the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 02 Dec 2022
The role of tropical upwelling in explaining discrepancies between recent modeled and observed lower stratospheric ozone trends
Abstract. Several analyses of satellite-based ozone measurements have reported that lower stratospheric ozone has declined since the late 1990s. In contrast to this, lower stratospheric ozone was found to be increasing in specified dynamics (SD) simulations from version 4 of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM-SD) where the model was nudged using reanalysis wind/temperature fields. This paper demonstrates that the standard configuration of WACCM-SD fails to reproduce the underlying tropical upwelling changes present in the reanalysis fields used to drive the model. Over the period since the late 1990s, WACCM-SD has a spurious negative upwelling trend that induces a positive quasi-global lower stratospheric column ozone trend and accounts for much of the apparent discrepancy between modeled and observed ozone trends. Using a suite of SD simulations with alternative nudging configurations, it is shown that short-term (~2 decade) ozone trends scale linearly with short-term trends in tropical upwelling. However, none of the simulations capture the recent ozone decline, and the ozone/upwelling scaling in the WACCM simulations suggests that a large short-term upwelling trend (~6 % decade-1) would be needed to explain the observed satellite trends. The strong relationship between ozone and upwelling, coupled with both the large range of reanalysis upwelling trend estimates and the inability of WACCM-SD simulations to reproduce upwelling from their input reanalyses, severely limits the use of these simulations for accurately reproducing recent ozone variability. Contrary to expectations, a free-running version of WACCM using only surface boundary conditions and a nudged QBO more closely captures both interannual variability and decadal-scale ozone “trends” than the SD simulations.
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RC1: 'Review on egusphere-2022-1267', Roland Eichinger, 03 Jan 2023
Review on:
“The role of tropical upwelling in explaining discrepancies between recent modeled and observed lower stratospheric ozone trends”, ACPD, 2022, by Davis, S. M. et al..
In their paper, Davis et al. analyse a suite of WACCM model experiments with, without, and with different sorts of nudging as to whether the simulations can reproduce observed ozone trends from the Ball et al. (2018) study. They find that a misrepresented trend in tropical upwelling in the original simulation setup leads to some of the ozone discrepancies. Particular nudging setups help to get closer to observations with some regard, but surprisingly, the free-running simulation (with nudged QBO) represents the ozone trends best. Overall, I think this is an interesting and well-written paper, the method and the analysis are elaborate and the study reveals some new insights to this topic, which has shaken up the community for several years now. I would be happy to see the paper published in ACP soon. I do, however, have a few remarks that I think are important to consider before publication and two of these, I guess, should be viewed as major points. Revising the paper in that sense should not be too cumbersome, though, please see below.
Major issues:
• Sect. 3.4: The discussion about mixing appears oversimplified to me. What type of mixing is it that you diagnose? Is it parameterised horizontal/vertical diffusion or is it Kyy or some of such diagnostics (see e.g. Abalos et al. (2016, 10.1175/JAS-D-16-0167.1) or Eichinger et al. (2019, 10.5194/acp-19-921-2019))? Moreover, did you consider the diffusivity of the model’s advection scheme? I assume this is still included in what you call ’advection’. If that is the case, the results may be somewhat misinterpreted. See Dietmüller et al. (2017, 10.5194/acp-17-7703-2017) for details and for some quantification of this effect. Moreover, please consider e.g. Eichinger et al. (2019, 10.5194/acp-19-921-
2019) for the discussion of the impact of mixing on tracer trends and Dietmüller et al. (2021, 10.5194/acp-21-6811-2021), Orbe et al. (2020, 10.1029/2019JD031631), Ball et al. (2020, 10.5194/acp-20-9737-2020) for discussing the influence of mixing on ozone in the extratropical lower stratosphere. Revise also L390-391 accordingly.• My other concern (which is partly linked to the above) is the averaging over 60S-60N. It has been shown in several studies, and the present study shows it again, that different processes are at work in the tropics and in the extratropics with regard to LS ozone trends and variability, see for example Dietmüller et al. (2021, 10.5194/acp-21-6811-2021), Orbe et al. (2020, 10.1029/2019JD031631), Ball et al. (2020, 10.5194/acp-20-9737-2020). The tropics are controlled by dynamical upwelling within the pipe, in the extratropics, mixing is important, but extratropical downwelling and possibly other processes can have an impact as well. I understand that the trends from the Ball et al. (2018) study are meant
to be reconciled, but in light of the studies above, I think doing it for 60S-60N is prone to be misleading in interpretation. The relevant figures (mainly Figs. 4 and 6) should be shown for tropics (as in supplement) and extratropics separately and the results should be discussed with respect to the different regions then as well. Also the introduction completely lacks these points, which I think are very relevant for the topic. In Sect. 3.3 this point is already taken up, but only very (too) briefly. I assume that when doing the separation, more than ’roughly half’ (see L298) can be explained in the tropics, and it will be very interesting to see how much can be explained in the extratropics.Minor issues:
• L13: Add (short or half) sentence that tropical upwelling is important for ozone in LS.
