Preprints
https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-767
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-767
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
16 Aug 2022
| 16 Aug 2022
Determination of NOx emission rates of sailing inland ships from on-shore measurements
Kai Krause
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Folkard Wittrock
Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Andreas Richter
Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Dieter Busch
State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection in North Rhine-Westphalia (LANUV NRW), Recklinghausen, Germany
Anton Bergen
State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection in North Rhine-Westphalia (LANUV NRW), Recklinghausen, Germany
John P. Burrows
Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Abstract. Inland ships are an important source of NOx, especially for cities along busy waterways. The amount and effect of these emissions depends on the traffic density and the NOx emission rates of the individual vessels. Monitoring of ship emissions is usually carried out using in situ instruments on land and often relative NOx emission factors, e.g. the amount of emitted pollutants per amount of burnt fuel is reported, but in this study, NOx emission rates in g s-1 are investigated. Within the EU Life project Clean Inland Shipping (CLINSH), a new approach to calculate NOx emission rates from data of in situ measurement stations has been developed and is presented in this study. Peaks (i.e. elevated concentrations) of NOx were assigned to the corresponding source ships and each ship passage was simulated using a Gaussian-puff-model in order to derive the emission rate. In total over 32900 ship passages have been monitored over the course of 4 years. The emission rates of NOx were investigated with respect to ship speed, ship size and direction of travel. Individual comparisons of the on-shore emission rates and those made on-board of selected CLINSH ships show good agreement. Also the emission rates are of similar magnitude as emission factors from previous studies. In contrast to relative emission factors (in grams per kilogram fuel), the emission rates (in grams per second) do not need further knowledge about the fuel consumption of the ship and can therefore be used directly to investigate the effect of ship traffic on air quality.
How to cite. Krause, K., Wittrock, F., Richter, A., Busch, D., Bergen, A., and Burrows, J. P.: Determination of NOx emission rates of sailing inland ships from on-shore measurements, EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-767, 2022.
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Journal article(s) based on this preprint
03 Apr 2023
Determination of NOx emission rates of inland ships from onshore measurements
Kai Krause, Folkard Wittrock, Andreas Richter, Dieter Busch, Anton Bergen, John P. Burrows, Steffen Freitag, and Olesia Halbherr
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1767–1787, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1767-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1767-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Inland shipping is an important source of nitrogen oxides (NOx). The amount of emitted NOx depends on the characteristics of the individual vessels and the traffic density. Ship emissions are often characterised by the amount of emitted NOx per unit of burnt fuel, and further knowledge about fuel consumption is needed to quantify the total emissions caused by ship traffic. In this study, a new approach to derive absolute emission rates (in g s−1) from onshore measurements is presented.
Kai Krause et al.
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor
| : Report abuse
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-767', Fan Zhou, 04 Sep 2022
general commentsï¼
In recent years, the monitoring of ship emissions mainly focuses on ocean-going vessels, and there is a relative lack of relevant research on inland ships. The author's work includes a large number of monitoring experiments for inland ships. Therefore, it is an important monitoring report. However, I think the manuscript needs some modifications to improve it. Recommendations are as follows:
specific commentsï¼
- The authors claim that “In contrast to relative emission factors (in grams per kilogram fuel), the emission rates (in grams per second) do not need further knowledge about the fuel consumption of the ship and can therefore be used directly to investigate the effect of ship trafï¬c on air quality.” In the part of Introduction, the relevant discussion is mainly about the measurement of emission factors. Whether there are other studies that measure emission rates? If there are relevant studies, it is recommended to supplement them and carry out necessary comparison (emission rates and emission factors), discussion, and analysis.
- Emission factors are often used in the compilation of emission inventories, so can emission rates be used in the compilation of emission inventories? If so, whether there are relevant studies.
- In the introduction, it is suggested to supplement the discussion on the related research of inland ship emission monitoring, and the particularity of this research. On the whole, the content of the introduction is relatively small, so it is suggested that the authors make supplement on recommendations 1, 2, and 3.
- “The on-shore measurements were carried out using standardized air quality monitoring stations”. I suggest a detailed introduction of the equipment, such as principle, accuracy, precision, measuring range, sensors. And comparison with related studies.
- I feel that the analysis of uncertainty factors is too little, and need to explain the possible error sources and effects in more detail.
- In line 153, I think it would be clearer and more concise to present the results of the two experiments separately. Also, abbreviations do not seem to be used. DURH and NERH.
- If I understand correctly, this emission rate refers to the emission rate of the target ship (from AIS). Then I think it should be stated in the abstract and the text, otherwise there seems to be a certain ambiguity.
