the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Effects of climate and forest composition on soil carbon cycling, soil organic matter stability and stocks in a humid boreal region
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Stn. Ste-Foy, Quebec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Stn. Ste-Foy, Quebec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
Abstract. The maintenance of the large soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks of the boreal forest under climate change is a matter of concern. In this study, major soil carbon pools and fluxes were assessed in twenty-two closed-canopy forests located along an elevation and latitudinal climatic gradient expanding 4 °C in mean annual temperature (MAT) for two important boreal conifer forest stand types: balsam fir (Abies balsamea) a fire avoider and black spruce (Picea mariana) a fire-tolerant species. SOC stocks were not influenced by climate or forest type. However, carbon fluxes, including aboveground litterfall rates as well as total soil respiration (Rs), heterotrophic (Rh) and autotrophic soil respiration (Ra) were linearly related to climate (cumulative degree days >5 °C). The sensitivity of SOM degradation to temperature, assessed by comparing Q10 (rate of change for a T increase of 10 °C) of soil respiration and Rs10 (soil respiration rates corrected to 10 °C) did not vary across the climate gradient, while the proportion of labile carbon and nitrogen showed higher values for balsam fir and for warmer sites. Balsam fir forests showed a greater litterfall rate, a better litter quality (lower C:N ratio) as well as a higher Rs10 than black spruce ones, suggesting that their soils cycle a larger amount of C and N under a similar climate regime. Altogether, these results suggest that a warmer climate and balsam fir forest composition induce a more rapid SOC turnover. Contrary to common soil organic matter stabilization hypotheses, greater SOC cycling rates did not lead to higher total SOC stocks nor to the depletion of labile soil C and N. Positive effects of warming both on fluxes to and from the soil as well as a potential saturation of stabilised SOC could explain these results which apply to the context of this study: a cold and wet environment and a stable vegetation composition along the climate gradient.
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Journal article(s) based on this preprint
David Paré et al.
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-136', Anonymous Referee #1, 18 May 2022
The objective of the present study was to assess changes in SOC stocks, quality and C fluxes to and from the soil along a climatic gradient occupied by two dominant and important stand types: balsam fir and black spruce. The more intensive aspects of the study leverage four black spruce and three balsam fir sites along the climate gradient, and flux measurements occurred between 2-4 years in duration, with some variation in frequency across the sites. While the climate for the study region is deemed “humid” throughout, there appears to also be a gradient in precipitation (Table 1). The data presentation and objectives are fairly straightforward and should be of broad interest to boreal ecologists. There are a few areas that should be clarified in minor revision prior to publication, however. (I) There are some methodological aspects that were not clear to evaluate, at least to me. It could be these are better explained in prior works by this team (e.g., is soil n only n=5, and is this enough power to assert changes?; why was a fixed value of 2 used for Q10, and yet Q10 was also determined directly?), but it would be good to clarify in this text. (II) There are now quite a few gradient studies examining C fluxes and soil C stocks in boreal conifer forests, including other work briefly mentioned in the text for Canada (for example, Boreal Forest Transect Case Study- Price and Apps), but also for Alaska and Fennoscandia, which would be great to discuss for context. This context would help in explaining co-variates with temperature along the gradient. As such (III), it would be really nice if the authors could somehow evaluate the covariance of changes in precipitation and temperature along the climate gradient. I believe these issues should be addressable in revision, and otherwise offer comments by line number, below, and hope they are helpful.
Line65: Appalachian Mountains?
Table 1: The mean “annual precipitation” appears to differ by “site” along the gradients. Some statistical exploration of this would be good.
Line149: The “L” layer was not sampled? I think this needs to be justified. There could be big differences in the L layer (Oi soil horizon) in spruce vs. fir forests.
Line151: I don't understand: 5F+5H+5mineral is 15, and site n is still equal to 5. Is n=5 sufficient to capture site level variation for these systems, without bulking or taking composite samples? For example, n=5 in Pare et al., 1993, but each "n" was the bulk product of 3 replicates (as such, 15 cores per site were taken). Ziegler et al. (2017) bulked 9 cores per site in their gradient study.
Line225: Excuse my ignorance, but I don't see why an assumed Q10 value would need to be used (contradictory to your equation 2, above)?
As far as I can tell, it was Rayment and Jarvis (2000) who nominated the relatively consistent Q=2 for black spruce. Since you are comparing across gradients and two dominant species cover types, I would recommend using your measured Q10, as in equation 2.
Line285: Regarding the assertion that there were no effects of “climate”, does this include precipitation? Can you be more specific?
Table 3: It would be so much better if precipitation was included in this analysis.
Figure 3: See for context, Kane ES, Valentine DW, Michaelson GJ, Fox JD, Ping C-L. 2006. Controls over pathways of carbon efflux from soils along climate and stand productivity gradients in interior Alaska. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 38: 1438-1450.
Vogel et al. 2008. Carbon allocation in boreal black spruce forests across regions varying in soil temperature and precipitation. Global Change Biology.
Line371: Regarding the “uncertainty”, I think it would be appropriate to have a nod to the low apparent power (soil n=5) for soil sampling in this study.
Line375: This may be true, but as stated this is a bit of an over-simplification. As you state below, there are other factors varying here besides just "climate" in these studies. In Fennoscandia, the latitude gradient is confounded with N deposition. Moreover and as discussed in the Ziegler paper, precipitation co-varied with the climate gradient in Norris et al. 2011. Across climate gradients in AK which controlled for precipitation, texture, and had similar N deposition, soil C declined with increasing soil growing degree days (Kane et al. 2005; Kane and Vogel, 2009). See also, earlier Vogel et al., 2008 GCB reference.
Line395: “We were not able to explain the large variability in soil C stocks across sites. This property is highly variable at small scale and has notoriously been difficult to map (Paré et al. 2021). A much larger dataset would be required”
This is a very important point. If you are not capturing the variance at each site, can you assert that soil C stocks are truly not changing across the gradient? A quick power analysis could answer this question.
Line405: “Both species also showed a stable litter C:N ratio along the climate gradient, suggesting
that the stoichiometry of C to N is not affected by climate.”:
This is really interesting!
Line445: See earlier comment about Q10 being fixed at 2, and kindly disregard if I was off base there.
Line491: “Our results show no evidence of net SOM losses or a reduction of the most active SOM
fraction with a warmer climate”
Can this be said, if the site level variance in SOM stocks is not being captured (vis a vis, line 395)?
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', David Paré, 13 Jun 2022
We thank the reviewer for their insightful and constructive comments! Comments and replies are copied here and also in the attached file which may be easier to read (color-coded).
Comments: The objective of the present study was to assess changes in SOC stocks, quality, and C fluxes to and from the soil along a climatic gradient occupied by two dominant and important stand types: balsam fir and black spruce. The more intensive aspects of the study leverage four black spruce and three balsam fir sites along the climate gradient, and flux measurements occurred between 2-4 years in duration, with some variation in frequency across the sites. While the climate for the study region is deemed “humid” throughout, there appears to also be a gradient in precipitation (Table 1). The data presentation and objectives are fairly straightforward and should be of broad interest to boreal ecologists. There are a few areas that should be clarified in minor revision prior to publication, however. (I) There are some methodological aspects that were not clear to evaluate, at least to me. It could be these are better explained in prior works by this team (e.g., is soil n only n=5, and is this enough power to assert changes?; why was a fixed value of 2 used for Q10, and yet Q10 was also determined directly?), but it would be good to clarify in this text. (II) There are now quite a few gradient studies examining C fluxes and soil C stocks in boreal conifer forests, including other work briefly mentioned in the text for Canada (for example, Boreal Forest Transect Case Study- Price and Apps), but also for Alaska and Fennoscandia, which would be great to discuss for context. This context would help in explaining co-variates with temperature along the gradient. As such (III), it would be really nice if the authors could somehow evaluate the covariance of changes in precipitation and temperature along the climate gradient. I believe these issues should be addressable in revision, and otherwise offer comments by line number, below, and hope they are helpful.
We thank the reviewer for their insightful and constructive comments!
1-Role of precipitation/aridity:
The design involved the selection of sites along a mean annual temperature gradient. We did not pay much attention to the role of precipitation because the study area is within a wet climatic region with few limitations of ecosystem processes due to water availability.
However, we concur with both reviewers that the role of precipitation should be considered more carefully because it is a global concern and we do have some potentially useful data to discuss this issue. This is what we propose: We will add an aridity index to the description of sites (Table 1). We used the Penman-Molteith equation as recommended by FAO (https://www.fao.org/3/x0490e/x0490e00.htm#Contents) the ASCE standardized reference evapotranspiration (https://www.mesonet.org/images/site/ASCE_Evapotranspiration_Formula.pdf) calculated daily from May to October over a 30 year period. We found out that for balsam fir sites only, there is a strong positive correlation between temperature (DD) and aridity: warmer sites are dryer (R2: 0.86; p<0.0001). This relationship is not significant for black spruce sites (R2=0.11; P=0.3537) as our cold black spruce sites included both wet (high elevation) and drier sites (high latitude). We explored the relationships between aridity and soil C stocks, litterfall, and soil respiration. Significant relationships were found only for fir sites between aridity and litterfall (a positive relationship: dryer = more productive). In addition, we also calculated RS10 (estimated soil respiration at 10oC i.e respiration adjusted for temperature) for each plot measurement event, generating about 4050 point measures. We compared RS10 with soil water content of the soil top 20cm assessed with a TDR probe. No relationship was found between soil moisture and respiration between sites or within the season. We also explored these relationships at the site level and found the same outcome. We will discuss this aspect in the paper and we will add the relationship in the form of graphs with statistical descriptions in the supplementary material.
