the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 09 Sep 2022
Synergy between TROPOMI sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and MODIS spectral reflectance for understanding the dynamics of gross primary productivity at integrated carbon observatory system (ICOS) ecosystem flux sites
Abstract. An accurate estimation of vegetation Gross Primary Productivity (GPP), which is the amount of carbon taken up by vegetation through photosynthesis for a given time and area, is critical for understanding terrestrial-atmosphere CO2 exchange processes, ecosystem functioning, and as well as ecosystem responses and adaptations to climate change. Earliest studies, based on ground, airborne and satellite Sun-Induced chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF) observations have recently revealed close relationships with GPP at different spatial and temporal scales and across different plant functional type (PFT). However, questions remain regarding whether there is a unique relationship between SIF and GPP across different sites and PFT and how can we improve GPP estimates using solely remotely sensed data. Using concurrent measurements of daily TROPOMI (TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument) SIF (daily SIFd), daily MODIS Terra and Aqua spectral reflectance, and vegetation indices (VIs, notably NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index), NIRv (near-infrared reflectance of vegetation) and PRI (photochemical reflectance index)) and daily tower-based GPP across eight major different PFT, including mixed forests, deciduous broadleaf forests, croplands, evergreen broadleaf forests, evergreen needleleaf forests, grassland, open shrubland, and wetland, the strength of the linear relationships between tower-based GPP and SIFd at 40 ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observation Systems) flux sites was investigated, and the synergy between these variables to improve GPP estimates using a data-driven modelling approach was evaluated. The results revealed that the strength of the linear relationship between GPP and SIFd was strongly site-specific and PFT-dependent. Furthermore, the GLM (Generalized Linear Model) model, fitted between SIFd, GPP, site and vegetation type as categorical variables, further supported this site-and PFT-dependent relationship between GPP and SIFd. This study also showed that the spectral reflectance bands (RF-R), SIFd plus spectral reflectance (RF-SIF-R) models explained over 80 % of the seasonal and interannual variations in GPP, whereas the SIFd plus VIs (RF-SIF-VI) model reproduced only 75 % of the tower-based GPP variance. In addition, the relative importance results demonstrated that the spectral reflectance bands in the near-infrared, red and SIFd appeared as the most influential and dominant factors determining GPP predictions, indicating the importance of canopy structure, biochemical properties and vegetation functioning on GPP estimates. Overall, this study provides insights into understanding the strength of the relationships between GPP and SIF and the use of the spectral reflectance and SIFd to improve GPP across sites and PFT.
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The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
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Journal article(s) based on this preprint
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-640', Mukund Palat Rao, 07 Oct 2022
October 7, 2022
Dear Dr. Rotenberg,
Thank you for the opportunity to review the manuscript “Synergy between TROPOMI sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and MODIS spectral reflectance for understanding the dynamics of gross primary productivity at integrated carbon observatory system (ICOS) ecosystem flux sites” by Balde et al. I have now completed my review of the manuscript. In their study, Balde et al. first evaluate the strength of the linear relationship between gross primary productivity (GPP) and solar induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) at a number of ICOS eddy covariance flux tower sites. They find that in general, SIF exhibits a linear relationship between GPP (or productivity), though they find that this relationship depends on the plant functional type, site, and other variables. In the second half the study they authors attempt to develop statistical models to predict productivity/GPP using SIF, and remotely sensed vegetation reflectance and vegetation index data. They find that generally their models can predict between 75-85% percent of the variance in GPP. Overall, the manuscript is well written, the analyses can be followed easily, and the science presented is of good quality. I do not have any major concerns with the manuscript. I only have one question that I would like the authors to address. Do the RF-R style models (RF-F, RF-SIF-R, RF-SIF-R-PFT) outperform the RF-SIF-VI model just because they have more predictor variables (14 vs 4). Perhaps you can present some analysis on how these models perform on ‘validation’ data that the models have not been calibrated on? Instead of presenting just the overall R2. Generally, the validation R^2 results in a less biased estimate of performance since more number of predictor variable that can inflate the overall R^2.
Some other minor suggestions below.
Page 1, Line 15: “Earliest” studies, based could be “earlier” studies or prior studies?
Page 1, Line 17: “plant functional type” should be plant functional types.
Page 2, Line 14: “which is the amount of flux carbon taken up by vegetation.” The word ‘amount’ is not needed since the work flux assumes an amount.
