the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 03 Jun 2022
Forest liming in the face of climate change: the implications of restorative liming on soil organic carbon in mature German forests
Abstract. Forest liming is a management tool that has and continues to be used extensively across northern Europe to counteract acidification processes from anthropogenic sulfur and nitrogen (N) deposition. In this study, we quantified how liming affects soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and attempt to disentangle the mechanisms responsible for the often-contrasting processes that regulate net soil carbon (C) fluxes. Using a paired-plot experimental design we compared SOC stocks in limed plots with adjacent unlimed control plots at 28 experimental sites to 60-cm soil depth in mature broadleaf and coniferous forests across Germany. Historical soil data from a subset of the paired experiment plots was analyzed to assess how SOC stocks in both control and limed plots had changed between 1990 and 2019.
Overall, we found that forest floor C stocks have been accumulating over time, particularly in the control plots. Liming however largely offsets this organic layer buildup, which means that nutrients remain mobile and are not bound in soil organic matter complexes. Results from the paired plot analysis showed that forest floor C stocks were significantly lower in limed plots than the control ( 34 %, 8.4 ± 1.7 Mg C ha-1), but did not significantly affect SOC stocks in the mineral soil, when all sites are pooled together. In the forest floor layers, SOC stocks exhibited an exponential decrease with increasing pH, highlighting how lime-induced improvements in the biochemical environment stimulate organic matter (OM) decomposition. Nevertheless, for both forest floor and mineral soils, the magnitude and direction of the belowground C changes hinged directly on the inherent site characteristics, namely, forest type (conifer versus broadleaf), soil pH, soil texture and the soil SOC stocks. On the other hand, SOC stock decreases were often offset by other processes that fostered C accumulation, such as improved forest productivity or increased carbon stabilization, which correspondingly translated to an overall variable response by SOC stocks, particularly in the mineral soil.
Lastly, we measured soil carbon dioxide (CO2) and soil methane (CH4) flux immediately after a re-liming event at three of the experimental sites. Here, we found that (1) liming doubles CH4 uptake in the long-term, (2) highlighted that soil organic matter mineralization processes respond quickly to liming, though the duration and size of the CO2 flush varied between sites, and (3) lime-derived CO2 contributed very little to total CO2 emissions over the measurement period.
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The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
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The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-306', Anonymous Referee #1, 07 Jul 2022
Dear Editor,
These are my comments about the paper 'Forest liming in the face of climate change: the implications of restorative liming on soil organic carbon in mature German forests', of Oliver van Straaten et al., submited to EGUsphere.
It is a good paper, worth to be published. However, I have four main comments, which perhaps need a bit of attention from the authors, and also several minor complaints, mostly about small details of writing, which can be solved by authors (I assume) without special problems.
MAIN COMMENTS
Authors collect a nice set of paired plots, covering a variety of climates and situations, and thus they may explore their dataset in search for a variety of correlations and comparisons. Perhaps too much; this is evidenced by the huge amount of figures and tables, many of them are placed in an 'Annex' chapter: by the way, to me it is not clear whether this 'ANNEX' equals to a 'Supplementary Material': will these figures appear in the main core of the published paper?
The huge number of relationships studied makes difficult for authors maintain the focus. A reduction in the number of topics treated could help to make the paper easier to read. See below, for instance, my suggestion about reducing the space devoted to soil textural effects.
Four main aspects should be clarified:
a) How relevant are the changes in SOC stocks?