In summary, for balsam fir sites, we cannot distinguish the impact of aridity from that of temperature, because both are strongly correlated. However, because we did not find any significant relationship between soil respiration and soil humidity measured in the field and because we do not find significant relationships between aridity and soil C stocks or soil C cycling for black spruce sites and for all sites together, we may conclude that aridity does not play a major role in controlling C stocks and C cycling under the wet climatic conditions of this study. We thank the author for this comment and we think that this addition will strengthen the paper. We will refer to Kane and Vogel (2009) and to Vogel et al. (2008) that are useful to better frame the context of our study. They found a reduction in soil C storage with warming past a certain threshold. However, these studies were conducted in a much drier climate. Our study region has an aridity index comparable to Amazonia (Trabucco, A., and Zomer, R.J. 2018. Global Aridity Index and Potential evapotranspiration (ET0) Climate Database v2). In addition, in Vogel et al. (2008) precipitation and temperature were positively correlated, while we observe the opposite. This gives support that the accelerated C fluxes and the absence of change in the soil C content that we observed with a warmer climate are likely the results of having no or little limitations of ecosystem processes by water. We will make this point clearer.
Line65: Appalachian Mountains?
2-the original text refers to the Southern Appalachians region
Table 1: The mean “annual precipitation” appears to differ by “site” along the gradients. Some statistical exploration of this would be good.
3-See comment # 1.
Line149: The “L” layer was not sampled? I think this needs to be justified. There could be big differences in the L layer (Oi soil horizon) in spruce vs. fir forests.
4-We only discarded the loose portion of the top litter because it is short-lasting and varies during the season. It represents a very small portion of the humus layer. We will add some precision to the text.
Line151: I don't understand: 5F+5H+5mineral is 15, and site n is still equal to 5. Is n=5 sufficient to capture site-level variation for these systems, without bulking or taking composite samples? For example, n=5 in Pare et al., 1993, but each "n" was the bulk product of 3 replicates (as such, 15 cores per site were taken). Ziegler et al. (2017) bulked 9 cores per site in their gradient study.
5-Recognizing that soil carbon stocks are highly variable at the plot level, we would like to stress that our study sites only covered an area of 400m2. Our sampling intensity is greater than what is used for national carbon inventories (NFI) and compared favorably well with scientific studies. We will make the sampling description clearer. (l. 150). We sampled 3 cores (not five as indicated) around each sample plot (5 per site). This generated 15 samples per soil layer (organic; 0-20cm and 20-40cm). Each sample was analyzed individually.
Line225: Excuse my ignorance, but I don't see why an assumed Q10 value would need to be used (contradictory to your equation 2, above)?
6-We estimated a Q10 value to compare sites along the climate gradient and between species. A Q10 of 2 was only used to interpolate the value of RS10 between measurement periods in the estimate of cumulative seasonal soil respiration (May to November). We will make this clearer in a new version. This methodology is derived from Lavigne et al. (2003). In fact, Lavigne et al. (2003) are citing four studies indicating that using a unique value of Q10 for the whole season can lead to overestimations. The rationale is that Q10 may change during the season. For example during periods of important root growth, it could be influenced by greater availability of root C to soil microbes. Nevertheless, the estimated respiration rate is the same on measurement day, regardless of the method used. It is only for the interpolation between measurement dates that they may slightly differ. In short, an RS10 is estimated for each site and measurement day with a Q10 of 2. This RS10 value (not Rs) is interpolated linearly between measurement days. To convert daily estimated RS10 to daily Rs values for no-data days, recorded soil temperature and a Q10 of 2 are used to back transfer Rs10 to Rs values. Finally, and recognizing that there is no standardized way of calculating these fluxes, we compared the two approaches, the one we used and the one using a Q10 that varies with site but that is the same for the whole season. The overall difference was 2% (the ratio of this second approach to the one we used ranged from 0.8 to 1.32, also suggesting a comparable but slightly skewed to higher values). We will refer to these results in the text and we would be happy to show the comparison in a table in the supplementary material.
As far as I can tell, it was Rayment and Jarvis (2000) who nominated the relatively consistent Q=2 for black spruce. Since you are comparing across gradients and two dominant species cover types, I would recommend using your measured Q10, as in equation 2.
7-See above comment (6)
Line285: Regarding the assertion that there were no effects of “climate”, does this include precipitation? Can you be more specific?
8-See above, we addressed this in point 1.
Table 3: It would be so much better if precipitation was included in this analysis.
9-See above (1)
Figure 3: See for context, Kane ES, Valentine DW, Michaelson GJ, Fox JD, Ping C-L. 2006. Controls over pathways of carbon efflux from soils along climate and stand productivity gradients in interior Alaska. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 38: 1438-1450.
Vogel et al. 2008. Carbon allocation in boreal black spruce forests across regions varying in soil temperature and precipitation. Global Change Biology.
10-thanks for the suggestions, both similarities (increase NPP with temperature) and divergences (declining soil stocks with temperature vs no change in our study) are found; it is interesting to note that the climate of these studies is dryer and this may explain the divergence. We will introduce them in the discussion.
Line371: Regarding the “uncertainty”, I think it would be appropriate to have a nod to the low apparent power (soil n=5) for soil sampling in this study.
11-See above comment (5)
Line375: This may be true, but as stated, this is a bit of an over-simplification. As you state below, there are other factors varying here besides just "climate" in these studies. In Fennoscandia, the latitude gradient is confounded with N deposition. Moreover and as discussed in the Ziegler paper, precipitation co-varied with the climate gradient in Norris et al. 2011. Across climate gradients in AK which controlled for precipitation, and texture, and had similar N deposition, soil C declined with increasing soil growing degree days (Kane et al. 2005; Kane and Vogel, 2009). See also, earlier Vogel et al., 2008 GCB reference.
12-Interesting point! Two aspects, our climate is much wetter than those of that cited and in our study, at least for balsam fir, colder is wetter while in those studies colder was drier. (see point 10)
Line395: “We were not able to explain the large variability in soil C stocks across sites. This property is highly variable at a small scale and has notoriously been difficult to map (Paré et al. 2021). A much larger dataset would be required”
This is a very important point. If you are not capturing the variance at each site, can you assert that soil C stocks are truly not changing across the gradient? A quick power analysis could answer this question.
13-see (5) we think that our sampling intensity is adequate to capture within-site variability. However, we may add that what matters here is the large variability between sites.
Line405: “Both species also showed a stable litter C:N ratio along the climate gradient, suggesting
that the stoichiometry of C to N is not affected by climate.”:
This is really interesting!
14-Thanks! However, we are not sure if we can make more of this observation; homeostasis in plant nutrition is common.
Line445: See earlier comment about Q10 being fixed at 2, and kindly disregard if I was off base there.
15-See comment above (6)
Line491: “Our results show no evidence of net SOM losses or a reduction of the most active SOM
fraction with a warmer climate” Can this be said, if the site level variance in SOM stocks is not being captured (vis a vis, line 395)?
16-see (5) and (13)
- AC3: 'Reply on RC1', David Paré, 13 Jun 2022
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', David Paré, 13 Jun 2022
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RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-136', Anonymous Referee #2, 29 May 2022
General comments
This study examines effects of climate and forest composition on soil organic carbon stocks in humid boreal forests of Canada. It uses elevation and latitude to create a climate gradient of forests spanning 4°C, dominated by balsam fir or black spruce trees. The authors found an effect of climate on carbon cycling (inputs and outputs) but no effect of climate on overall total soil organic carbon stocks (C stocks of the organic layer and top 40cm of the mineral soil), which is a result that is supported by some studies but not by others.
This study is important and the paper would be of interest to readers of Biogeosciences because of the large stocks of SOC that exist in boreal forests that we know are vulnerable to the rapid warming already occurring in northern ecosystems, however the mechanisms behind these C losses are not well understood and result in large uncertainties in modelling efforts. Furthermore, empirical measurements are needed to verify laboratory incubation results because the dominating controls determined in isolation in the laboratory are often difficult to observe in an intact system. This study is a strong contribution, therefore my criticisms are intended to strengthen the manuscript and provide “food for thought” for the authors.
The two larger scientific concerns I have are: 1) the metric used to evaluate the effects of climate is degree-days, and while there are instances where that is made explicitly clear it needs to be consistent throughout the manuscript. Climate is more than temperature, and climate change involves changes to precipitation as well as temperature. The authors nicely point out that the results of this study are applicable to “cold, humid” climates, however only the temperature component of climate change is tested, despite a 600+ mm range in precipitation across all the sites. If it is not possible to test MAP, I would like to see some info on soil moisture included at the very least; and 2) Lability is a tricky concept that is measured in many different ways. This makes it difficult to compare between studies and interpret meaning. I challenge the use of mineralization as a measure of lability, especially in this study where lability is used as a potential explanation for Q10 variability (which is also respiration/temperature based). I don’t necessarily think this part of the study should be removed but the caveats of the incubation as an indicator of lability should be discussed explicitly and critically. Also, Schmidt et al., 2011 suggests that even recalcitrant OM can be decomposed under the right environmental conditions, how do you know that labile OM is exclusively being mineralized in your incubations?