• L15: state more precisely the time span you are analysing
• L24: Due to the upwelling trends again, or other reasons too? Maybe state briefly here.
• L27: ... Montreal Protocol in 1987, the atmospheric concentration of ozone depleting substances (ODSs) is declining, and ...
• L55: “replay” simulations. Is that something people know about, I am afraid I do not. Can you explain what it means?
• L74: The terms ’nudging timescale’ and ’meteorology frequency’ are not self-explanatory, can you modify the wording or explain it more precisely please.
• L80: Would there be a citation for this paradoxicality? If not, can you explain how this comes about?
• Section 2: Partly for the sake of reproducibility, partly for transparency, can you add some information on the following:
– There are some nudging parameters, such as nudging strength, can you provide it, do you vary it, is this a standard setting, have you considered varying it, is there history on that?
– What is the approximate vertical resolution in the UTLS in your setups
– Do you nudge in all altitudes, i.e. in all levels? If not, where not?
– Is nudging performed in grid-point space or in spectral space in WACCM?
– What SSTs and SICs do you use? Ì
• L105: I understand now that with ’native’ levels, you mean the ERA-I levels, that was not clear to me when I first read it, please clarify. Do you conduct this simulation simply because it is technically possible, and you thought this might have an impact, or is there some other rationale behind this experiment?
• Sect. 2: I think you’ll have to argue why you didn’t perform a simulation nudged to ERA-5. ERA-Interim is outdated, I think also the (tropical upwelling) trends in ERA-5 are different now. This simulation is clearly missing. Maybe you can argue that MERRA is assimilated in ERA-5, but I am not sure if that is enough, or do you want to keep it for a follow-up study? If a simulation of that kind should be available (or doable on the quick), include it please, if not, at least discuss the possible differences when using ERA-5 for nudging.
• L111: Usually simulations like that are stuck in one QBO phase, can you state in which one it is here?
• L113-125: Can you be more precise about the diagnostic calculations here. I understand that you calculate w*-based upwelling from the model and v*-based tropical upwelling from the reanalyses, but I don’t undestand why you would do that. I think this should be done as consistent as possible. Moreover, for usage of w* please consider our paper Eichinger and Sacha (2020, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3876), such that density is correctly chosen for upwelling calculation for the particular w*, this can have an impact on the upwelling trends.
• L146: It is here a little unclear why you use 85 hPa, the standard in literature is 70 or 100 hPa. Later on it makes sense, as you have the best correlation there, but here this choice requires an explanation. Or was this level chosen in previous papers already (and I missed
it)? If so, please state it.
• L231: State why you would expect that.
• Sect. 3.3: I was sceptical at first, when I read that you want to conclude from variability to trends, as the processes that control variability (ENSO, QBO, seasonal cycle, ...) are different from those that control decadal trends (GHG and ODS emissions,...), however, I think the way it is conducted in this paper is absolutely fine. What I would still ask you to do is to write a few words about this, and why you think you can actually conclude from variability to trends in your case, mainly to encourage readers to think about this before doing it.
• Discussion around Fig. 4: Maybe it could help to mention the influence of chemistry (and dynamics) when it comes to explaining the low correlations above around 50 hPa.
• Sect. 3.4 Could you additionally show the impact of chemistry on ozone trends (maybe in appendix or supplement). Would these 3 parts then (in the stratosphere) add up to the total tendencies or what else would still be missing?
• L381: What bird-shaped pattern? You never mentioned this before, where was that?
Technical issues:
• L13: ....that, despite the nudging, the ...
• L17: ...lower stratospheric ozone
• L45: ...variability that strongly determines ozone variability ...
• L60: ...stratospheric ozone decline...
• L145: runs → simulations (and many other times)
• L162: don’t → do not
• L182: remove ’also’
• L199: Remove (or replace) ’Interestingly’ (everything you write is interesting, right!)
