocean transition zones based on geophysical data (especially seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection) across the margins of south North Atlantic (between 30°N and 65°N). The author conclude in proposing some future research directions. It is well written and geophysical constraints presented are useful. The study is somewhat qualitative. Considering the large amount of existing numerical models on the subject, perhaps some more informations e.g. on the extension velocities can be provided. I also suggest to consider the role of inheritance in its broader sense, that is considering the lithosphere mantle evolution. This would permit the full exploitation of maps presented in Figure 1 and Figure 9. My detailed comments are below.
Thank you for your constructive comments on the manuscript.
It is true that the comparisons are very qualitative in nature. In order to be able to quantify extension velocities, one would need to either find numerical modelling results that exactly match the features and geometries of specific RWAR profiles, or else extract them from deformable plate reconstructions. Given the variability in the showcased velocity models and the uncertainties inherent in the alternative methods mentioned, I would not be comfortable attempting such a quantitative analysis at the regional scale given available constraints. This certainly represents a compelling avenue for future research however.
Secondly, I agree that inheritance, particularly lithospheric mantle inheritance, likely plays an important role in rifting and how deeper processes are manifest in the shallower crust. The challenge here though is that, using wide-angle seismic methods, only the very most top of the mantle velocity structure is sampled (if at all), such that there is no information with which to interrogate lithospheric mantle structure on a sufficiently deep scale to enable discussion of how these features impact rifting, as captured in the velocity models.
Figure 1 and Figure 9: I note that there are several inconsistencies and relationships regarding the boundary between terranes/cratons (Avalonia, Gondwana) and the deformed variscan domain in western Europe and northern Africa (France, Morocco). For instance, northern morocco (MOR) is described as Gondwana but it should be included in the Variscan domain (reworked Gondwana). Actually the continental crust south of Avalonia is peri-gondwanan. this has a strong impact on architecture and rheology of MOR prior to rifting. Actually this means that the mantle (not only the crust) has been modified and this probably the main aspect of inheritance as the mantle lithosphere thickness (the most resistant part of the lithosphere) can vary a range much larger than the crust (crust is 40 km thick on average on Earth).
This is a very important point. I will edit both figures 1 and 9 to show Morocco, north of the High Atlas mountains, as being Variscan on the maps. Thank you for this comment.
In addition, the drawing of the Variscan front to the North looks fine but the Rheic suture is to the south so Avalonia should also extend to the south of the variscan front. this problem is inherent to the presentation of both deformed orogenic domains and the crustal affinity domain. You can refer to Mouthereau et al. (2021) for the mapping in this area and perhaps find useful the description of the mantle evolution in that domain.
Yes. I agree that Avalonia lies south of the Variscan front and as you mentioned, it is challenging to show both the orogenic domains and the crustal affinities within one map without making it significantly more complicated. I will refer to your 2021 paper for ideas on how to do this most effectively.
I also note that the Labrador Sea is presented to occur between Archean and Proterozoic crusts. But the lithosphere below Labrador has lost its archean root as it has been modified during Paleoproterozoic and the mantle is much younger thinned, and refertilized during the Neo-Proterozoic (Connelly et al., 2000; Tappe et al., 2006). This might be keys to explain why the rifting took this direction.
Yes. This is a compelling point that I will incorporate into the discussion.
Regarding Figure 8 which synthesises geometries I am wondering if some systematics on lengths of OCTZ can be found associated with northward propagation of rifting. Lengths are possibly decreasing in the direction of transform zones. This is a feature that is predicted by 3D modelling of rifting (Jourdon et al., 2020). In the same line of thoughts, more numbers may extracted from these geophysical models such as the velocities integrated over the lifetime of OCTZ (from initiation of rifting to the onset of spreading).
This is a very interesting point. Thank you for providing the Jourdon reference. I do not have a concrete answer just yet but will ponder this point in greater depth as I revise the manuscript. I would very much like to be able to extract additional quantifiable constraints from this synthesis and you provide one avenue for that.
I have other comments on the way RWAR results are presented. In case of serpentinised mantle I would expect the Moho reflections to be lacking. This is not shown for lines 1 and 2 of Fig. 2, line 3 and unclear in line 4 of Fig. 3, unclear for line 8 of fig. 4, and not shown for lines 12, 14 but it does for line 9 in Fig. 5. To me the same problem holds for next Fig. 6 as I see bodies of serpentinised mantle but it is unclear if its upper or lower limit actually refers to a Moho. As this is one of point the author raised in discussion 6.2 I think this should be made clear. Note I am not a geophysicist but I think these comments might help the general reader.