For the most part, this is a well prepared and presented manuscript. The figures and tables included are all useful, however some of them are blurry and difficult to read (Figures 3 and 4 in particular). There are several sentences in the text that require rewording, or reorganization. I’ve pointed out a few below. Some work is needed to make your hypotheses in the introduction clearer.
Specific comments
Abstract
Line 12 “climate change is [a] matter of concern”
Line 19 “climate (cumulative degree days >5degreesC)”, write like this throughout OR “climate (DD)” once DD is defined. Also, should mention somewhere in the manuscript why DD was chosen instead of MAT to represent climate
Line 25 change “spruce ones” to “spruce forests”
Line 28 “contrary to common soil organic matter stabilization hypotheses”. My intuitive thought is that greater cycling would result in increased losses and decreases in stocks, or is the assumption that labile portions get respired and the recalcitrant C is left behind and stabilised by minerals?
Line 31 “apply to the context of this study: cold and wet environment”. I appreciate that this statement was included, however not much has been done to address the “wet” part of that statement. Precipitation is variable (MAP: 954 - 1631 mm) and not tested, and no soil moisture data has been shown
Intro
Line 36, “Boreal forests should also experience the most intense warming” could be changed to “are experiencing the most intense warming”
Line 56, The sentence that starts with “However, because both C fluxes to and from the soil are accelerated by temperature...” has great points but the sentence took a while to process as written.
I suggest: “…the net effect of increased temperature on soil C accumulation will vary if the rates of input and output fluxes are differentially affected by temperature” or something like that
Line 80 -84 This comment about wildfires, although important and relevant, is out of place here as your hypotheses have nothing to do with assessing the effects of wildfire on SOC stocks. Consider moving wildfire to the general climate change/ boreal section at the beginning of the intro if you want to keep it. This paragraph should have more info about litter quality differences between the two forest types and the effect on SOM, for instance.
Hypothesis 1
Line 85: warmer sites accumulate more carbon? Is this reasonable given the greater driving hypothesis that climate warming = losses of SOC to the atmosphere? Can both be true? I think the mineral-associated OM and MEMS framework should is the part of the explanation that is missing and should be described in more detail before getting to the hypotheses here. Also isn’t litter of higher quality (lower C:N, more labile) more easily decomposed and respired?
Line 90: can you clarify this point? I think I know what you mean, and I think it’s related to my question above, but it needs to clearer. I like that the Andrieux, 2020 reference is included but I shouldn’t need to go to that paper to understand the sentence. Is the point that the total (O.L. + mineral-associated to 40cm depth) carbon stock is important to capture? As opposed to studies that evaluate only O.L. stocks or only mineral C stocks. Can the Andieux, 2020 paper be introduced in the main body of the intro before we get to the hypotheses? That might set things up better
Hypothesis 3
Line 93: this is the hypothesis that I’m having trouble with. Is it fair to use mineralized losses (C and N mineralization) as the measure of labile carbon and nitrogen content, and then to use that data as an explanation for Q10 variability which is also respiration and temperature based? Shouldn’t an independent measure of lability be considered? For instance, a chemical measure of lability? How do you know for sure that what is mineralized in the incubations is labile?
Materials and Methods
Line 115, do you have any quantitative measure of “closed-canopy”? This is brought up again in the discussion and I don’t follow the logic with regard to bryophyte distribution
Table 1, Please change annual precipitation to MAP
Line 198, include simple description of the coefficients b1 and b2
Line 259, “depending on rates” why is this dependent on rates. Do rates reach zero? Please explain in the section.
Line 262, was the nitrate and ammonium flushed to simulate field flushing of these species? Was this done monthly and why?
Line 265, how can you assume that what was mineralized was labile? Doesn’t the Schmidt et al., 2011 reference suggest that even recalcitrant OM can be mineralized under the right environmental conditions? Couldn’t recalcitrant OM be decomposed at 22C?
Results
Line 279, instead of “this variability could not be attributed to a single factor” write, “this variability could not be attributed to species, DDS or their interaction (Table 2)”
Line 280, the sand comment seems out of place as soil texture is not mentioned anywhere else in the paper and was not tested.
Line 282, use humus layer or organic layer but not both.
Line 284, I appreciate that the OL and mineral C proportions are shown here, but no need to say that 33% is close to 25%. If the proportions are not significantly different between forest types then you should say that instead.
Line 284, I appreciate that the OL and mineral C proportions are shown here, but no need to say that 33% is close to 25%. If the proportions are not significantly different between forest types then you should say that instead.
Line 285, use DDs instead of climate in the results so that it is clear what is being used as a metric for climate.
Table 2: is Total C the sum of carbon in OL, 0-40cm, and coarse woody debris? This should be clear in the caption.
Line 302/309, stick with degree-days instead of climate, the two are used interchangeably in this paragraph and the next
Figure 2 is blurry
Line 340, do you think differences in Q10 would be observed under a larger range in MAT (>4C)?
Line 344, replace “ones” with “soils”
Figure 4 is hard to read, blurry and small
Discussion
Line 369, remove “in”
Line 385, is there a relationship between MAT and MAP?
Line 386, it would be great to include the soil moisture data
Line 387, “[Furthermore], the size of the SOM stock is not only controlled by climate or NPP, [but is also] strongly influenced by soil types….”
Line 397, including MAP
Line 403, add reference for needle statement
Line 419, is this because black spruce sites are already generally wetter than balsam fir?
Line 437, replace “congruent results, that is to say” with “the”
Line 466, this would be easier to interpret if there was more info on “closed-canopy”
Line 470, are you using “active” synonymously with labile? If so, just use labile for consistency
Line 475, “to maintain” should be “to the maintenance”
Line 477, this is first time we are seeing MAOM, please write it out in full
Line 483, this is the first time we are seeing POM, please write it out in full
Line 476 – 489, There are several points being made in this section with no clear connection. It is difficult to understand the connection between MAOM, DOC and POM and how it relates to your results. I would start this as a new paragraph and refine
Conclusion
Line 492, replace “active” with “labile” for consistency
Line 501, change “with changes in climate conditions” to “with projected changes to temperature” or something like that to tie it back to the climate change projections for the area
Line 501- 503, I appreciate this final recommendation. Could expand it to include “ these results indicate that climate change effects on SOM storage and dynamics need to be studied both within and among forest ecosystem types [in order to do what??]. How will continuing to do "within and among" studies help solve the problem? Please state explicitly. I think that would make for a more impactful ending!
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AC2: 'Reply on RC2', David Paré, 13 Jun 2022
REV 2
General comments
This study examines the effects of climate and forest composition on soil organic carbon stocks in humid boreal forests of Canada. It uses elevation and latitude to create a climate gradient of forests spanning 4°C, dominated by balsam fir or black spruce trees. The authors found an effect of climate on carbon cycling (inputs and outputs) but no effect of climate on overall total soil organic carbon stocks (C stocks of the organic layer and top 40cm of the mineral soil), which is a result that is supported by some studies but not by others.
This study is important and the paper would be of interest to readers of Biogeosciences because of the large stocks of SOC that exist in boreal forests that we know are vulnerable to the rapid warming already occurring in northern ecosystems, however the mechanisms behind these C losses are not well understood and result in large uncertainties in modelling efforts. Furthermore, empirical measurements are needed to verify laboratory incubation results because the dominating controls determined in isolation in the laboratory are often difficult to observe in an intact system. This study is a strong contribution, therefore my criticisms are intended to strengthen the manuscript and provide “food for thought” for the authors.
The two larger scientific concerns I have are: 1) the metric used to evaluate the effects of climate is degree-days, and while there are instances where that is made explicitly clear it needs to be consistent throughout the manuscript. Climate is more than temperature, and climate change involves changes to precipitation as well as temperature. The authors nicely point out that the results of this study are applicable to “cold, humid” climates, however only the temperature component of climate change is tested, despite a 600+ mm range in precipitation across all the sites. If it is not possible to test MAP, I would like to see some info on soil moisture included at the very least;
We thank the reviewer for the insightful and constructive comments!
1-We have addressed this concern in length in the response to reviewer 1. Please see comment (1) in reply to reviewer 1.
and 2) Lability is a tricky concept that is measured in many different ways. This makes it difficult to compare between studies and interpret meaning. I challenge the use of mineralization as a measure of lability, especially in this study where lability is used as a potential explanation for Q10 variability (which is also respiration/temperature based). I don’t necessarily think this part of the study should be removed but the caveats of the incubation as an indicator of lability should be discussed explicitly and critically. Also, Schmidt et al., 2011 suggests that even recalcitrant OM can be decomposed under the right environmental conditions, how do you know that labile OM is exclusively being mineralized in your incubations?