• L200 and in many other places: To my understanding, the lowermost stratosphere is the part in the extratropics that is at around the pressure altitude as the tropical upper troposphere. So in the tropics there is no lowermost stratosphere, but rather just the ’tropical lower stratosphere’. Please check if I am mistaken, if not, change it throughout the paper.
• L210: State what latitudes you are talking about here.
• L230: State what latitudes you are talking about here.
• L257: include ’in the lower stratosphere’
• L260 remove ’are’
• L301: remove ’very’
• L314: don’t → do not
• L344-348: Split sentence into 2 or 3 sentences.
• L352: Remove first ’the’
• L368: Remove ’highly’
• L376: variability → trends and variability
• L395: remains unexplained, or, is still unexplained
• L418: Something seems wrong here, ’dlmmc’.Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1267-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Sean Davis, 16 Feb 2023
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2022/egusphere-2022-1267/egusphere-2022-1267-AC1-supplement.pdf
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Sean Davis, 16 Feb 2023
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RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-1267', Anonymous Referee #2, 06 Jan 2023
Review of "The role of tropical upwelling in explaining discrepancies between
recent modeled and observed lower stratospheric ozone trends", by Davis et al.General comment:
This paper investigates changes in lower stratospheric ozone over the recent past in model simulations and satellite observations, an important topic when assessing the effect of the Montreal protocol or effects of climate change on stratospheric dynamics. It is found that lower stratospheric ozone changes scale linearly with tropical upwelling velocity across different model simulations with different nudgings, suggesting a primary role of tropical upwelling for controlling decadal ozone changes in that region. However, none of the model simulations reproduces the observed ozone trend and, if the linear ozone-upwelling relation holds, a large upwelling trend would be needed to explain the observed ozone trend. Furthermore, nudging the model dynamics towards reanalysis turns out to be tricky, such that tropical upwelling trends in nudged simulations are often very different from the original reanalysis trends, such that the usefulness of nudged simulations to investigate observed ozone variability appears questionable.
The topic of lower stratospheric ozone trends is of much interest to the stratospheric community, and this paper makes an important contribution to further our understanding on these trends. The paper is concise, well structured and well written and the results are presented clearly, and I enjoyed reading. I do strongly recommend publication and only have a few minor and specific comments, which could help to further improve the presentation and discussion.
Minor comment:
I don't fully agree with the statement that ERA-Interim shows "inconsistency of its long-term upwelling trend against ... observations..." (L315), or "ERA-Interim being a particular outlier" (L375). Indeed, there is an inconsistency, but only if one considers residual circulation upwelling velocity calculated using the standard TEM residual circulation definition, and also only for a particular period (e.g. Seviour et al., 2011). On the other hand, the ERA-Interim upwelling calculated from momentum or thermodynamic balances shows a long-term increase in the lower stratosphere (Abalos et al., 2015) which is (at least qualitatively) consistent with observational estimates (e.g., Ray et al., 2014). Also, mean age trends based on upwelling from thermodynamic balance estimate (diabatic heating rates) from ERA-Interim appear to agree better with mean age observations than other reanalyses (e.g., Ploeger et al., 2019, 2021). I'd suggest to include a more careful discussion (e.g. L315ff) and also reconsider the statement that "upwelling trends explain roughly half of the discrepancy between modeled and observed ozone changes" (e.g., L297ff, L395), as this is related to the former one. There are a few more specific comments below related to that.
Specific comments:
L166: Remarkably, the QBO-related upwelling increase during 2015-2016 in AMIPQBO, which is likely responsible for the positive upwelling trend (at least partly), is not seen in the original reanalysis data. This could be worth a note.
L180, Fig. 2: Why is the correlation between the SD-simulations and their respective reanalysis decreasing below about 70hPa? Is the nudging strength varying with level?
L201, Fig. 2: Any idea why the nudging of the climatology shifts trends to be less negative / more positive in the lower stratosphere (i.e. nudging only anomalies results in more positive upwelling trends)? The same happens for nudging T, in particular for the "ca" (green) case.
Fig. 2 and 3: Related to the last comment, I'd find it noteworthy that nudging temperature climatological anomalies (T-ca) changes the lower stratospheric upwelling trend from negative to positive and the lower stratospheric ozone trend from positive to negative. For the zonal anomaly nudging simulations this is not the case.
