the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 02 Nov 2023
Extensive palaeo-surfaces beneath the Evans-Rutford region of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet control modern and past ice flow
Abstract. The subglacial landscape of Antarctica records and influences the behaviour of its overlying ice sheet. However, in many places, the evolution of the landscape and its control on ice sheet behaviour has not been investigated in detail. Using recently released radio-echo sounding data, we investigate the subglacial landscape of the Evans-Rutford region of West Antarctica. Following quantitative analysis of the landscape morphology under ice-loaded and unloaded conditions, we identify ten flat surfaces distributed across the region. Across these ten surfaces, we identify two distinct populations based on clustering of elevations, which potentially represent remnants of regionally coherent pre-glacial surfaces underlying the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS). The surfaces are bounded by deeply incised glacial troughs, some of which have potential tectonic controls. We assess two hypotheses for the evolution of the regional landscape: (1) passive margin evolution associated with the breakup of the Gondwana supercontinent, or (2) an extensive planation surface that may have been uplifted either in association with the West Antarctic Rift System or cessation of subduction at the base of the Antarctic Peninsula. We suggest that passive margin evolution is most likely of these two mechanisms, with the erosion of glacial troughs adjacent to, and incising, the flat surfaces likely having coincided with the growth of the WAIS. These flat surfaces also demonstrate similarities to other identified surfaces, indicating that a similar formational process may have been acting more widely around the Weddell Sea Embayment. The subsequent fluctuations of ice flow, basal thermal regime and erosion patterns of the WAIS are therefore controlled by the regional tectonic structures.
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The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
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Journal article(s) based on this preprint
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2433', David Sugden, 19 Dec 2023
C.M. Carter et al. Palaeo-surfaces, Evans-Rutford area.
This is an excellent paper adding new insights into the bed of a significant part of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. The paper describes, analyses and interprets the bed topography extending across parts of the southern Antarctic Peninsula, the West Antarctic Rift System and the Weddell Sea Rift System. Better knowledge of the bed of Antarctica is important both for understanding current ice sheet dynamics and in elaborating geological evolution. The scientific background to this is covered effectively.
What is exciting is that the authors discover two extensive and coherent flattish surfaces that are incised by steep glacial troughs. They argue that the surfaces are relict and have been protected beneath cold-based, slow-moving ice and that glacial erosion has been selective and largely confined to the troughs. The subglacial landscape predates ice-sheet glaciation in Antarctica and is reminiscent of similar landscapes studied in the formerly glaciated areas of the Northern Hemisphere although on a grander scale. The authors put forward two interpretations. First, the surfaces represent fluvial landscape evolution following the break-up of Gondwana, similar to that for example in Southern Africa. In such a passive margin environment, the high surface is the former interior surface of Gondwana and the lower surface is related to fluvial erosion to the new lower sea level following break up. The second hypothesis for flat surface formation is through the planation of an extensive surface throughout the region by marine erosion. They favour the first explanation.
The paper brings together new results from three extensive radio-echo sounding surveys and analyses the topography along the radar lines in order to pick up sharp contrasts in slope, such as an escarpment or steep trough wall. This approach is highly effective in identifying coherent landforms. Overall, the paper relies on quantitative analysis and the hypsometry results are particularly striking, especially when applied to an isostatically rebounded topography. The figures on both methods and the results are excellent and allow a reader to follow the approach clearly and in detail.
An additional point of interest is to find that a similar pattern of two surfaces of similar elevations have been observed 400 km away across a micro plate boundary on the flanks of Institute and Möller ice streams. The similarity supports the passive margin fluvial origin for the surfaces.
I wondered whether they might comment on another way of establishing fluvial activity by the recognition of river valley patterns. I was struck by the dendritic pattern at the head of Evans Glacier (Fig 2c) and the angles of the confluences that are characteristic of fluvial activity. This pattern also features on either side of surfaces 7 in Fig 5. Also suggestive is the sinuous talweg of the valley between surfaces 3 and 4, a typical fluvial signal. Perhaps the crenulated margins of surface 6 is best explained by fluvial activity? Are any of these points worth a mention?
The Discussion is full and careful in considering the two hypotheses.
As a geomorphologist, I find the marine hypothesis difficult to believe. Inherited from the mid-20th Century, there has been a view that marine erosion can erode extensive surfaces. But the problem is that the erosion is attributed to wave action and that on a slope from the coast to the sea, wave action is unlikely to be able to erode a platform more than a few 100s of metres across. Here we are talking of gently sloping surfaces measuring tens by hundreds of km. Marine planation as an extensive process of erosion would have to rely on an unlikely relationship with relative sea level over millions of years. Perhaps it would be clearer to argue that the change of relative sea level may allow rivers to erode a landscape to near sea level. Indeed, following plate tectonic separation, there are new coastlines and a passive margin situation is perfect for low-relief plains to form inland of and parallel to the new coast, as in Namibia which they quote. Having said this, I am all for the authors keeping discussion of both hypotheses in the paper – if perhaps nuanced.