2-This is an interesting point! No, we do not know if some of the evolved C comes from recalcitrant forms and it may well be possible. We will change labile to bioavailable C as in Andrieux et al. (2020), the rationale being that we do not have information on the chemical nature of the organic material but rather on the potential for microbes to degrade it under standard conditions.
For the most part, this is a well prepared and presented manuscript. The figures and tables included are all useful, however some of them are blurry and difficult to read (Figures 3 and 4 in particular). There are several sentences in the text that require rewording, or reorganization. I’ve pointed out a few below. Some work is needed to make your hypotheses in the introduction clearer.
3-We will prepare figures with a better resolution and we will also move the concepts of organic matter reactivity in the text prior to stating the hypotheses.
Specific comments
Abstract
Line 12 “climate change is [a] matter of concern”
accepted
Line 19 “climate (cumulative degree days >5degreesC)”, write like this throughout OR “climate (DD)” once DD is defined. Also, should mention somewhere in the manuscript why DD was chosen instead of MAT to represent climate
accepted
Line 25 change “spruce ones” to “spruce forests”
accepted
Line 28 “contrary to common soil organic matter stabilization hypotheses”. My intuitive thought is that greater cycling would result in increased losses and decreases in stocks, or is the assumption that labile portions get respired and the recalcitrant C is left behind and stabilised by minerals?
We will change the term cycling by inputs
Line 31 “apply to the context of this study: cold and wet environment”. I appreciate that this statement was included, however not much has been done to address the “wet” part of that statement. Precipitation is variable (MAP: 954 - 1631 mm) and not tested, and no soil moisture data has been shown
We will add a metric of aridity and present results of the relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture, which was not significant. More details in response to Reviewer 1 (1)
Intro
Line 36, “Boreal forests should also experience the most intense warming” could be changed to “are experiencing the most intense warming”
accepted
Line 56, The sentence that starts with “However, because both C fluxes to and from the soil are accelerated by temperature...” has great points but the sentence took a while to process as written.
I suggest: “…the net effect of increased temperature on soil C accumulation will vary if the rates of input and output fluxes are differentially affected by temperature” or something like that
Accepted: much clearer!
Line 80 -84 This comment about wildfires, although important and relevant, is out of place here as your hypotheses have nothing to do with assessing the effects of wildfire on SOC stocks. Consider moving wildfire to the general climate change/ boreal section at the beginning of the intro if you want to keep it. This paragraph should have more info about litter quality differences between the two forest types and the effect on SOM, for instance.
Accepted
Hypothesis 1
Line 85: warmer sites accumulate more carbon? Is this reasonable given the greater driving hypothesis that climate warming = losses of SOC to the atmosphere? Can both be true? I think the mineral-associated OM and MEMS framework should is the part of the explanation that is missing and should be described in more detail before getting to the hypotheses here. Also isn’t litter of higher quality (lower C:N, more labile) more easily decomposed and respired?
The framework developed by Cotrufo et al. (2013) was used as a cornerstone to define this hypothesis (more stable C) with greater C inputs. We elaborate in the discussion about the outcomes. We agree to move the description of the MEMS framework in a section that proceeds the hypotheses.
Line 90: can you clarify this point? I think I know what you mean, and I think it’s related to my question above, but it needs to clearer. I like that the Andrieux, 2020 reference is included but I shouldn’t need to go to that paper to understand the sentence. Is the point that the total (O.L. + mineral-associated to 40cm depth) carbon stock is important to capture? As opposed to studies that evaluate only O.L. stocks or only mineral C stocks. Can the Andieux, 2020 paper be introduced in the main body of the intro before we get to the hypotheses? That might set things up better
Accepted: We will introduce the concept sooner in the text and this should make the hypotheses leaner. Andrieux et al. (2020) found that about 10% of the whole soil total organic C from the O horiozon to 40cm down the mineral soil could be qualified as fast C.
Hypothesis 3
Line 93: this is the hypothesis that I’m having trouble with. Is it fair to use mineralized losses (C and N mineralization) as the measure of labile carbon and nitrogen content, and then to use that data as an explanation for Q10 variability which is also respiration and temperature based? Shouldn’t an independent measure of lability be considered? For instance, a chemical measure of lability? How do you know for sure that what is mineralized in the incubations is labile?
Materials and Methods
Line 115, do you have any quantitative measure of “closed-canopy”? This is brought up again in the discussion and I don’t follow the logic with regard to bryophyte distribution.
We don’t but open canopy boreal stands are easy to avoid and have an abundant understorey of bryophytes that may change the studied processes. Bryophytes, especially Sphagnum species and also lichen can change the soil microclimate and the decomposition process greatly (Pace et al. 2018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.02.020; Pace et al. 2020: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-020-04587-0) . We wanted to avoid these situations.
Table 1, Please change annual precipitation to MAP
Accepted
Line 198, include simple description of the coefficients b1 and b2
Yes, we will: b1 is RS10 and b2 =ln(Q10)/10 while Q10=e10*b2; an error has slipped into the paper and Eq.3 is of no use and will be deleted.
Line 259, “depending on rates” why is this dependent on rates. Do rates reach zero? Please explain in the section.
We will add an explanation: we adapted the periods during which the lid was closed prior to CO2 measurements to get concentrations that were within the range of calibration of the IRGA.
Line 262, was the nitrate and ammonium flushed to simulate field flushing of these species? Was this done monthly and why? Yes, this is done to maintain the soil humid and to flush the accumulation of metabolic products that may interfere with the decomposition process.
Line 265, how can you assume that what was mineralized was labile? Doesn’t the Schmidt et al., 2011 reference suggest that even recalcitrant OM can be mineralized under the right environmental conditions? Couldn’t recalcitrant OM be decomposed at 22C?
Incubation is an empirical method where we measure what the microbes are able to process under standard conditions. We will change labile to bioreactive. We will add in this section a clarification/definition of what we call labile C and N; which is not, as the reviewer rightly points out, a chemical definition.
Results
Line 279, instead of “this variability could not be attributed to a single factor” write, “this variability could not be attributed to species, DDS or their interaction (Table 2)”
accepted
Line 280, the sand comment seems out of place as soil texture is not mentioned anywhere else in the paper and was not tested.
Yes, we can remove the sentence. Coarse textured soils lead to little mineral-organic interactions and OM stabilization. But we did not explore these relationships and our design is poorly suited for this.
Line 282, use humus layer or organic layer but not both.
We will make sure that we have consistency in the terminology
Line 284, I appreciate that the OL and mineral C proportions are shown here, but no need to say that 33% is close to 25%. If the proportions are not significantly different between forest types then you should say that instead.
We agree!
Line 285, use DDs instead of climate in the results so that it is clear what is being used as a metric for climate.
Table 2: is Total C the sum of carbon in OL, 0-40cm, and coarse woody debris? This should be clear in the caption.
Line 302/309, stick with degree-days instead of climate, the two are used interchangeably in this paragraph and the next
Figure 2 is blurry
All of the above will be fixed!
Line 340, do you think differences in Q10 would be observed under a larger range in MAT (>4C)?
We don’t know but we will make the data available for use in a larger gradient.
Line 344, replace “ones” with “soils”
Figure 4 is hard to read, blurry and small
This will be fixed
Discussion
Line 369, remove “in”
Accepted
Line 385, is there a relationship between MAT and MAP? Yes for fir only; See first comment to reviewer 1.
Line 386, it would be great to include the soil moisture data
Accepted
Line 387, “[Furthermore], the size of the SOM stock is not only controlled by climate or NPP, [but is also] strongly influenced by soil types….”
Accepted
Line 397, including MAP
Accepted
Line 403, add reference for needle statement
Added and figure adjusted
Line 419, is this because black spruce sites are already generally wetter than balsam fir?
Good point! I am not sure that they speculated on this but we can mention it as a supposition.
Line 437, replace “congruent results, that is to say” with “the”
Accepted
Line 466, this would be easier to interpret if there was more info on “closed-canopy”
We will add a sentence on the role of bryophytes on organic matter cycling.
Line 470, are you using “active” synonymously with labile? If so, just use labile for consistency
Yes, we will use a consistent terminology. We will use the term available as explained above. (available to microbes)
Line 475, “to maintain” should be “to the maintenance”
Line 477, this is first time we are seeing MAOM, please write it out in full
Line 483, this is the first time we are seeing POM, please write it out in full
Line 476 – 489, There are several points being made in this section with no clear connection. It is difficult to understand the connection between MAOM, DOC, and POM and how it relates to your results. I would start this as a new paragraph and refine
We agree with the comments above; We will re-write, the last section as it is confusing. We will indicate that: Stabilized MAOM reservoirs may reach a saturation point, especially in non-recently disturbed soils (Lavallée et al. 2020). Boreal regions show the highest concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the surface soil globally (Langeveld et al. 2020), indicating that the capacity of these soils to immobilize DOC as water percolates through the soil column is limited. Cotrufo et al. (2021) suggested that under cold and wet conditions, it is not MAOM but poorly stabilized particulate organic matter (POM) that dominates the dynamics of SOC cycling. If indeed MAOM reservoirs have reached saturation, and POM dominates the SOC cycling, our results suggest that warming, while accelerating SOC cycling does not lead to changes in the stocks of either POM or MAOM stocks. However, more research is needed to determine how the different fractions of SOM are impacted by changes both in aridity and in temperature and to identify climatic thresholds from which SOC stocks become vulnerable.