Fig. 3: Another interesting detail is that the extent of negative ozone trends into the NH middle latitudes is not reproduced by any simulation. This might point to mixing effects which are perhaps not well represented in the model (as also suggested by Wargan et al., 2018; Orbe et al., 2020). Maybe also worth mentioning.
L239, Fig 4: I think it could make sense to include the figures for tropical latitudes also in Fig. 4, just to show how clear the relation is for the region where we expect it to be clearest.
L297: I don't understand this remark ("...the negative trend in upwelling in that simulation appears to explain roughly half of..."). My problem is that we don't know the true upwelling. If ERA-Interim would be the truth (and not MERRA-2) its positive upwelling trend would be in the range where the linear relation in Fig. 6 is consistent with the observed ozone trend., so that the entire ozone trend difference could be explained by the upwelling trend difference. (This is related to my minor comment above).
L375: Only trends in ERA-Interim upwelling calculated using the standard definition of TEM residual circulation velocities are an outlier (Abalos et al., 2015). (This is related to my minor comment above).
L394: Also here it is not entirely clear to me what is exactly meant. Here, I understand that 50% of the trend difference can be attributed to the spurious upwelling trend due to nudging - and with this statement I would agree. Above (L297), it was not so clear to me what was meant. (Also related to my minor comment above).
L395: Given the linear relation in Fig. 6, isn't it most likely that the simulations underestimate the true upwelling trend? If the true upwelling trend would be positive - similar to ERA-Interim - this would explain the difference. Couldn't this be hypothesized here? (Also related to my minor comment above).
Technical corrections:
L325: I can't find eqn. 1.
L352: There is one "the" too much.Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1267-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Sean Davis, 16 Feb 2023
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2022/egusphere-2022-1267/egusphere-2022-1267-AC2-supplement.pdf
-
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Sean Davis, 16 Feb 2023
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Review on egusphere-2022-1267', Roland Eichinger, 03 Jan 2023
Review on:
“The role of tropical upwelling in explaining discrepancies between recent modeled and observed lower stratospheric ozone trends”, ACPD, 2022, by Davis, S. M. et al..
In their paper, Davis et al. analyse a suite of WACCM model experiments with, without, and with different sorts of nudging as to whether the simulations can reproduce observed ozone trends from the Ball et al. (2018) study. They find that a misrepresented trend in tropical upwelling in the original simulation setup leads to some of the ozone discrepancies. Particular nudging setups help to get closer to observations with some regard, but surprisingly, the free-running simulation (with nudged QBO) represents the ozone trends best. Overall, I think this is an interesting and well-written paper, the method and the analysis are elaborate and the study reveals some new insights to this topic, which has shaken up the community for several years now. I would be happy to see the paper published in ACP soon. I do, however, have a few remarks that I think are important to consider before publication and two of these, I guess, should be viewed as major points. Revising the paper in that sense should not be too cumbersome, though, please see below.
Major issues:
• Sect. 3.4: The discussion about mixing appears oversimplified to me. What type of mixing is it that you diagnose? Is it parameterised horizontal/vertical diffusion or is it Kyy or some of such diagnostics (see e.g. Abalos et al. (2016, 10.1175/JAS-D-16-0167.1) or Eichinger et al. (2019, 10.5194/acp-19-921-2019))? Moreover, did you consider the diffusivity of the model’s advection scheme? I assume this is still included in what you call ’advection’. If that is the case, the results may be somewhat misinterpreted. See Dietmüller et al. (2017, 10.5194/acp-17-7703-2017) for details and for some quantification of this effect. Moreover, please consider e.g. Eichinger et al. (2019, 10.5194/acp-19-921-
2019) for the discussion of the impact of mixing on tracer trends and Dietmüller et al. (2021, 10.5194/acp-21-6811-2021), Orbe et al. (2020, 10.1029/2019JD031631), Ball et al. (2020, 10.5194/acp-20-9737-2020) for discussing the influence of mixing on ozone in the extratropical lower stratosphere. Revise also L390-391 accordingly.• My other concern (which is partly linked to the above) is the averaging over 60S-60N. It has been shown in several studies, and the present study shows it again, that different processes are at work in the tropics and in the extratropics with regard to LS ozone trends and variability, see for example Dietmüller et al. (2021, 10.5194/acp-21-6811-2021), Orbe et al. (2020, 10.1029/2019JD031631), Ball et al. (2020, 10.5194/acp-20-9737-2020). The tropics are controlled by dynamical upwelling within the pipe, in the extratropics, mixing is important, but extratropical downwelling and possibly other processes can have an impact as well. I understand that the trends from the Ball et al. (2018) study are meant
to be reconciled, but in light of the studies above, I think doing it for 60S-60N is prone to be misleading in interpretation. The relevant figures (mainly Figs. 4 and 6) should be shown for tropics (as in supplement) and extratropics separately and the results should be discussed with respect to the different regions then as well. Also the introduction completely lacks these points, which I think are very relevant for the topic. In Sect. 3.3 this point is already taken up, but only very (too) briefly. I assume that when doing the separation, more than ’roughly half’ (see L298) can be explained in the tropics, and it will be very interesting to see how much can be explained in the extratropics.Minor issues:
• L13: Add (short or half) sentence that tropical upwelling is important for ozone in LS.