More details.
Line134 – I do like the way you deal with the difference between Bedmachine interpolation and your radar line approach.
Line 228. Floors not flows?
Fig 8. Really interesting to see the effect of isostatic rebound on the hypsometry.
Line 338 You seem to push the wave cut hypotheses over large areas.
Lines 416-418. The coastal plain here today is nearer 10 km wide rather than 100km. I would be tempted to add the reference to Fitzgerald, 1992 instead of Sugden and Jamieson, since this is the main source of the figure of 4 km, and cut the last sentence. The reference is: Fitzgerald, P.G. 1992. The Transantarctic Mountains of southern Victoria Land: the application of fission track analysis to a rift shoulder uplift. Tectonics,11, 634-662.
Line 472. After Ollier. Add Summerfield, M.A., (Ed), 2000. Geomorphology and global tectonics. Wiley, 367 pp. for a comprehensive review?
DES. 19 12 1923
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2433-RC1 - AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Charlotte Carter, 11 Mar 2024
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RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2433', Anonymous Referee #2, 16 Feb 2024
Review of Extensive palaeo-surfaces beneath the Evans-Rutford region of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet control modern and past ice flow by C. M. Carter et al.
General comments
This paper discusses the formation process of subglacial topography using existing data from Bedmachine and acquired RES data. It suggests that the formation period of flat surfaces was before the formation of West Antarctic Ice Sheet, and suggests that the direction of ice flow is influenced by pre-glacial topography. It is an interesting study that provides insights into the process of ice sheet formation and the formation of subglacial landscape. It fits within the scope of the journal and is judged as publication.There is a need to describe deeper into the correction for rebound. I think that the GIA model adopts a 2D structure of the Earth, but is it correct to understand that the parameters follow Paxman et al. (2021)? In this case, the rebound values should vary by the model adopted, but how much variance is there? I would like that variance to be documented in Table 1. Additionally, could the choice of Earth's structure significantly influence the results of the isostatic rebound elevation distribution and impact the discussion?Specific and technical comments
- Please cite the software used for creating the maps.
- Line 118: Please remove the comma between subglacial and processes.
- Specify Marine Byrd Land in Figure 3.
- Line 186: An explanation of the abbreviation of TORUS has already appeared.
- Adding a map to Figure 5 that makes it easier to identify flat surfaces (by narrowing down the elevations for coloring and enlarging the region) would make it clearer for the readers.
- In Figure 6, please arrange the map first and the cross-section afterwards, e.g., moving position A to B, and B to A.
- For Figure 8c, indicate which flat surfaces correspond to which peaks.
- In lines L282-L286, including V-shaped valley and Talutis Inlet on the map would make it easier for readers to follow.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2433-RC2 - AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Charlotte Carter, 11 Mar 2024
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2433', David Sugden, 19 Dec 2023
C.M. Carter et al. Palaeo-surfaces, Evans-Rutford area.
This is an excellent paper adding new insights into the bed of a significant part of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. The paper describes, analyses and interprets the bed topography extending across parts of the southern Antarctic Peninsula, the West Antarctic Rift System and the Weddell Sea Rift System. Better knowledge of the bed of Antarctica is important both for understanding current ice sheet dynamics and in elaborating geological evolution. The scientific background to this is covered effectively.
What is exciting is that the authors discover two extensive and coherent flattish surfaces that are incised by steep glacial troughs. They argue that the surfaces are relict and have been protected beneath cold-based, slow-moving ice and that glacial erosion has been selective and largely confined to the troughs. The subglacial landscape predates ice-sheet glaciation in Antarctica and is reminiscent of similar landscapes studied in the formerly glaciated areas of the Northern Hemisphere although on a grander scale. The authors put forward two interpretations. First, the surfaces represent fluvial landscape evolution following the break-up of Gondwana, similar to that for example in Southern Africa. In such a passive margin environment, the high surface is the former interior surface of Gondwana and the lower surface is related to fluvial erosion to the new lower sea level following break up. The second hypothesis for flat surface formation is through the planation of an extensive surface throughout the region by marine erosion. They favour the first explanation.
The paper brings together new results from three extensive radio-echo sounding surveys and analyses the topography along the radar lines in order to pick up sharp contrasts in slope, such as an escarpment or steep trough wall. This approach is highly effective in identifying coherent landforms. Overall, the paper relies on quantitative analysis and the hypsometry results are particularly striking, especially when applied to an isostatically rebounded topography. The figures on both methods and the results are excellent and allow a reader to follow the approach clearly and in detail.