Conclusion
Line 492, replace “active” with “labile” for consistency
See above, we will use bioreactive or reactive as in Andrieux et al. (2020)
Line 501, change “with changes in climate conditions” to “with projected changes to temperature” or something like that to tie it back to the climate change projections for the area
Accepted
Line 501- 503, I appreciate this final recommendation. Could expand it to include “ these results indicate that climate change effects on SOM storage and dynamics need to be studied both within and among forest ecosystem types [in order to do what??]. How will continuing to do "within and among" studies help solve the problem? Please state explicitly. I think that would make for a more impactful ending!
Yes; we will complete the sentence… in order to separate the direct effects of climate change from that of vegetation change.
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AC2: 'Reply on RC2', David Paré, 13 Jun 2022
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-136', Anonymous Referee #1, 18 May 2022
The objective of the present study was to assess changes in SOC stocks, quality and C fluxes to and from the soil along a climatic gradient occupied by two dominant and important stand types: balsam fir and black spruce. The more intensive aspects of the study leverage four black spruce and three balsam fir sites along the climate gradient, and flux measurements occurred between 2-4 years in duration, with some variation in frequency across the sites. While the climate for the study region is deemed “humid” throughout, there appears to also be a gradient in precipitation (Table 1). The data presentation and objectives are fairly straightforward and should be of broad interest to boreal ecologists. There are a few areas that should be clarified in minor revision prior to publication, however. (I) There are some methodological aspects that were not clear to evaluate, at least to me. It could be these are better explained in prior works by this team (e.g., is soil n only n=5, and is this enough power to assert changes?; why was a fixed value of 2 used for Q10, and yet Q10 was also determined directly?), but it would be good to clarify in this text. (II) There are now quite a few gradient studies examining C fluxes and soil C stocks in boreal conifer forests, including other work briefly mentioned in the text for Canada (for example, Boreal Forest Transect Case Study- Price and Apps), but also for Alaska and Fennoscandia, which would be great to discuss for context. This context would help in explaining co-variates with temperature along the gradient. As such (III), it would be really nice if the authors could somehow evaluate the covariance of changes in precipitation and temperature along the climate gradient. I believe these issues should be addressable in revision, and otherwise offer comments by line number, below, and hope they are helpful.
Line65: Appalachian Mountains?
Table 1: The mean “annual precipitation” appears to differ by “site” along the gradients. Some statistical exploration of this would be good.
Line149: The “L” layer was not sampled? I think this needs to be justified. There could be big differences in the L layer (Oi soil horizon) in spruce vs. fir forests.
Line151: I don't understand: 5F+5H+5mineral is 15, and site n is still equal to 5. Is n=5 sufficient to capture site level variation for these systems, without bulking or taking composite samples? For example, n=5 in Pare et al., 1993, but each "n" was the bulk product of 3 replicates (as such, 15 cores per site were taken). Ziegler et al. (2017) bulked 9 cores per site in their gradient study.
Line225: Excuse my ignorance, but I don't see why an assumed Q10 value would need to be used (contradictory to your equation 2, above)?
As far as I can tell, it was Rayment and Jarvis (2000) who nominated the relatively consistent Q=2 for black spruce. Since you are comparing across gradients and two dominant species cover types, I would recommend using your measured Q10, as in equation 2.
Line285: Regarding the assertion that there were no effects of “climate”, does this include precipitation? Can you be more specific?
Table 3: It would be so much better if precipitation was included in this analysis.
Figure 3: See for context, Kane ES, Valentine DW, Michaelson GJ, Fox JD, Ping C-L. 2006. Controls over pathways of carbon efflux from soils along climate and stand productivity gradients in interior Alaska. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 38: 1438-1450.
Vogel et al. 2008. Carbon allocation in boreal black spruce forests across regions varying in soil temperature and precipitation. Global Change Biology.
Line371: Regarding the “uncertainty”, I think it would be appropriate to have a nod to the low apparent power (soil n=5) for soil sampling in this study.
Line375: This may be true, but as stated this is a bit of an over-simplification. As you state below, there are other factors varying here besides just "climate" in these studies. In Fennoscandia, the latitude gradient is confounded with N deposition. Moreover and as discussed in the Ziegler paper, precipitation co-varied with the climate gradient in Norris et al. 2011. Across climate gradients in AK which controlled for precipitation, texture, and had similar N deposition, soil C declined with increasing soil growing degree days (Kane et al. 2005; Kane and Vogel, 2009). See also, earlier Vogel et al., 2008 GCB reference.
Line395: “We were not able to explain the large variability in soil C stocks across sites. This property is highly variable at small scale and has notoriously been difficult to map (Paré et al. 2021). A much larger dataset would be required”
This is a very important point. If you are not capturing the variance at each site, can you assert that soil C stocks are truly not changing across the gradient? A quick power analysis could answer this question.
Line405: “Both species also showed a stable litter C:N ratio along the climate gradient, suggesting
that the stoichiometry of C to N is not affected by climate.”:
This is really interesting!
Line445: See earlier comment about Q10 being fixed at 2, and kindly disregard if I was off base there.
Line491: “Our results show no evidence of net SOM losses or a reduction of the most active SOM
fraction with a warmer climate”
Can this be said, if the site level variance in SOM stocks is not being captured (vis a vis, line 395)?
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', David Paré, 13 Jun 2022
We thank the reviewer for their insightful and constructive comments! Comments and replies are copied here and also in the attached file which may be easier to read (color-coded).
Comments: The objective of the present study was to assess changes in SOC stocks, quality, and C fluxes to and from the soil along a climatic gradient occupied by two dominant and important stand types: balsam fir and black spruce. The more intensive aspects of the study leverage four black spruce and three balsam fir sites along the climate gradient, and flux measurements occurred between 2-4 years in duration, with some variation in frequency across the sites. While the climate for the study region is deemed “humid” throughout, there appears to also be a gradient in precipitation (Table 1). The data presentation and objectives are fairly straightforward and should be of broad interest to boreal ecologists. There are a few areas that should be clarified in minor revision prior to publication, however. (I) There are some methodological aspects that were not clear to evaluate, at least to me. It could be these are better explained in prior works by this team (e.g., is soil n only n=5, and is this enough power to assert changes?; why was a fixed value of 2 used for Q10, and yet Q10 was also determined directly?), but it would be good to clarify in this text. (II) There are now quite a few gradient studies examining C fluxes and soil C stocks in boreal conifer forests, including other work briefly mentioned in the text for Canada (for example, Boreal Forest Transect Case Study- Price and Apps), but also for Alaska and Fennoscandia, which would be great to discuss for context. This context would help in explaining co-variates with temperature along the gradient. As such (III), it would be really nice if the authors could somehow evaluate the covariance of changes in precipitation and temperature along the climate gradient. I believe these issues should be addressable in revision, and otherwise offer comments by line number, below, and hope they are helpful.
We thank the reviewer for their insightful and constructive comments!
1-Role of precipitation/aridity:
The design involved the selection of sites along a mean annual temperature gradient. We did not pay much attention to the role of precipitation because the study area is within a wet climatic region with few limitations of ecosystem processes due to water availability.
However, we concur with both reviewers that the role of precipitation should be considered more carefully because it is a global concern and we do have some potentially useful data to discuss this issue. This is what we propose: We will add an aridity index to the description of sites (Table 1). We used the Penman-Molteith equation as recommended by FAO (https://www.fao.org/3/x0490e/x0490e00.htm#Contents) the ASCE standardized reference evapotranspiration (https://www.mesonet.org/images/site/ASCE_Evapotranspiration_Formula.pdf) calculated daily from May to October over a 30 year period. We found out that for balsam fir sites only, there is a strong positive correlation between temperature (DD) and aridity: warmer sites are dryer (R2: 0.86; p<0.0001). This relationship is not significant for black spruce sites (R2=0.11; P=0.3537) as our cold black spruce sites included both wet (high elevation) and drier sites (high latitude). We explored the relationships between aridity and soil C stocks, litterfall, and soil respiration. Significant relationships were found only for fir sites between aridity and litterfall (a positive relationship: dryer = more productive). In addition, we also calculated RS10 (estimated soil respiration at 10oC i.e respiration adjusted for temperature) for each plot measurement event, generating about 4050 point measures. We compared RS10 with soil water content of the soil top 20cm assessed with a TDR probe. No relationship was found between soil moisture and respiration between sites or within the season. We also explored these relationships at the site level and found the same outcome. We will discuss this aspect in the paper and we will add the relationship in the form of graphs with statistical descriptions in the supplementary material.
