Geomorphic risk maps for river migration using probabilistic modeling &ndash; a framework

Noh, Brayden; Wani, Omar; Dunne, Kieran B. J.; Lamb, Michael P.

doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2190

Preprints

https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2190

Preprints

13 Dec 2023

| 13 Dec 2023

Geomorphic risk maps for river migration using probabilistic modeling – a framework

Brayden Noh, Omar Wani, Kieran B. J. Dunne, and Michael P. Lamb

Abstract. Lateral migration of meandering rivers poses erosional risks to human settlements, roads, and infrastructure in alluvial floodplains. While there is a large body of scientific literature on the dominant mechanisms driving river migration, it is still not possible to accurately predict river meander evolution over multiple years. This is in part because we don't fully understand the relative contribution of each mechanism and because deterministic mathematical models are not equipped to account for stochasticity in the system. Besides, uncertainty due to model-structure deficits and unknown parameter values remains. For a more reliable assessment of risks, we, therefore, need probabilistic forecasts. Here, we present a workflow to generate geomorphic risk maps for river migration using probabilistic modeling. We start with a simple geometric model for river migration, where nominal migration rates increase with local and upstream curvature. We then account for model structure deficits using smooth random functions. Probabilistic forecasts for river channel position over time are generated by monte carlo runs using a distribution of model parameter values inferred from satellite data. We provide a recipe for parameter inference within the Bayesian framework. We demonstrate that such risk maps are relatively more informative in avoiding false negatives, which can be both detrimental and costly, in the context of assessing erosional hazards due to river migration. Our results show that with longer prediction time horizons, the spatial uncertainty of erosional hazard within the entire channel belt increases – with more geographical area falling within 25 % < probability < 75 %. However, forecasts also become more confident about erosion for regions immediately in the vicinity of the river, especially on its cut-bank side. Probabilistic modeling thus allows us to quantify our degree of confidence – which is spatially and temporally variable – in river migration forecasts. We also note that to increase the reliability of these risk maps, we need to describe the first-order dynamics in our model to a reasonable degree of accuracy, and simple geometric models do not always possess such accuracy.

Received: 24 Sep 2023 – Discussion started: 13 Dec 2023

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Brayden Noh, Omar Wani, Kieran B. J. Dunne, and Michael P. Lamb

Status: closed

RC1:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-2190', Keith Beven, 19 Dec 2023

This paper represents a valuable first attempt to provide a practical approach to the probabilistic modelling of meander plan migration, with an application to satellite data for the Ueayali river in the Amazon basin.   As such, it is a bit outside my normal expertise, but I do have more experience of trying to apply probabilistic methods to deterministic knowledge in hydrological and other environmental applications.    As such, one of the things that is lacking here is any recognition of the past discussions of epistemic and aleatory uncertainties in environmental applications and their consequences for model testing and uncertainty quantification. The main lesson learned, in fact, is that there is no right answer – what comes out depends on the assumptions made. Here, I suspect that a professional statistician would be reasonably happy with the assumptions made since the problem has been shoehorned into a formal statistical framework (with consequent discussion in the paper about the possibility of variability of parameters in time and space).

But are those assumptions correct?    A comment on Figure 6 suggests that “the parameters gravitate towards the same values” (L347).   Even in the hypothetical case, where the assumptions are mostly me by definition this is surely not the case – there is a move of the migration coefficient away from the true value.   Is the result therefore being biased by the likelihood function?   The differences for the actual application are even more marked (the later discussion is more realistic in this respect.

But in Figure 8, the model actually seems to fail since the observed channel moves outside of the uncertainty bounds.   This makes me wonder if it was necessary to restrict the model in both time (why only to 1995, that is nearly 30 years ago now, what about the data since?) and space (why only 4 meanders?) to demonstrate some degree of success.

So one of the questions (again with much discussion elsewhere but not here) is how far the uncertainty component is actually compensating for the model deficiencies and at what point should the underlying model be considered invalid (see the discussion of model invalidation in Beven and Lane, HP 2022, and references therein).

Certainly other possibilities for model evaluation and uncertainty estimation would be possible within a less formal Bayesian framework (and not only ABC with a similar formal likelihood).   The additive formulation with imposed smoothing here, for example, implicitly imposes a correlation structure in the spatial random component (figure 6) that might not be stationary and could perhaps be better considered explicitly, given that the random component might not be independent of the parameter set as assumed in Eqn.2.