An important detail (very relevant to me, at least) remains unclear, after reading the paper. Liming involves applying inorganic carbon to the soil: being the soils quite acidic, the added carbonates are lost to atmosphere as CO2. Therefore, liming involves making soils a source of C, not a sink. At least for a time. The long-term increases in SOC stocks in limed plots (relative to control plots), do they compensate the initial C losses? In other words: the inorganic C added when liming, lost in the following years, is lower or higher than the extra SOC sequestered thereafter?
b) Inorganic carbon was not analyzed
This is a detail that surprises me, to be honest. Why authors did not analyze carbonates in their samples; at least, in the plots that received lime in the past. Part of the carbon in these soils may be carbonate remaining from the added lime. Certainly, after decades, one could expect that all added carbonate has become CO2 and released to the atmosphere; but figure 6 (and also lines 350-353) clearly show that the loss of added lime is extremely slow. On the other hand, as shown in Table 1, some sites were limes up to 3 times. The persistence of lime residues in some places (particularly when soil pH reached almost neutrality) is envisageable. I ask authors to make a rapid screening of some samples (in limed plots) to ensure the absence of inorganic carbon in their samples. Just to be sure that the slight increase in SOC stocks in limed plots (in mineral soil horizons) is due to organic carbon.
c) Using litter SOC stock as SOC stability indicator
All plots are placed in humid-temperate forest ecosystems: a large variety in climatic constraints can be discarded, therefore (If I am wrong, then consider including climatic constraints in your analysis). In these conditions, the idea of taking litter SOC (including Oh horizon) as indicator of OC decomposability in these horizons is right. The higher the decomposability, the lower SOC stock in these horizons; but with an additional condition: provided that litterfall is the same in all cases. Or, at least, very similar. This second part of the idea is problematic, for litterfall was apparently not measured in the plots (it does not appear in Table 1). Thus, SOC stock in organic horizons, alone, is a too rough approach to the decomposability of the incoming litter. Note also its problem as indicator: the higher the stock, the lower its decomposability, i.e., the sign is opposite. SOC stock in litter should be an indicator of stability, rather than decomposability.
I have no problem with the use of total SOC stock in litter for studying its relationships with SOC increase, liming, etc. Nice relationships are obtained (Fig. 4). But without identifying it as 'decomposability': in the absence of data about litterfall, such an identification is risky, in my view. In figure 4, for instance, I suggest removing the words 'Organic matter decomposability index' from the 'X' axis. Use simply 'Forest floor C stock in the control plot (Mg C ha-1)', perfectly exact and more adequate.
Apply this to the rest of the text: I suggest authors avoiding (or at least refining) the 'decomposability' in the discussion about the effect of liming in SOC stocks.
d) Textural effects
Figure 5 is nice in order to suggest a role for soil texture in the changes of SOC stock related to lime addition. But the conclusions are unclear to me. If the total number of points is n = 26, given the natural variability, perhaps this is unavoidable. Note also that fine soil textures (particularly: high clay content) result often in higher SOC stocks. In figure 5 all points are considered altogether for the regression; Figure 3d is perhaps better in order to suggest a role for soil texture. May I suggest you perform a figure similar to 3d, but with clay contents (say, < 14% and >= 14%?). Note that the high number of sites for which soil texture was not available (11 out of 26) suggest being prudent about spending a big effort on this point.
SPECIFIC COMMENTSLine 21 (in abstract). 'Liming however largely offsets this organic layer buildup'. What does it mean, exactly? That the amount of carbon accumulated in forest floor is lower than the C released (as CO2?) upon liming? Or precisely the contrary? Do you refer to losses of organic C or of inorganic C (carbonates)?
Line 21. '...which means that nutrients remain mobile and are not bound in soil organic matter complexes'. I do not see how this statement arises from the previous one.
[Actually, note that if you remove lines 20-22, and start directly with 'Results from the paired plot analysis showed...', the paragraph runs perfectly.
Line 37. Even though?
Line 53. '...stand age), (3) the application of lime...'. Better?
Line 54. '...and (4) the ongoing acidification from...'. Better, again?
Line 58. 'While it is broadly reported that...'
Line 65. 'Liming-induced changes in nutrient stoichiometry...'
Line 95. '...meaning that these sites...'
Line 115. I understand, therefore, that you obtained at each plot four (4) composite samples per depth, each of these obtained by pooling three (3) samples. Ok?
Lines 117-119. I am surprised by the fact that authors did not analyze carbonates in the limed samples. Apparently they are confident that all added lime has disappeared. To me, a verification of this point woul have been welcome. Otherwise, the risk of overestimations of organic C in the limed plots can not be discarded.