In summary, for balsam fir sites, we cannot distinguish the impact of aridity from that of temperature, because both are strongly correlated. However, because we did not find any significant relationship between soil respiration and soil humidity measured in the field and because we do not find significant relationships between aridity and soil C stocks or soil C cycling for black spruce sites and for all sites together, we may conclude that aridity does not play a major role in controlling C stocks and C cycling under the wet climatic conditions of this study. We thank the author for this comment and we think that this addition will strengthen the paper. We will refer to Kane and Vogel (2009) and to Vogel et al. (2008) that are useful to better frame the context of our study. They found a reduction in soil C storage with warming past a certain threshold. However, these studies were conducted in a much drier climate. Our study region has an aridity index comparable to Amazonia (Trabucco, A., and Zomer, R.J. 2018. Global Aridity Index and Potential evapotranspiration (ET0) Climate Database v2). In addition, in Vogel et al. (2008) precipitation and temperature were positively correlated, while we observe the opposite. This gives support that the accelerated C fluxes and the absence of change in the soil C content that we observed with a warmer climate are likely the results of having no or little limitations of ecosystem processes by water. We will make this point clearer.
Line65: Appalachian Mountains?
2-the original text refers to the Southern Appalachians region
Table 1: The mean “annual precipitation” appears to differ by “site” along the gradients. Some statistical exploration of this would be good.
3-See comment # 1.
Line149: The “L” layer was not sampled? I think this needs to be justified. There could be big differences in the L layer (Oi soil horizon) in spruce vs. fir forests.
4-We only discarded the loose portion of the top litter because it is short-lasting and varies during the season. It represents a very small portion of the humus layer. We will add some precision to the text.
Line151: I don't understand: 5F+5H+5mineral is 15, and site n is still equal to 5. Is n=5 sufficient to capture site-level variation for these systems, without bulking or taking composite samples? For example, n=5 in Pare et al., 1993, but each "n" was the bulk product of 3 replicates (as such, 15 cores per site were taken). Ziegler et al. (2017) bulked 9 cores per site in their gradient study.
5-Recognizing that soil carbon stocks are highly variable at the plot level, we would like to stress that our study sites only covered an area of 400m2. Our sampling intensity is greater than what is used for national carbon inventories (NFI) and compared favorably well with scientific studies. We will make the sampling description clearer. (l. 150). We sampled 3 cores (not five as indicated) around each sample plot (5 per site). This generated 15 samples per soil layer (organic; 0-20cm and 20-40cm). Each sample was analyzed individually.
Line225: Excuse my ignorance, but I don't see why an assumed Q10 value would need to be used (contradictory to your equation 2, above)?
6-We estimated a Q10 value to compare sites along the climate gradient and between species. A Q10 of 2 was only used to interpolate the value of RS10 between measurement periods in the estimate of cumulative seasonal soil respiration (May to November). We will make this clearer in a new version. This methodology is derived from Lavigne et al. (2003). In fact, Lavigne et al. (2003) are citing four studies indicating that using a unique value of Q10 for the whole season can lead to overestimations. The rationale is that Q10 may change during the season. For example during periods of important root growth, it could be influenced by greater availability of root C to soil microbes. Nevertheless, the estimated respiration rate is the same on measurement day, regardless of the method used. It is only for the interpolation between measurement dates that they may slightly differ. In short, an RS10 is estimated for each site and measurement day with a Q10 of 2. This RS10 value (not Rs) is interpolated linearly between measurement days. To convert daily estimated RS10 to daily Rs values for no-data days, recorded soil temperature and a Q10 of 2 are used to back transfer Rs10 to Rs values. Finally, and recognizing that there is no standardized way of calculating these fluxes, we compared the two approaches, the one we used and the one using a Q10 that varies with site but that is the same for the whole season. The overall difference was 2% (the ratio of this second approach to the one we used ranged from 0.8 to 1.32, also suggesting a comparable but slightly skewed to higher values). We will refer to these results in the text and we would be happy to show the comparison in a table in the supplementary material.
As far as I can tell, it was Rayment and Jarvis (2000) who nominated the relatively consistent Q=2 for black spruce. Since you are comparing across gradients and two dominant species cover types, I would recommend using your measured Q10, as in equation 2.
7-See above comment (6)
Line285: Regarding the assertion that there were no effects of “climate”, does this include precipitation? Can you be more specific?
8-See above, we addressed this in point 1.
Table 3: It would be so much better if precipitation was included in this analysis.
9-See above (1)
Figure 3: See for context, Kane ES, Valentine DW, Michaelson GJ, Fox JD, Ping C-L. 2006. Controls over pathways of carbon efflux from soils along climate and stand productivity gradients in interior Alaska. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 38: 1438-1450.
Vogel et al. 2008. Carbon allocation in boreal black spruce forests across regions varying in soil temperature and precipitation. Global Change Biology.
10-thanks for the suggestions, both similarities (increase NPP with temperature) and divergences (declining soil stocks with temperature vs no change in our study) are found; it is interesting to note that the climate of these studies is dryer and this may explain the divergence. We will introduce them in the discussion.
Line371: Regarding the “uncertainty”, I think it would be appropriate to have a nod to the low apparent power (soil n=5) for soil sampling in this study.
11-See above comment (5)
Line375: This may be true, but as stated, this is a bit of an over-simplification. As you state below, there are other factors varying here besides just "climate" in these studies. In Fennoscandia, the latitude gradient is confounded with N deposition. Moreover and as discussed in the Ziegler paper, precipitation co-varied with the climate gradient in Norris et al. 2011. Across climate gradients in AK which controlled for precipitation, and texture, and had similar N deposition, soil C declined with increasing soil growing degree days (Kane et al. 2005; Kane and Vogel, 2009). See also, earlier Vogel et al., 2008 GCB reference.
12-Interesting point! Two aspects, our climate is much wetter than those of that cited and in our study, at least for balsam fir, colder is wetter while in those studies colder was drier. (see point 10)
Line395: “We were not able to explain the large variability in soil C stocks across sites. This property is highly variable at a small scale and has notoriously been difficult to map (Paré et al. 2021). A much larger dataset would be required”
This is a very important point. If you are not capturing the variance at each site, can you assert that soil C stocks are truly not changing across the gradient? A quick power analysis could answer this question.
13-see (5) we think that our sampling intensity is adequate to capture within-site variability. However, we may add that what matters here is the large variability between sites.
Line405: “Both species also showed a stable litter C:N ratio along the climate gradient, suggesting
that the stoichiometry of C to N is not affected by climate.”:
This is really interesting!
14-Thanks! However, we are not sure if we can make more of this observation; homeostasis in plant nutrition is common.
Line445: See earlier comment about Q10 being fixed at 2, and kindly disregard if I was off base there.
15-See comment above (6)
Line491: “Our results show no evidence of net SOM losses or a reduction of the most active SOM
fraction with a warmer climate” Can this be said, if the site level variance in SOM stocks is not being captured (vis a vis, line 395)?
16-see (5) and (13)
- AC3: 'Reply on RC1', David Paré, 13 Jun 2022
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', David Paré, 13 Jun 2022
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RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-136', Anonymous Referee #2, 29 May 2022
General comments
This study examines effects of climate and forest composition on soil organic carbon stocks in humid boreal forests of Canada. It uses elevation and latitude to create a climate gradient of forests spanning 4°C, dominated by balsam fir or black spruce trees. The authors found an effect of climate on carbon cycling (inputs and outputs) but no effect of climate on overall total soil organic carbon stocks (C stocks of the organic layer and top 40cm of the mineral soil), which is a result that is supported by some studies but not by others.
This study is important and the paper would be of interest to readers of Biogeosciences because of the large stocks of SOC that exist in boreal forests that we know are vulnerable to the rapid warming already occurring in northern ecosystems, however the mechanisms behind these C losses are not well understood and result in large uncertainties in modelling efforts. Furthermore, empirical measurements are needed to verify laboratory incubation results because the dominating controls determined in isolation in the laboratory are often difficult to observe in an intact system. This study is a strong contribution, therefore my criticisms are intended to strengthen the manuscript and provide “food for thought” for the authors.
The two larger scientific concerns I have are: 1) the metric used to evaluate the effects of climate is degree-days, and while there are instances where that is made explicitly clear it needs to be consistent throughout the manuscript. Climate is more than temperature, and climate change involves changes to precipitation as well as temperature. The authors nicely point out that the results of this study are applicable to “cold, humid” climates, however only the temperature component of climate change is tested, despite a 600+ mm range in precipitation across all the sites. If it is not possible to test MAP, I would like to see some info on soil moisture included at the very least; and 2) Lability is a tricky concept that is measured in many different ways. This makes it difficult to compare between studies and interpret meaning. I challenge the use of mineralization as a measure of lability, especially in this study where lability is used as a potential explanation for Q10 variability (which is also respiration/temperature based). I don’t necessarily think this part of the study should be removed but the caveats of the incubation as an indicator of lability should be discussed explicitly and critically. Also, Schmidt et al., 2011 suggests that even recalcitrant OM can be decomposed under the right environmental conditions, how do you know that labile OM is exclusively being mineralized in your incubations?
For the most part, this is a well prepared and presented manuscript. The figures and tables included are all useful, however some of them are blurry and difficult to read (Figures 3 and 4 in particular). There are several sentences in the text that require rewording, or reorganization. I’ve pointed out a few below. Some work is needed to make your hypotheses in the introduction clearer.