In fact, each model run has its own set of residuals that will not necessarily have common structure or parameters.   To assume that they have certainly simplifies the analysis – but it is again an assumption (not “by definition” as stated on L206 – other choices would be possible).

One of the questions that has been discussed in the hydrological literature is whether the input data might be disinformative in model evaluations. In fact in your case, there are no real inputs as such apart from the initial plan form, but there is perhaps a certain possibility here in terms of the sequencing for meander forming events relative to the times at which images are available.   Experience suggests that sometimes extreme events can be significant in migration (perhaps less so in this Amazon case for a 10 year period?). But this will be an additional epistemic uncertainty associated with the modelling assumptions.

So, in conclusion, I suggest that some revision of the paper is needed to reflect some of the issues raised above, both in querying the choice of assumptions as the methods are presented, and in the discussion (especially in how epistemic uncertainties are being formulated as if they are purely aleatory). I would very much like to see extension to more meanders and longer time scales (surely the data are available) as I suspect that this might reveal more limitations of the assumptions – but I accept that might not be possible.   This is already a useful first attempt at uncertainty estimation of such a problem.

[As an aside, perhaps for future studies you might consider a limits of acceptability approach to model evaluation?]

Keith Beven

Some other comments

Equation 2.   Theta should be included in g(), even if you then later assume independence

L135. The thing about epistemic errors including model structural errors due to oversimplification is that they are not necessarily systematic – that is what makes strong statistical assumptions often difficult to justify.

L141. The equifinality thesis has quite a long history in hydrology (see e.g. Beven, 2009, Environmental Modelling – An Uncertain Future?)

L154. There is a lot of experience with model evaluations and uncertainty estimation of flood risk maps (some mentioned in the Beven and Lane paper)

L157. Follow some parametric distribution in the limit.   You can assume that of course, but this is a nonlinear model subject to epistemic uncertainties so will not necessarily foloow in tie or space.

L374/5. Going out in the field.   An interesting comment since you are not using a process model and you can get satellite images (and therefore explicitly quantify actual patterns of residuals) relatively frequently – so what would you actually measure?    Might you might not better suggest allowing data assimilation in updating the forecasts (or will that be the next paper using more up to date images?)?

This could obviously be done in space too, working from bend to bend (L388ff) rather than as a spatially distributed inverse problem with all the interactions between bend parameter sets – since the best prior estimate of the distribution of parameters for each bend should be that of the upstream bend (unless there is information otherwise).

L438.   But in your case the observations are informative in the hypothetical case because the assumptions are consistent.   In the real case they are not but the observations might still be informative – for example in showing that your model is wrong (as suggested by Figure 8).

Reference
Beven, K. J. and Lane, S., 2022. On (in)validating environmental models. 1. Principles for formulating a Turing-like Test for determining when a model is fit-for purpose. Hydrological Processes, 36(10), e14704, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14704.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2190-RC1
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Omar Wani, 18 Mar 2024
  
  The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2023/egusphere-2023-2190/egusphere-2023-2190-AC1-supplement.pdf
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2190-AC1
RC2:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-2190', Anonymous Referee #2, 06 Feb 2024

This new and valuable contribution sets out a probabilistic approach to the simulation of river meander migration that allows the generation of so-called geomorphic risk maps. The approach is potentially extremely valuable in that the derived risk maps offer a much more nuanced insight into the likelihood of different parts of the channel's floodplain being occupied. The paper is very well written and clearly argued throughout, so what follows might, for the most part, be regarded as minor queries/points of clarification rather than major critiques.
1) At Line 25 it is argued that there is some evidence that larger rivers (when averaged globally) migrate faster than smaller ones. However, the data on this is equivocal and it might be helpful to indicate a broader range of supporting (or conflicting) literature than just the recent analysis by Langhorst and Pavelsky. Part of the issue here is the qualitative nature of the term larger, alongside how rates of migration are actually defined. For example, an empirical data compendium assembled by Marco Van de Wiel has shown that, when normalised by their channel width, the rates of lateral migration of the largest rivers are surprisingly low (and often lower than 'smaller' rivers).
2) At Line 54, it could be useful for the reader to include some citations to highlight examples of previous risk-mapping approaches of the type referred to here.
3) One of my more substantial critiques of this work concerns the introduction of the Howard-Knutson framework that is the basis for the analysis that follows. This is initially introduced at L95 and I felt that it would be helpful to introduce here some of the limitations (including those identified in prior empirical work) of that approach, in particular examples of where the simple assumed relationship between curvature and migration breaks down. In fairness the authors do address these limitations towards the end of the work, but by deferring that discussion the reader is left with a slightly false impression of the potential capabilities of the modelling framework. Given that one of the key advantages of a probabilistic approach is that it could potentially highlight incidences of unusual river behaviour (especially behaviour that is low probability but high consequence) then the exclusion of instances of channel migration that do not conform to the Howard-Knutson model, but which are known to occur in nature, is regrettable. It is of course very difficult to include all such instances in a single model, especially when the main aim of the paper is to highlight a new methodological framework. But I do feel that addressing this unavoidable difficulty head-on and early would be helpful to readers.
4) Is it really the case (L117-118) that the aim is to capture only the most likely evolution and not the whole suite of possibilities/probabilities? The former feels much more limiting than the latter.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2190-RC2
- AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Omar Wani, 18 Mar 2024
  