• L15: state more precisely the time span you are analysing
• L24: Due to the upwelling trends again, or other reasons too? Maybe state briefly here.
• L27: ... Montreal Protocol in 1987, the atmospheric concentration of ozone depleting substances (ODSs) is declining, and ...
• L55: “replay” simulations. Is that something people know about, I am afraid I do not. Can you explain what it means?
• L74: The terms ’nudging timescale’ and ’meteorology frequency’ are not self-explanatory, can you modify the wording or explain it more precisely please.
• L80: Would there be a citation for this paradoxicality? If not, can you explain how this comes about?
• Section 2: Partly for the sake of reproducibility, partly for transparency, can you add some information on the following:
– There are some nudging parameters, such as nudging strength, can you provide it, do you vary it, is this a standard setting, have you considered varying it, is there history on that?
– What is the approximate vertical resolution in the UTLS in your setups
– Do you nudge in all altitudes, i.e. in all levels? If not, where not?
– Is nudging performed in grid-point space or in spectral space in WACCM?
– What SSTs and SICs do you use? Ì
• L105: I understand now that with ’native’ levels, you mean the ERA-I levels, that was not clear to me when I first read it, please clarify. Do you conduct this simulation simply because it is technically possible, and you thought this might have an impact, or is there some other rationale behind this experiment?
• Sect. 2: I think you’ll have to argue why you didn’t perform a simulation nudged to ERA-5. ERA-Interim is outdated, I think also the (tropical upwelling) trends in ERA-5 are different now. This simulation is clearly missing. Maybe you can argue that MERRA is assimilated in ERA-5, but I am not sure if that is enough, or do you want to keep it for a follow-up study? If a simulation of that kind should be available (or doable on the quick), include it please, if not, at least discuss the possible differences when using ERA-5 for nudging.
• L111: Usually simulations like that are stuck in one QBO phase, can you state in which one it is here?
• L113-125: Can you be more precise about the diagnostic calculations here. I understand that you calculate w*-based upwelling from the model and v*-based tropical upwelling from the reanalyses, but I don’t undestand why you would do that. I think this should be done as consistent as possible. Moreover, for usage of w* please consider our paper Eichinger and Sacha (2020, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3876), such that density is correctly chosen for upwelling calculation for the particular w*, this can have an impact on the upwelling trends.
• L146: It is here a little unclear why you use 85 hPa, the standard in literature is 70 or 100 hPa. Later on it makes sense, as you have the best correlation there, but here this choice requires an explanation. Or was this level chosen in previous papers already (and I missed
it)? If so, please state it.
• L231: State why you would expect that.
• Sect. 3.3: I was sceptical at first, when I read that you want to conclude from variability to trends, as the processes that control variability (ENSO, QBO, seasonal cycle, ...) are different from those that control decadal trends (GHG and ODS emissions,...), however, I think the way it is conducted in this paper is absolutely fine. What I would still ask you to do is to write a few words about this, and why you think you can actually conclude from variability to trends in your case, mainly to encourage readers to think about this before doing it.
• Discussion around Fig. 4: Maybe it could help to mention the influence of chemistry (and dynamics) when it comes to explaining the low correlations above around 50 hPa.
• Sect. 3.4 Could you additionally show the impact of chemistry on ozone trends (maybe in appendix or supplement). Would these 3 parts then (in the stratosphere) add up to the total tendencies or what else would still be missing?
• L381: What bird-shaped pattern? You never mentioned this before, where was that?
Technical issues:
• L13: ....that, despite the nudging, the ...
• L17: ...lower stratospheric ozone
• L45: ...variability that strongly determines ozone variability ...
• L60: ...stratospheric ozone decline...