Page 2, Line 53: “Remote sensing is widely used to upscale canopy GPP to landscape, regional, and global scales and at daily scale using reflected sunlight measured by satellite sensors”. The “and at daily scale” addition seems a bit awkward. Maybe remote sensing is widely used to upscale daily GPP to landscape…..
Page 2, Line 60: “and biochemical canopy characteristics (Dechant et al., 2020; Pabon-Moreno et al., 2022). Although, they suffer.” The way the sentence is framed, I think it would flow better as a continuous sentence.
Page 3, Lime 83: “Early studies relied on ground-based”, should be Earlier studies relying on…
Page 3, Line 96: “which is on board Sentinel 5-Precursor, represents a novel (???) for understanding:”. A missing word after novel? Tool maybe?
Page 3, Line 97: “it provides a quiet high temporal resolution at daily”. Quite instead of quiet. However, the word quite is not needed either.
Page 3, Line 104: “comprehensively addressed. Owing to most”. This should be once sentence, or the second sentence should start of as, This is due to the fact or This is because….
Page 4, Line 8: “data products is given in Supplementary Materials in Tab S2.”. the Authors don’t need to do this, but might consider including a column for the spectral band (i.e. visible (R/G/B), NIR, etc. in the table)..
Page 6, Line 230-232: “Overall, SIFd was significantly related with tower-based GPP at the site level and at the daily timescale (as p<0.0001 was statistically highly significant), except for IT-Cp2 site of which GPP and SIFd relationship was insignificant and weak (R2 = 0.001, p≤0.60)”.
This is of course quite subjective, but despite some of the sites being statistically significant I would not call these relationships as being strong. The reason for the statistical significance and p-value is being driven by the high sample size. In particularly, I would add GF-Guy to the list of sites where there is no relationship between GPP-SIFd. The correlation needed to get an R^2 of 0.2 is around 0.15 which is still quite weak. I would also then add FR-Mej, FR-EM2, and FI-Var to the list of sites with a weak relationship. I know this is mentioned a bit later, but maybe an easier way to frame it would be to not mention the weak relationship at IT-CP2 in the beginning, but then mention all these sites together at the end of the paragraph?
Page 7, section 4.1.2 I like the progress from the site level (Section 4.1.1) to PFT level SIFd-GPP relationships. However, the way the PFT level relationships are presented, don’t seem to actually allow us to closely examine within PFT spread in the R2’s, slopes, and intercept. For example, in Table 2, all sites of a PFT are lumped together. If the authors with to highlight the within PFT spread, once option could be to include boxplots by PFT for the R2, slope, and intercept for the SIFd-GPP relationships.
Page 9, Section 4.5, Line 284, Supplementary Fig. S1: I would recommend changing the figure to have a diverging colourbar. The gradient colourbar from ~-0.65 to 1 is not intuitive to me and hard to visualize.
Page 12, Table 3: would benefit from a vertical line separating RF-R, RF-SIF-R, and N, and other similar vertical line in the lower panel
Page 15, Line 431: “it can be avoided”, maybe better phrased as “we don’t need to rely on land cover type….and meteorological data”?
Page. 16, Line 465: ERA5 instead of ERAS?
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-640-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Hamadou Balde, 18 Nov 2022
Dear Dr. Mukund Palat Rao,
We would like to thank you for taking your time to evaluate our work and foremostly for your interesting and useful comments, questions, remarks and suggestions. We tried to answer to your questions and we integrated your structural and grammatical suggestions into the manuscript (all answers are in blue color).
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Hamadou Balde, 18 Nov 2022
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RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-640', Anonymous Referee #1, 31 Oct 2022
The manuscript written by Balde et al., wish to demonstrate the potential of SIF as a tool for GPP estimation in different vegetation types. The authors find a linear correlation between SIFd and GPP in different sites and also different vegetation types. In the next step, the authors use the random forest method to build a model that predicts GPP from SIF, reflectance, vegetation index (VI), and their combination. All models were able to predict GPP with a good correlation. In all the models using it, SIF was the major component explaining the variation.
Although the authors of the MS show the potential of using SIFd, Reflectance, and VI as a predictor of GPP several issues rise from the MS:
The authors claim there is a linear correlation between SIFd and GPP both in the site and the PFT levels. However, a quick look at the figures (2-4) shows that in most cases at some point the SIFd-GPP relation reaches saturation. The authors did not mention this even once in their manuscript. Several works are demonstrating this relation and discuss its meaning (see He et al., 2020 for example), however, the authors here ignore it and refer to it as a linear relation. Moreover, in many cities and PFT, the linear correlation is also low for the same reason.