  The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2023/egusphere-2023-2190/egusphere-2023-2190-AC2-supplement.pdf
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2190-AC2

Status: closed

RC1:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-2190', Keith Beven, 19 Dec 2023

This paper represents a valuable first attempt to provide a practical approach to the probabilistic modelling of meander plan migration, with an application to satellite data for the Ueayali river in the Amazon basin.   As such, it is a bit outside my normal expertise, but I do have more experience of trying to apply probabilistic methods to deterministic knowledge in hydrological and other environmental applications.    As such, one of the things that is lacking here is any recognition of the past discussions of epistemic and aleatory uncertainties in environmental applications and their consequences for model testing and uncertainty quantification. The main lesson learned, in fact, is that there is no right answer – what comes out depends on the assumptions made. Here, I suspect that a professional statistician would be reasonably happy with the assumptions made since the problem has been shoehorned into a formal statistical framework (with consequent discussion in the paper about the possibility of variability of parameters in time and space).

But are those assumptions correct?    A comment on Figure 6 suggests that “the parameters gravitate towards the same values” (L347).   Even in the hypothetical case, where the assumptions are mostly me by definition this is surely not the case – there is a move of the migration coefficient away from the true value.   Is the result therefore being biased by the likelihood function?   The differences for the actual application are even more marked (the later discussion is more realistic in this respect.

But in Figure 8, the model actually seems to fail since the observed channel moves outside of the uncertainty bounds.   This makes me wonder if it was necessary to restrict the model in both time (why only to 1995, that is nearly 30 years ago now, what about the data since?) and space (why only 4 meanders?) to demonstrate some degree of success.

So one of the questions (again with much discussion elsewhere but not here) is how far the uncertainty component is actually compensating for the model deficiencies and at what point should the underlying model be considered invalid (see the discussion of model invalidation in Beven and Lane, HP 2022, and references therein).

Certainly other possibilities for model evaluation and uncertainty estimation would be possible within a less formal Bayesian framework (and not only ABC with a similar formal likelihood).   The additive formulation with imposed smoothing here, for example, implicitly imposes a correlation structure in the spatial random component (figure 6) that might not be stationary and could perhaps be better considered explicitly, given that the random component might not be independent of the parameter set as assumed in Eqn.2.

In fact, each model run has its own set of residuals that will not necessarily have common structure or parameters.   To assume that they have certainly simplifies the analysis – but it is again an assumption (not “by definition” as stated on L206 – other choices would be possible).

One of the questions that has been discussed in the hydrological literature is whether the input data might be disinformative in model evaluations. In fact in your case, there are no real inputs as such apart from the initial plan form, but there is perhaps a certain possibility here in terms of the sequencing for meander forming events relative to the times at which images are available.   Experience suggests that sometimes extreme events can be significant in migration (perhaps less so in this Amazon case for a 10 year period?). But this will be an additional epistemic uncertainty associated with the modelling assumptions.

So, in conclusion, I suggest that some revision of the paper is needed to reflect some of the issues raised above, both in querying the choice of assumptions as the methods are presented, and in the discussion (especially in how epistemic uncertainties are being formulated as if they are purely aleatory). I would very much like to see extension to more meanders and longer time scales (surely the data are available) as I suspect that this might reveal more limitations of the assumptions – but I accept that might not be possible.   This is already a useful first attempt at uncertainty estimation of such a problem.

[As an aside, perhaps for future studies you might consider a limits of acceptability approach to model evaluation?]

Keith Beven

Some other comments

Equation 2.   Theta should be included in g(), even if you then later assume independence

L135. The thing about epistemic errors including model structural errors due to oversimplification is that they are not necessarily systematic – that is what makes strong statistical assumptions often difficult to justify.