- Confusion of logic and structure in Result. The results of emission rate were chapter 4, compared results were chapter 4.1 and 4.2, respectively. Three subsections might be more appropriate; “In order to validate the emission factors within the CLINSH project”, but the results in chapter 4 are emission rate. In other words, the result is emission rate, but validation is emission factor. Please clarify the logic in your argument.
- The authors propose to measure the emission rate rather than the emission factor, but the emission rate is compared with the emission factor. I am curious about whether the equipment used by the author contains a carbon dioxide sensor, and if so, whether it can be directly used to calculate the emission factor?
technical correctionsï¼
- Please add descriptions that NOx=NO+NO2, when the NOx first appearedã
- Some of the symbols in Figure 2 are not clear, Va, Vb, IV, up, down.
- line 154, Does “quality criteria” means that raised in 3.4 “Quality control”? If so, please mention it.
- Figure 5, symbol don't know what it means. Although mentioned in Table 2, it seems inconvenient to read.
- In conclusion and other parts, one sentence as a paragraph is not recommended unless it's an important conclusion.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-767-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Kai Krause, 22 Feb 2023
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2022/egusphere-2022-767/egusphere-2022-767-AC1-supplement.pdf
-
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-767', Anonymous Referee #2, 28 Sep 2022
General comments
Krause et al. present NOx emission rates derived from an on-shore measurement station at the river Rhine in Germany over the course of 4 years. Emission rates in grams per second are calculated from NOx measurements and AIS data using a Gaussian puff model. The results are compared to a number of on-board measurements and existing literature.
In the last decades, pollutant emissions from international shipping have moved further into focus of atmospheric research, especially with regard to sea-going ships. However, there is still a major lack of representative measurements regarding inland shipping. Krause et al. make an important contribution to this topic by providing a comprehensive long-term dataset of NOx emission rates and a method for calculation that is easy to apply. Overall, the manuscript is well written and the topic is suitable for publication in AMT. In my opinion the manuscript is worth publishing after some general issues have been addressed.
Specific comments
In general:
- I have the feeling that the method described here is very similar to the one presented in a former paper by Krause et al. (2021), except that the concentration at one specific point (in-situ measurement) rather than the mean concentration along the light path (LP-DOAS) is considered in the Gaussian puff model. As the description of the method is a substantial fraction of the manuscript, the authors should highlight what is new about it and what the major improvements are.
- I also think that the uncertainty of the method should be discussed in more detail. This can be done in the supplement by showing examples of the Monte-Carlo-simulations and providing uncertainty estimates. See also specific comments below.
- The structure of the results section is a bit confusing. For the reader it is not clear at what point results from which station are presented. If I understand it correctly, most of the text as well as Fig. 5-8 are only about DURH. This should be pointed out. The authors should consider splitting it into two subsections DURH (ships traveling) and NERH (ships entering/leaving harbor) and potentially extent the conclusions drawn from the study at NERH which seems to be underrepresented (1 sentence and Fig. 9).
- The authors state that emission rates in grams per second are favored and have some advantages (e.g. no assumption about fuel consumption needed) over emission rates in grams per kilogram fuel (p.1, l. 11-13 and p.2, l. 45-47). I think this should be explained in more detail in the introduction, as most of the literature reports emission rates in g per kg or g per kWh. What are applications (model simulations, emission inventories etc.) the results can be used for and what are potential limitations on the other hand?
Specific:
- p.1, l.11-13: Here it is implied that for the derivation of emission rates in g per kg fuel the knowledge about the fuel consumption is required. However, it could be calculated from measured NOx to CO2 ratio without this knowledge. Only for the transformation from g per kg fuel into g per s (or vice versa) the fuel consumption would be needed.
- p.1, l.16: Talking about inland vessels explicitly, I would not consider SO2 as a significant source of emissions as the sulfur content in the diesel fuel is very low.
- p.2, l.53: What instrument was used? Specifications?
- p.5, l.87: What was done when the atmospheric variability was high and the threshold of 2 ppbv was exceeded due to other point sources?
- p.5, l.112: How is the funnel height estimated and what value is assumed in the model?
- p.6, l.140 “If the Monte-Carlo-simulations and the reference simulation do not show large deviations, the derived NOx emission rates for that specific case are used for further evaluation”: What does “large” mean in this context? Is a reasonable deviation more like 10 % or 50 %? I would especially be interested in the importance of the assumed plume height, as water level and funnel height are estimated and will change over the course of the year respectively differ from ship to ship.
- p.7, l.151: The calculation of uncertainties is presented in detail but quantitative values are not given anywhere. Although titled as “negligible”, I suggest presenting them in the supplement.