Specific comments
Abstract
Line 12 “climate change is [a] matter of concern”
Line 19 “climate (cumulative degree days >5degreesC)”, write like this throughout OR “climate (DD)” once DD is defined. Also, should mention somewhere in the manuscript why DD was chosen instead of MAT to represent climate
Line 25 change “spruce ones” to “spruce forests”
Line 28 “contrary to common soil organic matter stabilization hypotheses”. My intuitive thought is that greater cycling would result in increased losses and decreases in stocks, or is the assumption that labile portions get respired and the recalcitrant C is left behind and stabilised by minerals?
Line 31 “apply to the context of this study: cold and wet environment”. I appreciate that this statement was included, however not much has been done to address the “wet” part of that statement. Precipitation is variable (MAP: 954 - 1631 mm) and not tested, and no soil moisture data has been shown
Intro
Line 36, “Boreal forests should also experience the most intense warming” could be changed to “are experiencing the most intense warming”
Line 56, The sentence that starts with “However, because both C fluxes to and from the soil are accelerated by temperature...” has great points but the sentence took a while to process as written.
I suggest: “…the net effect of increased temperature on soil C accumulation will vary if the rates of input and output fluxes are differentially affected by temperature” or something like that
Line 80 -84 This comment about wildfires, although important and relevant, is out of place here as your hypotheses have nothing to do with assessing the effects of wildfire on SOC stocks. Consider moving wildfire to the general climate change/ boreal section at the beginning of the intro if you want to keep it. This paragraph should have more info about litter quality differences between the two forest types and the effect on SOM, for instance.
Hypothesis 1
Line 85: warmer sites accumulate more carbon? Is this reasonable given the greater driving hypothesis that climate warming = losses of SOC to the atmosphere? Can both be true? I think the mineral-associated OM and MEMS framework should is the part of the explanation that is missing and should be described in more detail before getting to the hypotheses here. Also isn’t litter of higher quality (lower C:N, more labile) more easily decomposed and respired?
Line 90: can you clarify this point? I think I know what you mean, and I think it’s related to my question above, but it needs to clearer. I like that the Andrieux, 2020 reference is included but I shouldn’t need to go to that paper to understand the sentence. Is the point that the total (O.L. + mineral-associated to 40cm depth) carbon stock is important to capture? As opposed to studies that evaluate only O.L. stocks or only mineral C stocks. Can the Andieux, 2020 paper be introduced in the main body of the intro before we get to the hypotheses? That might set things up better
Hypothesis 3
Line 93: this is the hypothesis that I’m having trouble with. Is it fair to use mineralized losses (C and N mineralization) as the measure of labile carbon and nitrogen content, and then to use that data as an explanation for Q10 variability which is also respiration and temperature based? Shouldn’t an independent measure of lability be considered? For instance, a chemical measure of lability? How do you know for sure that what is mineralized in the incubations is labile?
Materials and Methods
Line 115, do you have any quantitative measure of “closed-canopy”? This is brought up again in the discussion and I don’t follow the logic with regard to bryophyte distribution
Table 1, Please change annual precipitation to MAP
Line 198, include simple description of the coefficients b1 and b2
Line 259, “depending on rates” why is this dependent on rates. Do rates reach zero? Please explain in the section.
Line 262, was the nitrate and ammonium flushed to simulate field flushing of these species? Was this done monthly and why?
Line 265, how can you assume that what was mineralized was labile? Doesn’t the Schmidt et al., 2011 reference suggest that even recalcitrant OM can be mineralized under the right environmental conditions? Couldn’t recalcitrant OM be decomposed at 22C?
Results
Line 279, instead of “this variability could not be attributed to a single factor” write, “this variability could not be attributed to species, DDS or their interaction (Table 2)”
Line 280, the sand comment seems out of place as soil texture is not mentioned anywhere else in the paper and was not tested.
Line 282, use humus layer or organic layer but not both.
Line 284, I appreciate that the OL and mineral C proportions are shown here, but no need to say that 33% is close to 25%. If the proportions are not significantly different between forest types then you should say that instead.
Line 284, I appreciate that the OL and mineral C proportions are shown here, but no need to say that 33% is close to 25%. If the proportions are not significantly different between forest types then you should say that instead.
Line 285, use DDs instead of climate in the results so that it is clear what is being used as a metric for climate.
Table 2: is Total C the sum of carbon in OL, 0-40cm, and coarse woody debris? This should be clear in the caption.
Line 302/309, stick with degree-days instead of climate, the two are used interchangeably in this paragraph and the next
Figure 2 is blurry
Line 340, do you think differences in Q10 would be observed under a larger range in MAT (>4C)?
Line 344, replace “ones” with “soils”
Figure 4 is hard to read, blurry and small
Discussion
Line 369, remove “in”
Line 385, is there a relationship between MAT and MAP?
Line 386, it would be great to include the soil moisture data
Line 387, “[Furthermore], the size of the SOM stock is not only controlled by climate or NPP, [but is also] strongly influenced by soil types….”
Line 397, including MAP
Line 403, add reference for needle statement
Line 419, is this because black spruce sites are already generally wetter than balsam fir?
Line 437, replace “congruent results, that is to say” with “the”
Line 466, this would be easier to interpret if there was more info on “closed-canopy”
Line 470, are you using “active” synonymously with labile? If so, just use labile for consistency
Line 475, “to maintain” should be “to the maintenance”
Line 477, this is first time we are seeing MAOM, please write it out in full
Line 483, this is the first time we are seeing POM, please write it out in full
Line 476 – 489, There are several points being made in this section with no clear connection. It is difficult to understand the connection between MAOM, DOC and POM and how it relates to your results. I would start this as a new paragraph and refine
Conclusion
Line 492, replace “active” with “labile” for consistency
Line 501, change “with changes in climate conditions” to “with projected changes to temperature” or something like that to tie it back to the climate change projections for the area
Line 501- 503, I appreciate this final recommendation. Could expand it to include “ these results indicate that climate change effects on SOM storage and dynamics need to be studied both within and among forest ecosystem types [in order to do what??]. How will continuing to do "within and among" studies help solve the problem? Please state explicitly. I think that would make for a more impactful ending!
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AC2: 'Reply on RC2', David Paré, 13 Jun 2022
REV 2
General comments
This study examines the effects of climate and forest composition on soil organic carbon stocks in humid boreal forests of Canada. It uses elevation and latitude to create a climate gradient of forests spanning 4°C, dominated by balsam fir or black spruce trees. The authors found an effect of climate on carbon cycling (inputs and outputs) but no effect of climate on overall total soil organic carbon stocks (C stocks of the organic layer and top 40cm of the mineral soil), which is a result that is supported by some studies but not by others.
This study is important and the paper would be of interest to readers of Biogeosciences because of the large stocks of SOC that exist in boreal forests that we know are vulnerable to the rapid warming already occurring in northern ecosystems, however the mechanisms behind these C losses are not well understood and result in large uncertainties in modelling efforts. Furthermore, empirical measurements are needed to verify laboratory incubation results because the dominating controls determined in isolation in the laboratory are often difficult to observe in an intact system. This study is a strong contribution, therefore my criticisms are intended to strengthen the manuscript and provide “food for thought” for the authors.
The two larger scientific concerns I have are: 1) the metric used to evaluate the effects of climate is degree-days, and while there are instances where that is made explicitly clear it needs to be consistent throughout the manuscript. Climate is more than temperature, and climate change involves changes to precipitation as well as temperature. The authors nicely point out that the results of this study are applicable to “cold, humid” climates, however only the temperature component of climate change is tested, despite a 600+ mm range in precipitation across all the sites. If it is not possible to test MAP, I would like to see some info on soil moisture included at the very least;
We thank the reviewer for the insightful and constructive comments!
1-We have addressed this concern in length in the response to reviewer 1. Please see comment (1) in reply to reviewer 1.
and 2) Lability is a tricky concept that is measured in many different ways. This makes it difficult to compare between studies and interpret meaning. I challenge the use of mineralization as a measure of lability, especially in this study where lability is used as a potential explanation for Q10 variability (which is also respiration/temperature based). I don’t necessarily think this part of the study should be removed but the caveats of the incubation as an indicator of lability should be discussed explicitly and critically. Also, Schmidt et al., 2011 suggests that even recalcitrant OM can be decomposed under the right environmental conditions, how do you know that labile OM is exclusively being mineralized in your incubations?
2-This is an interesting point! No, we do not know if some of the evolved C comes from recalcitrant forms and it may well be possible. We will change labile to bioavailable C as in Andrieux et al. (2020), the rationale being that we do not have information on the chemical nature of the organic material but rather on the potential for microbes to degrade it under standard conditions.
For the most part, this is a well prepared and presented manuscript. The figures and tables included are all useful, however some of them are blurry and difficult to read (Figures 3 and 4 in particular). There are several sentences in the text that require rewording, or reorganization. I’ve pointed out a few below. Some work is needed to make your hypotheses in the introduction clearer.
3-We will prepare figures with a better resolution and we will also move the concepts of organic matter reactivity in the text prior to stating the hypotheses.