Line 162. '...three beech forest sites: Dassel 4227 (DAS 4227)...' (etc).
Line 245 (caption of figure 245). This is (to me) a very relevant detail: in some cases, liming causes the disparition of the Oh horizon. Can you write a couple of lines about this detail? In how many cases does this happen? Could be another explanation, besides the pH increase?
Line 253. Why is this not shown? This is extremely interesting!
Lines 259-261. I accept that the difference between control and limed plots did not reach significance, at any depth. Nevertheless figure 2 shows that, even though the variability was very high, SOC sequestration values were on average consistently higher in limed plots. Could this be mentioned somehow?
Line 307. Perhaps 'partly compensated' rather than 'offset'. If the SOC losses in the forest floor were lower than the gains in mineral soil, then the net balance is still positive, not? If you want, you can write 'partly offset'.
Line 364. 'Because the biochemical environmental plays...' (better?)
Lines 466-470. The importance of calcium for stabilizing soil organic matter, widely known in South Europe (where calcareous environments are common, and calcium-rich soils, too), has been largely underestimated in studies about Central Europe. I acknowledge the mention of Ca2+ as a stabilizer of organic matter in these lines; but I rather regret such a small space given by authors to this explanation, which is to me the most obvious one to account for the increases in SOC stocks after liming. Carbonates are a huge source of calcium for soils, and Calcium (rather than carbonates themselves) the probable main reason for the accumulation of SOC in carbonate-rich soils.
Line 477. The very minor contribution of lime-derived CO2 to the total CO2 efflux should be taken as a sign of the relative resistance of lime to disappear in a context of acidic soils. The absence of inorganic carbon in soil samples should be verified. Otherwise, the data about SOC stocks may have been overestimated, at least in the limed plots.Lines 484-486. If such an adsorption of lime to SOM complexes did effectively occur, then my complaints about the need of analyzing inorganic carbon in the soil samples makes even more sense.
FIGURES
Must be improved, definitively. In my computer I put the image at 150 % size, and even at such scale I had difficulties in seeing some figures.
Figure 3 will become almost illegible, for instance. Putting the four sub-figures in line makes all four very small, and letters are almost illegible. I suggest you reconsider the design: instead of four figures in a single line, make a set of four figures, placed in square (two in the upper line, two in the lower line).
Figure 4 will suffer the same problem. The four small figures at the top are barely legible in its current form, and in the printed version of the paper can not be read, quite simply (I verified it). Again, reconsider the design. Also, note that the Figure 4e is different from the others (4a to 4d), and could well be a separate figure.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-306-RC1 - AC2: 'Reply on RC1', Oliver van Straaten, 07 Oct 2022
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RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-306', Anonymous Referee #2, 07 Aug 2022
The article deals with the effect on liming across different forest types in Germany. Liming was generally performed to reduce the acidity and increase forest productivity. Given the contrasting results present in the scientific literature about this topic, the authors try to clarify the effect of this operation using both space-for-time substitution and chronosequence approaches. The topic is worth to be investigated and suitable for this journal.
The material and method section is very clear and the methods applied both for the sampling (litter layer and mineral soil) are sounds. My only concern is about the sampling of the organic horizon that was collected on a very small area since the root auger used for sampling has a diameter of 8 cm only. In the section where the flux measurements are described, some more info are required. For instance, it is no clear to me why the measurements were performed only in the limed sites (prior and after the liming). Why for the baseline it was not used the same approach as for the soil sampling, namely a control site and a limed site? From line 472 it seems that you measured the soil flux in both control and limed plots, isn’it? So, probably some clarification in the text are needed.
The results section clearly report the outputs of the study.
The Discussion section is well developed and each of the three different subsections clearly address the impact of liming on forest floor and mineral soil carbon stocks. Scientific literature is updated. Figures and tables are easy to understand.
Conclusions are sounds and in line with the hypothesis done at the end of the introduction section.