- p.7, l.153: What was the percentage of ship peaks identified relative to the total number of ship passages?
- p.9, l.177 “Ships that are not influenced by the current show similar NOx emission rates independent of direction of travel (e.g. Figure 9).”: It is not clear at first sight that this refers to ships leaving or entering the harbor at NERH (see general comment above)
- p.10, Fig. 5: The differences between ship classes and potential reasons should be further discussed in the text.
- p.10, l.179: What was the ratio of identified ship peaks for ships traveling upstream versus downstream?
- p.11, l.196: “as the uncertainty of the Gaussian-puff model is quite high”: What does quite high mean (see above)?
- p.12, l.217-l.219: What water velocity and average speeds for ships traveling upstream and downstream are these specific fuel consumptions reported by Allekotte et al. based on? For me the difference between 108 kg per h and 162 kg per h for the low/high fuel consumption scenarios seems quite large, given an average ship speed over water of 3 m/s and 5 m/s at DURH station and assuming a water velocity of 1 m/s . Please clarify.
- p.13, l. 226 “rates fit into the range” and Table 4: For ships traveling downstream the deviation is much higher than for ships traveling upstream. The authors should discuss potential reasons for this (see above).
- p.13, l.229 “using a specific fuel consumption of 230 g per kWh”: The uncertainty of the specific fuel consumption which is often used in literature should definitely be discussed at some point in the manuscript, since the authors say that their method has the advantage of not requiring the fuel consumption and the fuel consumption is used to convert their results to compare them with CCNR regulations.
- p.15, Table 3: Can you say anything about the typical motor operating conditions (e.g. engine load/rpm) during the on-board measurements? Did you maybe observe any difference in emission rates when varying these conditions?
- p.18, l.273: Have there been any point sources of NOx next to DURH or NERH that might also cause peak-like structures and if yes, how did you make sure to exclude them from the analysis?
- p.20, l.313-314: The authors should discuss to what extent the emission rates derived for Duisburg would be transferable to other locations along the Rhine.
Technical corrections
- Title: I would suggest to omit the word “sailing”, it could be confused with ships using sails.
- p.2, l.27: […] which derived emission rates […]
- p.7, l.145: In Eq. 3 it should be dQmodel in the second term?
- p.8, l.162: […] majority of ships […]
- p.10, Fig. 5: Due to the large number of dots representing single measurements and the chosen range, for me it is hard to compare e.g. the median values of each ship class with each other. I would suggest adding a table in the supplement with corresponding statistics (mean, median, range).
- p.15, Table 3: on-board median is missing.
- p.20, l.316: […] emission rates […]
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-767-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Kai Krause, 22 Feb 2023
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2022/egusphere-2022-767/egusphere-2022-767-AC2-supplement.pdf
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor
| : Report abuse
-
RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-767', Fan Zhou, 04 Sep 2022
general commentsï¼
In recent years, the monitoring of ship emissions mainly focuses on ocean-going vessels, and there is a relative lack of relevant research on inland ships. The author's work includes a large number of monitoring experiments for inland ships. Therefore, it is an important monitoring report. However, I think the manuscript needs some modifications to improve it. Recommendations are as follows:
specific commentsï¼
- The authors claim that “In contrast to relative emission factors (in grams per kilogram fuel), the emission rates (in grams per second) do not need further knowledge about the fuel consumption of the ship and can therefore be used directly to investigate the effect of ship trafï¬c on air quality.” In the part of Introduction, the relevant discussion is mainly about the measurement of emission factors. Whether there are other studies that measure emission rates? If there are relevant studies, it is recommended to supplement them and carry out necessary comparison (emission rates and emission factors), discussion, and analysis.
- Emission factors are often used in the compilation of emission inventories, so can emission rates be used in the compilation of emission inventories? If so, whether there are relevant studies.
- In the introduction, it is suggested to supplement the discussion on the related research of inland ship emission monitoring, and the particularity of this research. On the whole, the content of the introduction is relatively small, so it is suggested that the authors make supplement on recommendations 1, 2, and 3.
- “The on-shore measurements were carried out using standardized air quality monitoring stations”. I suggest a detailed introduction of the equipment, such as principle, accuracy, precision, measuring range, sensors. And comparison with related studies.
- I feel that the analysis of uncertainty factors is too little, and need to explain the possible error sources and effects in more detail.
- In line 153, I think it would be clearer and more concise to present the results of the two experiments separately. Also, abbreviations do not seem to be used. DURH and NERH.