This is also a very good point. Where mantle is interpreted as exhumed, there should not be a Moho (although one could technically get a wide-angle reflection off of a serpentinization front if it is abrupt enough). The models presented in this synthesis show the model boundaries as presented in the original published manuscripts, where authors did not necessarily make this clear. This is definitely the case for the velocity models in Figure 2 from the Labrador Sea. For Figure 3, there is no issue because none of the serpentinized mantle is interpreted as exhumed. Line 8 in Figure 4 is particularly unusual because they interpret a high velocity lower crust below the Moho, when this should in fact be referred to as low velocity upper mantle. The variable character for the profiles in Figure 5 and Figure 6 are completely a function of how the models were obtained (forward modelling versus inversion). To your point, this definitely needs clarifying and I will endeavour to make this a great clearer in the revised manuscript.
Line #38-40: Labails et al. (2010) indicate 190 Ma for the age of breakup and onset of oceanic spreading. How do you integrate this study in your geological background ?
Excellent point. I will revisit this date and perhaps explicitly mention both.
line 715: Correct “detrital”
Good catch. Edited.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2656-AC2
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AC2: 'Reply on RC2', J. Kim Welford, 11 Mar 2024
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RC3: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2656', Georgios-Pavlos Farangitakis, 08 Feb 2024
General comments: This paper presents a synthesis of the evolutional models of magma-poor continent-ocean transition zones and their corresponding rifted margins using refraction and wide-angle reflection seismic focusing on the margins of the (south) North Atlantic. The study presents a good documentation, and -most importantly- standardization of the continent to ocean transition and its relative mantle and basement domains. When methodologies or studies have displayed bias or are generally sparsely sampled, this is clearly indicated and that adds to the integrity of this review. A discussion follows in the end with regards to the origin of this observed margin differentiation, supported by 3 very descriptive summarizing figures that help drive the point home.
The manuscript is overall very well written and reads really well. I believe there are two formative changes that could benefit this work as listed below and one change with regards to the content, (followed by some minor comments split per segment of the manuscript):
- It is unclear to me if this is the final format of the paper, however it would benefit significantly if the figures are directly below the part of the text discussing them. I.e. when I am reading section 5.2 I need to scroll up and down 3 pages. If this is just a final proofing issue please ignore this comment.
- On figures 2-6 it is unclear to me whether the interpretation of the basement and upper mantle along with the profile interpretation on the velocity cross-section is done from the author or the cited authors (or if one is an interpretation and the other is a direct translation).
- On the discussion about inheritance, the role of lower crustal to mantle inheritance (or rheological diversity) seems to not be considered enough. There are quite a few studies (i.e. Autin et al. 2013, Manatschal 2015, Heron et al. 2019, Farangitakis 2020) that indicate that the domains in a rift would be controlled by previous crustal inheritance (or mantle-straddling “seeds” even lower. Would that not in turn control the location of serpentinization?
Find below a list of minor specific comments for the manuscript content:
1 Introduction:
L20-24: This paragraph feels slightly out of order (Wilson cycle mentioned after magma content in rifts and not re-visited again in the manuscript). It could be omitted or reworked to start with the rift seeds in the deformation zones and then revert to how this relates to the Wilson cycle.
Figure 1: a) It might help to add the chron symbol & (corresponding) number in the legend (not all chrons, but an example) as it would help the reader know where to focus and what to look for.
b) Consider adding the word “select” behind the fracture zones as well, since not all fracture zones within the map are delineated/named.
L25-L28: This paragraph would benefit from a slight expansion on how the review is done (maybe expand the second sentence further). Also, the first sentence is written in active voice while the second is written in passive voice
2 Geological background:
L38: Would be useful to the reader to define where the “northernmost” point sits in the map (i.e. above the NAFZ, below the NAFZ?, or between 30 and 40 degrees etc)
3 Characterization of rifted margins:
L53: “manifested” instead of “manifest”
L58: A citation for the COTs would add consistency as done with each of the previous settings in the paragraph.
4 Geophysical Methods:
L85: Consider a sentence that explains the reduction bias mentioned between using FMRT vs TI methods.
5 Geophysical Constraints:
L174: “both” needs to be removed.
L185-191 & Figure 5: The J anomaly is quite extensively mentioned in this text segment; however it is not clear where it is in any of the map or cross-sections.
6 Discussion:
L261: Consider adding a representative velocity for the “ultra-slow” rifting to help clarify the relative velocity.
Pavlos Farangitakis
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2656-RC3 -
AC3: 'Reply on RC3', J. Kim Welford, 11 Mar 2024
NOTE: Original comments in normal text with responses as bold italic text.