- I’m not sure what is the added value of the pooled graph of all PFTs vs. SIFd (Fig. 4).
- It is very hard to estimate the performance of the different models vs. EC GPP in Figure 8. Please consider reducing the size of the dots and making them transparent.
- Line 399: Please try to explain why the high correlation in the DBF and OSH PFT’s.
- Line 410: This is not clear to me, the authors mention in the methods section that they took out the cloudy day data.
- Line 414: So, why not do that in your data?
- Line 436: it is problematic to say there is a difference in the models while earlier you mentioned there was no statistical difference between them (line 296).
- Line 447: same comment as above.
- Line 439: delete extra brackets.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-640-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Hamadou Balde, 18 Nov 2022
Dear reviewer,
We would like to thank you for taking your time to evaluate our work and foremostly for your interesting and useful comments, questions, remarks and suggestions. We tried to answer your questions and we integrated your suggestions into the manuscript (all answers are in blue color).
Warm regards,
Hamadou.
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-640', Mukund Palat Rao, 07 Oct 2022
October 7, 2022
Dear Dr. Rotenberg,
Thank you for the opportunity to review the manuscript “Synergy between TROPOMI sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and MODIS spectral reflectance for understanding the dynamics of gross primary productivity at integrated carbon observatory system (ICOS) ecosystem flux sites” by Balde et al. I have now completed my review of the manuscript. In their study, Balde et al. first evaluate the strength of the linear relationship between gross primary productivity (GPP) and solar induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) at a number of ICOS eddy covariance flux tower sites. They find that in general, SIF exhibits a linear relationship between GPP (or productivity), though they find that this relationship depends on the plant functional type, site, and other variables. In the second half the study they authors attempt to develop statistical models to predict productivity/GPP using SIF, and remotely sensed vegetation reflectance and vegetation index data. They find that generally their models can predict between 75-85% percent of the variance in GPP. Overall, the manuscript is well written, the analyses can be followed easily, and the science presented is of good quality. I do not have any major concerns with the manuscript. I only have one question that I would like the authors to address. Do the RF-R style models (RF-F, RF-SIF-R, RF-SIF-R-PFT) outperform the RF-SIF-VI model just because they have more predictor variables (14 vs 4). Perhaps you can present some analysis on how these models perform on ‘validation’ data that the models have not been calibrated on? Instead of presenting just the overall R2. Generally, the validation R^2 results in a less biased estimate of performance since more number of predictor variable that can inflate the overall R^2.
Some other minor suggestions below.
Page 1, Line 15: “Earliest” studies, based could be “earlier” studies or prior studies?
Page 1, Line 17: “plant functional type” should be plant functional types.
Page 2, Line 14: “which is the amount of flux carbon taken up by vegetation.” The word ‘amount’ is not needed since the work flux assumes an amount.
Page 2, Line 53: “Remote sensing is widely used to upscale canopy GPP to landscape, regional, and global scales and at daily scale using reflected sunlight measured by satellite sensors”. The “and at daily scale” addition seems a bit awkward. Maybe remote sensing is widely used to upscale daily GPP to landscape…..
Page 2, Line 60: “and biochemical canopy characteristics (Dechant et al., 2020; Pabon-Moreno et al., 2022). Although, they suffer.” The way the sentence is framed, I think it would flow better as a continuous sentence.
Page 3, Lime 83: “Early studies relied on ground-based”, should be Earlier studies relying on…
Page 3, Line 96: “which is on board Sentinel 5-Precursor, represents a novel (???) for understanding:”. A missing word after novel? Tool maybe?
Page 3, Line 97: “it provides a quiet high temporal resolution at daily”. Quite instead of quiet. However, the word quite is not needed either.
Page 3, Line 104: “comprehensively addressed. Owing to most”. This should be once sentence, or the second sentence should start of as, This is due to the fact or This is because….
Page 4, Line 8: “data products is given in Supplementary Materials in Tab S2.”. the Authors don’t need to do this, but might consider including a column for the spectral band (i.e. visible (R/G/B), NIR, etc. in the table)..
Page 6, Line 230-232: “Overall, SIFd was significantly related with tower-based GPP at the site level and at the daily timescale (as p<0.0001 was statistically highly significant), except for IT-Cp2 site of which GPP and SIFd relationship was insignificant and weak (R2 = 0.001, p≤0.60)”.