- If I understand correctly, this emission rate refers to the emission rate of the target ship (from AIS). Then I think it should be stated in the abstract and the text, otherwise there seems to be a certain ambiguity.
- Confusion of logic and structure in Result. The results of emission rate were chapter 4, compared results were chapter 4.1 and 4.2, respectively. Three subsections might be more appropriate; “In order to validate the emission factors within the CLINSH project”, but the results in chapter 4 are emission rate. In other words, the result is emission rate, but validation is emission factor. Please clarify the logic in your argument.
- The authors propose to measure the emission rate rather than the emission factor, but the emission rate is compared with the emission factor. I am curious about whether the equipment used by the author contains a carbon dioxide sensor, and if so, whether it can be directly used to calculate the emission factor?
technical correctionsï¼
- Please add descriptions that NOx=NO+NO2, when the NOx first appearedã
- Some of the symbols in Figure 2 are not clear, Va, Vb, IV, up, down.
- line 154, Does “quality criteria” means that raised in 3.4 “Quality control”? If so, please mention it.
- Figure 5, symbol don't know what it means. Although mentioned in Table 2, it seems inconvenient to read.
- In conclusion and other parts, one sentence as a paragraph is not recommended unless it's an important conclusion.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-767-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Kai Krause, 22 Feb 2023
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2022/egusphere-2022-767/egusphere-2022-767-AC1-supplement.pdf
-
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-767', Anonymous Referee #2, 28 Sep 2022
General comments
Krause et al. present NOx emission rates derived from an on-shore measurement station at the river Rhine in Germany over the course of 4 years. Emission rates in grams per second are calculated from NOx measurements and AIS data using a Gaussian puff model. The results are compared to a number of on-board measurements and existing literature.
In the last decades, pollutant emissions from international shipping have moved further into focus of atmospheric research, especially with regard to sea-going ships. However, there is still a major lack of representative measurements regarding inland shipping. Krause et al. make an important contribution to this topic by providing a comprehensive long-term dataset of NOx emission rates and a method for calculation that is easy to apply. Overall, the manuscript is well written and the topic is suitable for publication in AMT. In my opinion the manuscript is worth publishing after some general issues have been addressed.
Specific comments
In general:
- I have the feeling that the method described here is very similar to the one presented in a former paper by Krause et al. (2021), except that the concentration at one specific point (in-situ measurement) rather than the mean concentration along the light path (LP-DOAS) is considered in the Gaussian puff model. As the description of the method is a substantial fraction of the manuscript, the authors should highlight what is new about it and what the major improvements are.
- I also think that the uncertainty of the method should be discussed in more detail. This can be done in the supplement by showing examples of the Monte-Carlo-simulations and providing uncertainty estimates. See also specific comments below.
- The structure of the results section is a bit confusing. For the reader it is not clear at what point results from which station are presented. If I understand it correctly, most of the text as well as Fig. 5-8 are only about DURH. This should be pointed out. The authors should consider splitting it into two subsections DURH (ships traveling) and NERH (ships entering/leaving harbor) and potentially extent the conclusions drawn from the study at NERH which seems to be underrepresented (1 sentence and Fig. 9).
- The authors state that emission rates in grams per second are favored and have some advantages (e.g. no assumption about fuel consumption needed) over emission rates in grams per kilogram fuel (p.1, l. 11-13 and p.2, l. 45-47). I think this should be explained in more detail in the introduction, as most of the literature reports emission rates in g per kg or g per kWh. What are applications (model simulations, emission inventories etc.) the results can be used for and what are potential limitations on the other hand?
Specific:
- p.1, l.11-13: Here it is implied that for the derivation of emission rates in g per kg fuel the knowledge about the fuel consumption is required. However, it could be calculated from measured NOx to CO2 ratio without this knowledge. Only for the transformation from g per kg fuel into g per s (or vice versa) the fuel consumption would be needed.
- p.1, l.16: Talking about inland vessels explicitly, I would not consider SO2 as a significant source of emissions as the sulfur content in the diesel fuel is very low.
- p.2, l.53: What instrument was used? Specifications?
- p.5, l.87: What was done when the atmospheric variability was high and the threshold of 2 ppbv was exceeded due to other point sources?
- p.5, l.112: How is the funnel height estimated and what value is assumed in the model?
- p.6, l.140 “If the Monte-Carlo-simulations and the reference simulation do not show large deviations, the derived NOx emission rates for that specific case are used for further evaluation”: What does “large” mean in this context? Is a reasonable deviation more like 10 % or 50 %? I would especially be interested in the importance of the assumed plume height, as water level and funnel height are estimated and will change over the course of the year respectively differ from ship to ship.