In general, I found the article very easy to follow and well organized.
Specific comments:
Table 1: Why the soil features in this tables are reported only for the 0-5 cm depth? Are these measures coming from the previous study or are from some historical data? Similarly, why the texture is reported for the 30-60 cm layer?
line 190 – 2044: some more info about the 13 C measurements such as the standards and type of instruments used for measurements would be welcome. Similarly, the samples where these measurements were performed should also be indicated (e.g. sites and number of samples).
Line 254: it would by nice to know how long back in time the historical data are referring. 10 yr? 20 yr? more? From figure 2 it seems that the historical data are referring to the previous 20 yr, isn’it? I appreciate table A1 at the end where all the dates of the previous sampling are indicated
459-464: the possible impact of earthworms could be partly evaluated looking at the C concentrations. Since earthworms move vertically more homogeneous C distribution between the different depths should be present is sites where earthworms’ activity is higher compared to control plots where liming was not applied.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-306-RC2 - AC1: 'Reply on RC2', Oliver van Straaten, 07 Oct 2022
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-306', Anonymous Referee #1, 07 Jul 2022
Dear Editor,
These are my comments about the paper 'Forest liming in the face of climate change: the implications of restorative liming on soil organic carbon in mature German forests', of Oliver van Straaten et al., submited to EGUsphere.
It is a good paper, worth to be published. However, I have four main comments, which perhaps need a bit of attention from the authors, and also several minor complaints, mostly about small details of writing, which can be solved by authors (I assume) without special problems.
MAIN COMMENTS
Authors collect a nice set of paired plots, covering a variety of climates and situations, and thus they may explore their dataset in search for a variety of correlations and comparisons. Perhaps too much; this is evidenced by the huge amount of figures and tables, many of them are placed in an 'Annex' chapter: by the way, to me it is not clear whether this 'ANNEX' equals to a 'Supplementary Material': will these figures appear in the main core of the published paper?
The huge number of relationships studied makes difficult for authors maintain the focus. A reduction in the number of topics treated could help to make the paper easier to read. See below, for instance, my suggestion about reducing the space devoted to soil textural effects.
Four main aspects should be clarified:
a) How relevant are the changes in SOC stocks?
An important detail (very relevant to me, at least) remains unclear, after reading the paper. Liming involves applying inorganic carbon to the soil: being the soils quite acidic, the added carbonates are lost to atmosphere as CO2. Therefore, liming involves making soils a source of C, not a sink. At least for a time. The long-term increases in SOC stocks in limed plots (relative to control plots), do they compensate the initial C losses? In other words: the inorganic C added when liming, lost in the following years, is lower or higher than the extra SOC sequestered thereafter?
b) Inorganic carbon was not analyzed
This is a detail that surprises me, to be honest. Why authors did not analyze carbonates in their samples; at least, in the plots that received lime in the past. Part of the carbon in these soils may be carbonate remaining from the added lime. Certainly, after decades, one could expect that all added carbonate has become CO2 and released to the atmosphere; but figure 6 (and also lines 350-353) clearly show that the loss of added lime is extremely slow. On the other hand, as shown in Table 1, some sites were limes up to 3 times. The persistence of lime residues in some places (particularly when soil pH reached almost neutrality) is envisageable. I ask authors to make a rapid screening of some samples (in limed plots) to ensure the absence of inorganic carbon in their samples. Just to be sure that the slight increase in SOC stocks in limed plots (in mineral soil horizons) is due to organic carbon.
c) Using litter SOC stock as SOC stability indicator
All plots are placed in humid-temperate forest ecosystems: a large variety in climatic constraints can be discarded, therefore (If I am wrong, then consider including climatic constraints in your analysis). In these conditions, the idea of taking litter SOC (including Oh horizon) as indicator of OC decomposability in these horizons is right. The higher the decomposability, the lower SOC stock in these horizons; but with an additional condition: provided that litterfall is the same in all cases. Or, at least, very similar. This second part of the idea is problematic, for litterfall was apparently not measured in the plots (it does not appear in Table 1). Thus, SOC stock in organic horizons, alone, is a too rough approach to the decomposability of the incoming litter. Note also its problem as indicator: the higher the stock, the lower its decomposability, i.e., the sign is opposite. SOC stock in litter should be an indicator of stability, rather than decomposability.