Specific comments
Abstract
Line 12 “climate change is [a] matter of concern”
accepted
Line 19 “climate (cumulative degree days >5degreesC)”, write like this throughout OR “climate (DD)” once DD is defined. Also, should mention somewhere in the manuscript why DD was chosen instead of MAT to represent climate
accepted
Line 25 change “spruce ones” to “spruce forests”
accepted
Line 28 “contrary to common soil organic matter stabilization hypotheses”. My intuitive thought is that greater cycling would result in increased losses and decreases in stocks, or is the assumption that labile portions get respired and the recalcitrant C is left behind and stabilised by minerals?
We will change the term cycling by inputs
Line 31 “apply to the context of this study: cold and wet environment”. I appreciate that this statement was included, however not much has been done to address the “wet” part of that statement. Precipitation is variable (MAP: 954 - 1631 mm) and not tested, and no soil moisture data has been shown
We will add a metric of aridity and present results of the relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture, which was not significant. More details in response to Reviewer 1 (1)
Intro
Line 36, “Boreal forests should also experience the most intense warming” could be changed to “are experiencing the most intense warming”
accepted
Line 56, The sentence that starts with “However, because both C fluxes to and from the soil are accelerated by temperature...” has great points but the sentence took a while to process as written.
I suggest: “…the net effect of increased temperature on soil C accumulation will vary if the rates of input and output fluxes are differentially affected by temperature” or something like that
Accepted: much clearer!
Line 80 -84 This comment about wildfires, although important and relevant, is out of place here as your hypotheses have nothing to do with assessing the effects of wildfire on SOC stocks. Consider moving wildfire to the general climate change/ boreal section at the beginning of the intro if you want to keep it. This paragraph should have more info about litter quality differences between the two forest types and the effect on SOM, for instance.
Accepted
Hypothesis 1
Line 85: warmer sites accumulate more carbon? Is this reasonable given the greater driving hypothesis that climate warming = losses of SOC to the atmosphere? Can both be true? I think the mineral-associated OM and MEMS framework should is the part of the explanation that is missing and should be described in more detail before getting to the hypotheses here. Also isn’t litter of higher quality (lower C:N, more labile) more easily decomposed and respired?
The framework developed by Cotrufo et al. (2013) was used as a cornerstone to define this hypothesis (more stable C) with greater C inputs. We elaborate in the discussion about the outcomes. We agree to move the description of the MEMS framework in a section that proceeds the hypotheses.
Line 90: can you clarify this point? I think I know what you mean, and I think it’s related to my question above, but it needs to clearer. I like that the Andrieux, 2020 reference is included but I shouldn’t need to go to that paper to understand the sentence. Is the point that the total (O.L. + mineral-associated to 40cm depth) carbon stock is important to capture? As opposed to studies that evaluate only O.L. stocks or only mineral C stocks. Can the Andieux, 2020 paper be introduced in the main body of the intro before we get to the hypotheses? That might set things up better
Accepted: We will introduce the concept sooner in the text and this should make the hypotheses leaner. Andrieux et al. (2020) found that about 10% of the whole soil total organic C from the O horiozon to 40cm down the mineral soil could be qualified as fast C.
Hypothesis 3
Line 93: this is the hypothesis that I’m having trouble with. Is it fair to use mineralized losses (C and N mineralization) as the measure of labile carbon and nitrogen content, and then to use that data as an explanation for Q10 variability which is also respiration and temperature based? Shouldn’t an independent measure of lability be considered? For instance, a chemical measure of lability? How do you know for sure that what is mineralized in the incubations is labile?
Materials and Methods
Line 115, do you have any quantitative measure of “closed-canopy”? This is brought up again in the discussion and I don’t follow the logic with regard to bryophyte distribution.
We don’t but open canopy boreal stands are easy to avoid and have an abundant understorey of bryophytes that may change the studied processes. Bryophytes, especially Sphagnum species and also lichen can change the soil microclimate and the decomposition process greatly (Pace et al. 2018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.02.020; Pace et al. 2020: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-020-04587-0) . We wanted to avoid these situations.
Table 1, Please change annual precipitation to MAP
Accepted
Line 198, include simple description of the coefficients b1 and b2
Yes, we will: b1 is RS10 and b2 =ln(Q10)/10 while Q10=e10*b2; an error has slipped into the paper and Eq.3 is of no use and will be deleted.
Line 259, “depending on rates” why is this dependent on rates. Do rates reach zero? Please explain in the section.
We will add an explanation: we adapted the periods during which the lid was closed prior to CO2 measurements to get concentrations that were within the range of calibration of the IRGA.
Line 262, was the nitrate and ammonium flushed to simulate field flushing of these species? Was this done monthly and why? Yes, this is done to maintain the soil humid and to flush the accumulation of metabolic products that may interfere with the decomposition process.
Line 265, how can you assume that what was mineralized was labile? Doesn’t the Schmidt et al., 2011 reference suggest that even recalcitrant OM can be mineralized under the right environmental conditions? Couldn’t recalcitrant OM be decomposed at 22C?
Incubation is an empirical method where we measure what the microbes are able to process under standard conditions. We will change labile to bioreactive. We will add in this section a clarification/definition of what we call labile C and N; which is not, as the reviewer rightly points out, a chemical definition.
Results
Line 279, instead of “this variability could not be attributed to a single factor” write, “this variability could not be attributed to species, DDS or their interaction (Table 2)”
accepted
Line 280, the sand comment seems out of place as soil texture is not mentioned anywhere else in the paper and was not tested.
Yes, we can remove the sentence. Coarse textured soils lead to little mineral-organic interactions and OM stabilization. But we did not explore these relationships and our design is poorly suited for this.
Line 282, use humus layer or organic layer but not both.
We will make sure that we have consistency in the terminology
Line 284, I appreciate that the OL and mineral C proportions are shown here, but no need to say that 33% is close to 25%. If the proportions are not significantly different between forest types then you should say that instead.
We agree!
Line 285, use DDs instead of climate in the results so that it is clear what is being used as a metric for climate.
Table 2: is Total C the sum of carbon in OL, 0-40cm, and coarse woody debris? This should be clear in the caption.
Line 302/309, stick with degree-days instead of climate, the two are used interchangeably in this paragraph and the next
Figure 2 is blurry
All of the above will be fixed!
Line 340, do you think differences in Q10 would be observed under a larger range in MAT (>4C)?
We don’t know but we will make the data available for use in a larger gradient.
Line 344, replace “ones” with “soils”
Figure 4 is hard to read, blurry and small
This will be fixed
Discussion
Line 369, remove “in”
Accepted
Line 385, is there a relationship between MAT and MAP? Yes for fir only; See first comment to reviewer 1.
Line 386, it would be great to include the soil moisture data
Accepted
Line 387, “[Furthermore], the size of the SOM stock is not only controlled by climate or NPP, [but is also] strongly influenced by soil types….”
Accepted
Line 397, including MAP
Accepted
Line 403, add reference for needle statement
Added and figure adjusted
Line 419, is this because black spruce sites are already generally wetter than balsam fir?
Good point! I am not sure that they speculated on this but we can mention it as a supposition.
Line 437, replace “congruent results, that is to say” with “the”
Accepted
Line 466, this would be easier to interpret if there was more info on “closed-canopy”
We will add a sentence on the role of bryophytes on organic matter cycling.
Line 470, are you using “active” synonymously with labile? If so, just use labile for consistency
Yes, we will use a consistent terminology. We will use the term available as explained above. (available to microbes)
Line 475, “to maintain” should be “to the maintenance”
Line 477, this is first time we are seeing MAOM, please write it out in full
Line 483, this is the first time we are seeing POM, please write it out in full
Line 476 – 489, There are several points being made in this section with no clear connection. It is difficult to understand the connection between MAOM, DOC, and POM and how it relates to your results. I would start this as a new paragraph and refine
We agree with the comments above; We will re-write, the last section as it is confusing. We will indicate that: Stabilized MAOM reservoirs may reach a saturation point, especially in non-recently disturbed soils (Lavallée et al. 2020). Boreal regions show the highest concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the surface soil globally (Langeveld et al. 2020), indicating that the capacity of these soils to immobilize DOC as water percolates through the soil column is limited. Cotrufo et al. (2021) suggested that under cold and wet conditions, it is not MAOM but poorly stabilized particulate organic matter (POM) that dominates the dynamics of SOC cycling. If indeed MAOM reservoirs have reached saturation, and POM dominates the SOC cycling, our results suggest that warming, while accelerating SOC cycling does not lead to changes in the stocks of either POM or MAOM stocks. However, more research is needed to determine how the different fractions of SOM are impacted by changes both in aridity and in temperature and to identify climatic thresholds from which SOC stocks become vulnerable.
Conclusion
Line 492, replace “active” with “labile” for consistency
See above, we will use bioreactive or reactive as in Andrieux et al. (2020)
Line 501, change “with changes in climate conditions” to “with projected changes to temperature” or something like that to tie it back to the climate change projections for the area
Accepted
Line 501- 503, I appreciate this final recommendation. Could expand it to include “ these results indicate that climate change effects on SOM storage and dynamics need to be studied both within and among forest ecosystem types [in order to do what??]. How will continuing to do "within and among" studies help solve the problem? Please state explicitly. I think that would make for a more impactful ending!
Yes; we will complete the sentence… in order to separate the direct effects of climate change from that of vegetation change.
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AC2: 'Reply on RC2', David Paré, 13 Jun 2022
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