This is of course quite subjective, but despite some of the sites being statistically significant I would not call these relationships as being strong. The reason for the statistical significance and p-value is being driven by the high sample size. In particularly, I would add GF-Guy to the list of sites where there is no relationship between GPP-SIFd. The correlation needed to get an R^2 of 0.2 is around 0.15 which is still quite weak. I would also then add FR-Mej, FR-EM2, and FI-Var to the list of sites with a weak relationship. I know this is mentioned a bit later, but maybe an easier way to frame it would be to not mention the weak relationship at IT-CP2 in the beginning, but then mention all these sites together at the end of the paragraph?
Page 7, section 4.1.2 I like the progress from the site level (Section 4.1.1) to PFT level SIFd-GPP relationships. However, the way the PFT level relationships are presented, don’t seem to actually allow us to closely examine within PFT spread in the R2’s, slopes, and intercept. For example, in Table 2, all sites of a PFT are lumped together. If the authors with to highlight the within PFT spread, once option could be to include boxplots by PFT for the R2, slope, and intercept for the SIFd-GPP relationships.
Page 9, Section 4.5, Line 284, Supplementary Fig. S1: I would recommend changing the figure to have a diverging colourbar. The gradient colourbar from ~-0.65 to 1 is not intuitive to me and hard to visualize.
Page 12, Table 3: would benefit from a vertical line separating RF-R, RF-SIF-R, and N, and other similar vertical line in the lower panel
Page 15, Line 431: “it can be avoided”, maybe better phrased as “we don’t need to rely on land cover type….and meteorological data”?
Page. 16, Line 465: ERA5 instead of ERAS?
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-640-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Hamadou Balde, 18 Nov 2022
Dear Dr. Mukund Palat Rao,
We would like to thank you for taking your time to evaluate our work and foremostly for your interesting and useful comments, questions, remarks and suggestions. We tried to answer to your questions and we integrated your structural and grammatical suggestions into the manuscript (all answers are in blue color).
-
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Hamadou Balde, 18 Nov 2022
-
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-640', Anonymous Referee #1, 31 Oct 2022
The manuscript written by Balde et al., wish to demonstrate the potential of SIF as a tool for GPP estimation in different vegetation types. The authors find a linear correlation between SIFd and GPP in different sites and also different vegetation types. In the next step, the authors use the random forest method to build a model that predicts GPP from SIF, reflectance, vegetation index (VI), and their combination. All models were able to predict GPP with a good correlation. In all the models using it, SIF was the major component explaining the variation.
Although the authors of the MS show the potential of using SIFd, Reflectance, and VI as a predictor of GPP several issues rise from the MS:
The authors claim there is a linear correlation between SIFd and GPP both in the site and the PFT levels. However, a quick look at the figures (2-4) shows that in most cases at some point the SIFd-GPP relation reaches saturation. The authors did not mention this even once in their manuscript. Several works are demonstrating this relation and discuss its meaning (see He et al., 2020 for example), however, the authors here ignore it and refer to it as a linear relation. Moreover, in many cities and PFT, the linear correlation is also low for the same reason.
- I’m not sure what is the added value of the pooled graph of all PFTs vs. SIFd (Fig. 4).
- It is very hard to estimate the performance of the different models vs. EC GPP in Figure 8. Please consider reducing the size of the dots and making them transparent.
- Line 399: Please try to explain why the high correlation in the DBF and OSH PFT’s.
- Line 410: This is not clear to me, the authors mention in the methods section that they took out the cloudy day data.
- Line 414: So, why not do that in your data?
- Line 436: it is problematic to say there is a difference in the models while earlier you mentioned there was no statistical difference between them (line 296).
- Line 447: same comment as above.
- Line 439: delete extra brackets.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-640-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Hamadou Balde, 18 Nov 2022
Dear reviewer,
We would like to thank you for taking your time to evaluate our work and foremostly for your interesting and useful comments, questions, remarks and suggestions. We tried to answer your questions and we integrated your suggestions into the manuscript (all answers are in blue color).
Warm regards,
Hamadou.
Peer review completion
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Hamadou Balde
Gabriel Hmimina
Yves Goulas
Gwendal Latouche
Kamel Soudani
The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
- Preprint
(13573 KB) - Metadata XML
-
Supplement
(7736 KB) - BibTeX
- EndNote
- Final revised paper