I have no problem with the use of total SOC stock in litter for studying its relationships with SOC increase, liming, etc. Nice relationships are obtained (Fig. 4). But without identifying it as 'decomposability': in the absence of data about litterfall, such an identification is risky, in my view. In figure 4, for instance, I suggest removing the words 'Organic matter decomposability index' from the 'X' axis. Use simply 'Forest floor C stock in the control plot (Mg C ha-1)', perfectly exact and more adequate.
Apply this to the rest of the text: I suggest authors avoiding (or at least refining) the 'decomposability' in the discussion about the effect of liming in SOC stocks.
d) Textural effects
Figure 5 is nice in order to suggest a role for soil texture in the changes of SOC stock related to lime addition. But the conclusions are unclear to me. If the total number of points is n = 26, given the natural variability, perhaps this is unavoidable. Note also that fine soil textures (particularly: high clay content) result often in higher SOC stocks. In figure 5 all points are considered altogether for the regression; Figure 3d is perhaps better in order to suggest a role for soil texture. May I suggest you perform a figure similar to 3d, but with clay contents (say, < 14% and >= 14%?). Note that the high number of sites for which soil texture was not available (11 out of 26) suggest being prudent about spending a big effort on this point.
SPECIFIC COMMENTSLine 21 (in abstract). 'Liming however largely offsets this organic layer buildup'. What does it mean, exactly? That the amount of carbon accumulated in forest floor is lower than the C released (as CO2?) upon liming? Or precisely the contrary? Do you refer to losses of organic C or of inorganic C (carbonates)?
Line 21. '...which means that nutrients remain mobile and are not bound in soil organic matter complexes'. I do not see how this statement arises from the previous one.
[Actually, note that if you remove lines 20-22, and start directly with 'Results from the paired plot analysis showed...', the paragraph runs perfectly.
Line 37. Even though?
Line 53. '...stand age), (3) the application of lime...'. Better?
Line 54. '...and (4) the ongoing acidification from...'. Better, again?
Line 58. 'While it is broadly reported that...'
Line 65. 'Liming-induced changes in nutrient stoichiometry...'
Line 95. '...meaning that these sites...'
Line 115. I understand, therefore, that you obtained at each plot four (4) composite samples per depth, each of these obtained by pooling three (3) samples. Ok?
Lines 117-119. I am surprised by the fact that authors did not analyze carbonates in the limed samples. Apparently they are confident that all added lime has disappeared. To me, a verification of this point woul have been welcome. Otherwise, the risk of overestimations of organic C in the limed plots can not be discarded.
Line 162. '...three beech forest sites: Dassel 4227 (DAS 4227)...' (etc).
Line 245 (caption of figure 245). This is (to me) a very relevant detail: in some cases, liming causes the disparition of the Oh horizon. Can you write a couple of lines about this detail? In how many cases does this happen? Could be another explanation, besides the pH increase?
Line 253. Why is this not shown? This is extremely interesting!
Lines 259-261. I accept that the difference between control and limed plots did not reach significance, at any depth. Nevertheless figure 2 shows that, even though the variability was very high, SOC sequestration values were on average consistently higher in limed plots. Could this be mentioned somehow?
Line 307. Perhaps 'partly compensated' rather than 'offset'. If the SOC losses in the forest floor were lower than the gains in mineral soil, then the net balance is still positive, not? If you want, you can write 'partly offset'.
Line 364. 'Because the biochemical environmental plays...' (better?)