- p.7, l.151: The calculation of uncertainties is presented in detail but quantitative values are not given anywhere. Although titled as “negligible”, I suggest presenting them in the supplement.
- p.7, l.153: What was the percentage of ship peaks identified relative to the total number of ship passages?
- p.9, l.177 “Ships that are not influenced by the current show similar NOx emission rates independent of direction of travel (e.g. Figure 9).”: It is not clear at first sight that this refers to ships leaving or entering the harbor at NERH (see general comment above)
- p.10, Fig. 5: The differences between ship classes and potential reasons should be further discussed in the text.
- p.10, l.179: What was the ratio of identified ship peaks for ships traveling upstream versus downstream?
- p.11, l.196: “as the uncertainty of the Gaussian-puff model is quite high”: What does quite high mean (see above)?
- p.12, l.217-l.219: What water velocity and average speeds for ships traveling upstream and downstream are these specific fuel consumptions reported by Allekotte et al. based on? For me the difference between 108 kg per h and 162 kg per h for the low/high fuel consumption scenarios seems quite large, given an average ship speed over water of 3 m/s and 5 m/s at DURH station and assuming a water velocity of 1 m/s . Please clarify.
- p.13, l. 226 “rates fit into the range” and Table 4: For ships traveling downstream the deviation is much higher than for ships traveling upstream. The authors should discuss potential reasons for this (see above).
- p.13, l.229 “using a specific fuel consumption of 230 g per kWh”: The uncertainty of the specific fuel consumption which is often used in literature should definitely be discussed at some point in the manuscript, since the authors say that their method has the advantage of not requiring the fuel consumption and the fuel consumption is used to convert their results to compare them with CCNR regulations.
- p.15, Table 3: Can you say anything about the typical motor operating conditions (e.g. engine load/rpm) during the on-board measurements? Did you maybe observe any difference in emission rates when varying these conditions?
- p.18, l.273: Have there been any point sources of NOx next to DURH or NERH that might also cause peak-like structures and if yes, how did you make sure to exclude them from the analysis?
- p.20, l.313-314: The authors should discuss to what extent the emission rates derived for Duisburg would be transferable to other locations along the Rhine.
Technical corrections
- Title: I would suggest to omit the word “sailing”, it could be confused with ships using sails.
- p.2, l.27: […] which derived emission rates […]
- p.7, l.145: In Eq. 3 it should be dQmodel in the second term?
- p.8, l.162: […] majority of ships […]
- p.10, Fig. 5: Due to the large number of dots representing single measurements and the chosen range, for me it is hard to compare e.g. the median values of each ship class with each other. I would suggest adding a table in the supplement with corresponding statistics (mean, median, range).
- p.15, Table 3: on-board median is missing.
- p.20, l.316: […] emission rates […]
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-767-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Kai Krause, 22 Feb 2023
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2022/egusphere-2022-767/egusphere-2022-767-AC2-supplement.pdf
Peer review completion
AR: Author's response | RR: Referee report | ED: Editor decision | EF: Editorial file upload
AR by Kai Krause on behalf of the Authors (22 Feb 2023)
Author's response
Author's tracked changes
Manuscript
ED: Publish as is (07 Mar 2023) by Keding Lu
AR by Kai Krause on behalf of the Authors (09 Mar 2023)
Journal article(s) based on this preprint
03 Apr 2023
Determination of NOx emission rates of inland ships from onshore measurements
Kai Krause, Folkard Wittrock, Andreas Richter, Dieter Busch, Anton Bergen, John P. Burrows, Steffen Freitag, and Olesia Halbherr
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1767–1787, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1767-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1767-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Inland shipping is an important source of nitrogen oxides (NOx). The amount of emitted NOx depends on the characteristics of the individual vessels and the traffic density. Ship emissions are often characterised by the amount of emitted NOx per unit of burnt fuel, and further knowledge about fuel consumption is needed to quantify the total emissions caused by ship traffic. In this study, a new approach to derive absolute emission rates (in g s−1) from onshore measurements is presented.
Kai Krause et al.
Kai Krause et al.
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The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
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(6207 KB) - Metadata XML
Short summary
Inland shipping is an important source of nitrogen oxides (NOx). The amount of emitted NOx depends on the characteristics of the individual vessels and the traffic density. Ship emissions are often characterized by the amount of emitted NOx per amount of burnt fuel, and further knowledge about fuel consumption is needed to quantify the total emissions caused by ship traffic. In this study, a new approach to derive absolute emission rates (in g/s) from on-shore measurement is presented.
Inland shipping is an important source of nitrogen oxides (NOx). The amount of emitted NOx...