General comments: This paper presents a synthesis of the evolutional models of magma-poor continent-ocean transition zones and their corresponding rifted margins using refraction and wide-angle reflection seismic focusing on the margins of the (south) North Atlantic. The study presents a good documentation, and -most importantly- standardization of the continent to ocean transition and its relative mantle and basement domains. When methodologies or studies have displayed bias or are generally sparsely sampled, this is clearly indicated and that adds to the integrity of this review. A discussion follows in the end with regards to the origin of this observed margin differentiation, supported by 3 very descriptive summarizing figures that help drive the point home.
Thank you for your review of the manuscript and your constructive comments.
The manuscript is overall very well written and reads really well. I believe there are two formative changes that could benefit this work as listed below and one change with regards to the content, (followed by some minor comments split per segment of the manuscript):
- It is unclear to me if this is the final format of the paper, however it would benefit significantly if the figures are directly below the part of the text discussing them. I.e. when I am reading section 5.2 I need to scroll up and down 3 pages. If this is just a final proofing issue please ignore this comment.
I will attempt to fix this in the revised manuscript for easier reading. The manuscript was originally formatted in LaTeX and later converted to a Word document for submission. There may be room to adjust things.
- On figures 2-6 it is unclear to me whether the interpretation of the basement and upper mantle along with the profile interpretation on the velocity cross-section is done from the author or the cited authors (or if one is an interpretation and the other is a direct translation).
This is an excellent point, also raised by another reviewer. I am adding a methodology section to the revised manuscript to make this point very clear. Briefly, the interpretations were mostly inherited from the published works, although I did use some degree of artistic license depending on the vintage of the model and how specifically it was described in the original paper.
- On the discussion about inheritance, the role of lower crustal to mantle inheritance (or rheological diversity) seems to not be considered enough. There are quite a few studies (i.e. Autin et al. 2013, Manatschal 2015, Heron et al. 2019, Farangitakis 2020) that indicate that the domains in a rift would be controlled by previous crustal inheritance (or mantle-straddling “seeds” even lower. Would that not in turn control the location of serpentinization?
This is another strong point, also raised by another reviewer. I agree absolutely that mantle inheritance may be controlling a great deal of the localization of serpentinization. The challenge in this synthesis is that the models are primarily crustal models, with occasional sampling of the topmost underlying mantle. Therefore, the velocity models just don’t provide enough constraints for an in-depth discussion. That being said, in the revised manuscript, I will address this limitation of using RWAR velocity models as the primary means of addressing serpentinization trends.
Find below a list of minor specific comments for the manuscript content:
1 Introduction:
L20-24: This paragraph feels slightly out of order (Wilson cycle mentioned after magma content in rifts and not re-visited again in the manuscript). It could be omitted or reworked to start with the rift seeds in the deformation zones and then revert to how this relates to the Wilson cycle.
Agree. I will rearrange the text and bring the Wilson cycle discussion back later in the manuscript.
Figure 1: a) It might help to add the chron symbol & (corresponding) number in the legend (not all chrons, but an example) as it would help the reader know where to focus and what to look for.
Agree. Very good point. This will be done for the revised manuscript.
b) Consider adding the word “select” behind the fracture zones as well, since not all fracture zones within the map are delineated/named.
Agree. Very good point. This will be done for the revised manuscript.
L25-L28: This paragraph would benefit from a slight expansion on how the review is done (maybe expand the second sentence further). Also, the first sentence is written in active voice while the second is written in passive voice
Agree. A methodological section is being added to make the review process a great deal clearer. I will also check the text for consistent use of active voice.
2 Geological background:
L38: Would be useful to the reader to define where the “northernmost” point sits in the map (i.e. above the NAFZ, below the NAFZ?, or between 30 and 40 degrees etc)
Agree. Good point. It does correspond to the NAFZ. I will make this clear in the revised text.
3 Characterization of rifted margins:
L53: “manifested” instead of “manifest”
Agree. Done.
L58: A citation for the COTs would add consistency as done with each of the previous settings in the paragraph.
Agree. A citation will be added.
4 Geophysical Methods:
L85: Consider a sentence that explains the reduction bias mentioned between using FMRT vs TI methods.
I am not entirely clear on what you mean by the reduction bias here. Are you able to specify?
5 Geophysical Constraints:
L174: “both” needs to be removed.
Agree. Done.
L185-191 & Figure 5: The J anomaly is quite extensively mentioned in this text segment; however it is not clear where it is in any of the map or cross-sections.
Agree. Very good point. I will add it to several of the maps for reference.
6 Discussion:
L261: Consider adding a representative velocity for the “ultra-slow” rifting to help clarify the relative velocity.
Agree. I will add such a velocity in the revised manuscript text.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2656-AC3
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