Lines 466-470. The importance of calcium for stabilizing soil organic matter, widely known in South Europe (where calcareous environments are common, and calcium-rich soils, too), has been largely underestimated in studies about Central Europe. I acknowledge the mention of Ca2+ as a stabilizer of organic matter in these lines; but I rather regret such a small space given by authors to this explanation, which is to me the most obvious one to account for the increases in SOC stocks after liming. Carbonates are a huge source of calcium for soils, and Calcium (rather than carbonates themselves) the probable main reason for the accumulation of SOC in carbonate-rich soils.
Line 477. The very minor contribution of lime-derived CO2 to the total CO2 efflux should be taken as a sign of the relative resistance of lime to disappear in a context of acidic soils. The absence of inorganic carbon in soil samples should be verified. Otherwise, the data about SOC stocks may have been overestimated, at least in the limed plots.Lines 484-486. If such an adsorption of lime to SOM complexes did effectively occur, then my complaints about the need of analyzing inorganic carbon in the soil samples makes even more sense.
FIGURES
Must be improved, definitively. In my computer I put the image at 150 % size, and even at such scale I had difficulties in seeing some figures.
Figure 3 will become almost illegible, for instance. Putting the four sub-figures in line makes all four very small, and letters are almost illegible. I suggest you reconsider the design: instead of four figures in a single line, make a set of four figures, placed in square (two in the upper line, two in the lower line).
Figure 4 will suffer the same problem. The four small figures at the top are barely legible in its current form, and in the printed version of the paper can not be read, quite simply (I verified it). Again, reconsider the design. Also, note that the Figure 4e is different from the others (4a to 4d), and could well be a separate figure.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-306-RC1 - AC2: 'Reply on RC1', Oliver van Straaten, 07 Oct 2022
-
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-306', Anonymous Referee #2, 07 Aug 2022
The article deals with the effect on liming across different forest types in Germany. Liming was generally performed to reduce the acidity and increase forest productivity. Given the contrasting results present in the scientific literature about this topic, the authors try to clarify the effect of this operation using both space-for-time substitution and chronosequence approaches. The topic is worth to be investigated and suitable for this journal.
The material and method section is very clear and the methods applied both for the sampling (litter layer and mineral soil) are sounds. My only concern is about the sampling of the organic horizon that was collected on a very small area since the root auger used for sampling has a diameter of 8 cm only. In the section where the flux measurements are described, some more info are required. For instance, it is no clear to me why the measurements were performed only in the limed sites (prior and after the liming). Why for the baseline it was not used the same approach as for the soil sampling, namely a control site and a limed site? From line 472 it seems that you measured the soil flux in both control and limed plots, isn’it? So, probably some clarification in the text are needed.
The results section clearly report the outputs of the study.
The Discussion section is well developed and each of the three different subsections clearly address the impact of liming on forest floor and mineral soil carbon stocks. Scientific literature is updated. Figures and tables are easy to understand.
Conclusions are sounds and in line with the hypothesis done at the end of the introduction section.
In general, I found the article very easy to follow and well organized.
Specific comments:
Table 1: Why the soil features in this tables are reported only for the 0-5 cm depth? Are these measures coming from the previous study or are from some historical data? Similarly, why the texture is reported for the 30-60 cm layer?
line 190 – 2044: some more info about the 13 C measurements such as the standards and type of instruments used for measurements would be welcome. Similarly, the samples where these measurements were performed should also be indicated (e.g. sites and number of samples).
Line 254: it would by nice to know how long back in time the historical data are referring. 10 yr? 20 yr? more? From figure 2 it seems that the historical data are referring to the previous 20 yr, isn’it? I appreciate table A1 at the end where all the dates of the previous sampling are indicated
459-464: the possible impact of earthworms could be partly evaluated looking at the C concentrations. Since earthworms move vertically more homogeneous C distribution between the different depths should be present is sites where earthworms’ activity is higher compared to control plots where liming was not applied.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-306-RC2 - AC1: 'Reply on RC2', Oliver van Straaten, 07 Oct 2022
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Oliver van Straaten
Larissa Kulp
Guntars O. Martinson
Dan P. Zederer
Ulrike Talkner
The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
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