L141. The equifinality thesis has quite a long history in hydrology (see e.g. Beven, 2009, Environmental Modelling – An Uncertain Future?)

L154. There is a lot of experience with model evaluations and uncertainty estimation of flood risk maps (some mentioned in the Beven and Lane paper)

L157. Follow some parametric distribution in the limit.   You can assume that of course, but this is a nonlinear model subject to epistemic uncertainties so will not necessarily foloow in tie or space.

L374/5. Going out in the field.   An interesting comment since you are not using a process model and you can get satellite images (and therefore explicitly quantify actual patterns of residuals) relatively frequently – so what would you actually measure?    Might you might not better suggest allowing data assimilation in updating the forecasts (or will that be the next paper using more up to date images?)?

This could obviously be done in space too, working from bend to bend (L388ff) rather than as a spatially distributed inverse problem with all the interactions between bend parameter sets – since the best prior estimate of the distribution of parameters for each bend should be that of the upstream bend (unless there is information otherwise).

L438.   But in your case the observations are informative in the hypothetical case because the assumptions are consistent.   In the real case they are not but the observations might still be informative – for example in showing that your model is wrong (as suggested by Figure 8).

Reference
Beven, K. J. and Lane, S., 2022. On (in)validating environmental models. 1. Principles for formulating a Turing-like Test for determining when a model is fit-for purpose. Hydrological Processes, 36(10), e14704, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14704.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2190-RC1
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Omar Wani, 18 Mar 2024
  
  The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2023/egusphere-2023-2190/egusphere-2023-2190-AC1-supplement.pdf
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2190-AC1
RC2:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-2190', Anonymous Referee #2, 06 Feb 2024

This new and valuable contribution sets out a probabilistic approach to the simulation of river meander migration that allows the generation of so-called geomorphic risk maps. The approach is potentially extremely valuable in that the derived risk maps offer a much more nuanced insight into the likelihood of different parts of the channel's floodplain being occupied. The paper is very well written and clearly argued throughout, so what follows might, for the most part, be regarded as minor queries/points of clarification rather than major critiques.
1) At Line 25 it is argued that there is some evidence that larger rivers (when averaged globally) migrate faster than smaller ones. However, the data on this is equivocal and it might be helpful to indicate a broader range of supporting (or conflicting) literature than just the recent analysis by Langhorst and Pavelsky. Part of the issue here is the qualitative nature of the term larger, alongside how rates of migration are actually defined. For example, an empirical data compendium assembled by Marco Van de Wiel has shown that, when normalised by their channel width, the rates of lateral migration of the largest rivers are surprisingly low (and often lower than 'smaller' rivers).
2) At Line 54, it could be useful for the reader to include some citations to highlight examples of previous risk-mapping approaches of the type referred to here.
3) One of my more substantial critiques of this work concerns the introduction of the Howard-Knutson framework that is the basis for the analysis that follows. This is initially introduced at L95 and I felt that it would be helpful to introduce here some of the limitations (including those identified in prior empirical work) of that approach, in particular examples of where the simple assumed relationship between curvature and migration breaks down. In fairness the authors do address these limitations towards the end of the work, but by deferring that discussion the reader is left with a slightly false impression of the potential capabilities of the modelling framework. Given that one of the key advantages of a probabilistic approach is that it could potentially highlight incidences of unusual river behaviour (especially behaviour that is low probability but high consequence) then the exclusion of instances of channel migration that do not conform to the Howard-Knutson model, but which are known to occur in nature, is regrettable. It is of course very difficult to include all such instances in a single model, especially when the main aim of the paper is to highlight a new methodological framework. But I do feel that addressing this unavoidable difficulty head-on and early would be helpful to readers.
4) Is it really the case (L117-118) that the aim is to capture only the most likely evolution and not the whole suite of possibilities/probabilities? The former feels much more limiting than the latter.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2190-RC2
- AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Omar Wani, 18 Mar 2024
  
  The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2023/egusphere-2023-2190/egusphere-2023-2190-AC2-supplement.pdf
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2190-AC2

Brayden Noh, Omar Wani, Kieran B. J. Dunne, and Michael P. Lamb

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Short summary

In this manuscript, we propose a methodology to generate risk maps that provide the probabilities of erosion due to river migration. This methodology uses concepts from probability theory to learn the parameter values of the river migration model from satellite data while taking into account parameter uncertainty. Our analysis shows that such geomorphic risk estimation is more reliable than models that don't explicitly consider various sources of variability and uncertainty.


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