An additional point of interest is to find that a similar pattern of two surfaces of similar elevations have been observed 400 km away across a micro plate boundary on the flanks of Institute and Möller ice streams. The similarity supports the passive margin fluvial origin for the surfaces.
I wondered whether they might comment on another way of establishing fluvial activity by the recognition of river valley patterns. I was struck by the dendritic pattern at the head of Evans Glacier (Fig 2c) and the angles of the confluences that are characteristic of fluvial activity. This pattern also features on either side of surfaces 7 in Fig 5. Also suggestive is the sinuous talweg of the valley between surfaces 3 and 4, a typical fluvial signal. Perhaps the crenulated margins of surface 6 is best explained by fluvial activity? Are any of these points worth a mention?
The Discussion is full and careful in considering the two hypotheses.
As a geomorphologist, I find the marine hypothesis difficult to believe. Inherited from the mid-20th Century, there has been a view that marine erosion can erode extensive surfaces. But the problem is that the erosion is attributed to wave action and that on a slope from the coast to the sea, wave action is unlikely to be able to erode a platform more than a few 100s of metres across. Here we are talking of gently sloping surfaces measuring tens by hundreds of km. Marine planation as an extensive process of erosion would have to rely on an unlikely relationship with relative sea level over millions of years. Perhaps it would be clearer to argue that the change of relative sea level may allow rivers to erode a landscape to near sea level. Indeed, following plate tectonic separation, there are new coastlines and a passive margin situation is perfect for low-relief plains to form inland of and parallel to the new coast, as in Namibia which they quote. Having said this, I am all for the authors keeping discussion of both hypotheses in the paper – if perhaps nuanced.
More details.
Line134 – I do like the way you deal with the difference between Bedmachine interpolation and your radar line approach.
Line 228. Floors not flows?
Fig 8. Really interesting to see the effect of isostatic rebound on the hypsometry.
Line 338 You seem to push the wave cut hypotheses over large areas.
Lines 416-418. The coastal plain here today is nearer 10 km wide rather than 100km. I would be tempted to add the reference to Fitzgerald, 1992 instead of Sugden and Jamieson, since this is the main source of the figure of 4 km, and cut the last sentence. The reference is: Fitzgerald, P.G. 1992. The Transantarctic Mountains of southern Victoria Land: the application of fission track analysis to a rift shoulder uplift. Tectonics,11, 634-662.
Line 472. After Ollier. Add Summerfield, M.A., (Ed), 2000. Geomorphology and global tectonics. Wiley, 367 pp. for a comprehensive review?
DES. 19 12 1923
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2433-RC1 - AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Charlotte Carter, 11 Mar 2024
-
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2433', Anonymous Referee #2, 16 Feb 2024
Review of Extensive palaeo-surfaces beneath the Evans-Rutford region of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet control modern and past ice flow by C. M. Carter et al.
General comments
This paper discusses the formation process of subglacial topography using existing data from Bedmachine and acquired RES data. It suggests that the formation period of flat surfaces was before the formation of West Antarctic Ice Sheet, and suggests that the direction of ice flow is influenced by pre-glacial topography. It is an interesting study that provides insights into the process of ice sheet formation and the formation of subglacial landscape. It fits within the scope of the journal and is judged as publication.There is a need to describe deeper into the correction for rebound. I think that the GIA model adopts a 2D structure of the Earth, but is it correct to understand that the parameters follow Paxman et al. (2021)? In this case, the rebound values should vary by the model adopted, but how much variance is there? I would like that variance to be documented in Table 1. Additionally, could the choice of Earth's structure significantly influence the results of the isostatic rebound elevation distribution and impact the discussion?Specific and technical comments
- Please cite the software used for creating the maps.
- Line 118: Please remove the comma between subglacial and processes.
- Specify Marine Byrd Land in Figure 3.
- Line 186: An explanation of the abbreviation of TORUS has already appeared.
- Adding a map to Figure 5 that makes it easier to identify flat surfaces (by narrowing down the elevations for coloring and enlarging the region) would make it clearer for the readers.
- In Figure 6, please arrange the map first and the cross-section afterwards, e.g., moving position A to B, and B to A.
- For Figure 8c, indicate which flat surfaces correspond to which peaks.
- In lines L282-L286, including V-shaped valley and Talutis Inlet on the map would make it easier for readers to follow.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2433-RC2 - AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Charlotte Carter, 11 Mar 2024
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Charlotte M. Carter
Michael J. Bentley
Stewart S. R. Jamieson
Guy J. G. Paxman
Tom A. Jordan
Julien A. Bodart
Neil Ross
Felipe Napoleoni
The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
- Preprint
(3025 KB) - Metadata XML