• L145: runs → simulations (and many other times)
• L162: don’t → do not
• L182: remove ’also’
• L199: Remove (or replace) ’Interestingly’ (everything you write is interesting, right!)
• L200 and in many other places: To my understanding, the lowermost stratosphere is the part in the extratropics that is at around the pressure altitude as the tropical upper troposphere. So in the tropics there is no lowermost stratosphere, but rather just the ’tropical lower stratosphere’. Please check if I am mistaken, if not, change it throughout the paper.
• L210: State what latitudes you are talking about here.
• L230: State what latitudes you are talking about here.
• L257: include ’in the lower stratosphere’
• L260 remove ’are’
• L301: remove ’very’
• L314: don’t → do not
• L344-348: Split sentence into 2 or 3 sentences.
• L352: Remove first ’the’
• L368: Remove ’highly’
• L376: variability → trends and variability
• L395: remains unexplained, or, is still unexplained
• L418: Something seems wrong here, ’dlmmc’.Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1267-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Sean Davis, 16 Feb 2023
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2022/egusphere-2022-1267/egusphere-2022-1267-AC1-supplement.pdf
-
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Sean Davis, 16 Feb 2023
-
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-1267', Anonymous Referee #2, 06 Jan 2023
Review of "The role of tropical upwelling in explaining discrepancies between
recent modeled and observed lower stratospheric ozone trends", by Davis et al.General comment:
This paper investigates changes in lower stratospheric ozone over the recent past in model simulations and satellite observations, an important topic when assessing the effect of the Montreal protocol or effects of climate change on stratospheric dynamics. It is found that lower stratospheric ozone changes scale linearly with tropical upwelling velocity across different model simulations with different nudgings, suggesting a primary role of tropical upwelling for controlling decadal ozone changes in that region. However, none of the model simulations reproduces the observed ozone trend and, if the linear ozone-upwelling relation holds, a large upwelling trend would be needed to explain the observed ozone trend. Furthermore, nudging the model dynamics towards reanalysis turns out to be tricky, such that tropical upwelling trends in nudged simulations are often very different from the original reanalysis trends, such that the usefulness of nudged simulations to investigate observed ozone variability appears questionable.
The topic of lower stratospheric ozone trends is of much interest to the stratospheric community, and this paper makes an important contribution to further our understanding on these trends. The paper is concise, well structured and well written and the results are presented clearly, and I enjoyed reading. I do strongly recommend publication and only have a few minor and specific comments, which could help to further improve the presentation and discussion.
Minor comment:
I don't fully agree with the statement that ERA-Interim shows "inconsistency of its long-term upwelling trend against ... observations..." (L315), or "ERA-Interim being a particular outlier" (L375). Indeed, there is an inconsistency, but only if one considers residual circulation upwelling velocity calculated using the standard TEM residual circulation definition, and also only for a particular period (e.g. Seviour et al., 2011). On the other hand, the ERA-Interim upwelling calculated from momentum or thermodynamic balances shows a long-term increase in the lower stratosphere (Abalos et al., 2015) which is (at least qualitatively) consistent with observational estimates (e.g., Ray et al., 2014). Also, mean age trends based on upwelling from thermodynamic balance estimate (diabatic heating rates) from ERA-Interim appear to agree better with mean age observations than other reanalyses (e.g., Ploeger et al., 2019, 2021). I'd suggest to include a more careful discussion (e.g. L315ff) and also reconsider the statement that "upwelling trends explain roughly half of the discrepancy between modeled and observed ozone changes" (e.g., L297ff, L395), as this is related to the former one. There are a few more specific comments below related to that.
Specific comments:
L166: Remarkably, the QBO-related upwelling increase during 2015-2016 in AMIPQBO, which is likely responsible for the positive upwelling trend (at least partly), is not seen in the original reanalysis data. This could be worth a note.
L180, Fig. 2: Why is the correlation between the SD-simulations and their respective reanalysis decreasing below about 70hPa? Is the nudging strength varying with level?
L201, Fig. 2: Any idea why the nudging of the climatology shifts trends to be less negative / more positive in the lower stratosphere (i.e. nudging only anomalies results in more positive upwelling trends)? The same happens for nudging T, in particular for the "ca" (green) case.
Fig. 2 and 3: Related to the last comment, I'd find it noteworthy that nudging temperature climatological anomalies (T-ca) changes the lower stratospheric upwelling trend from negative to positive and the lower stratospheric ozone trend from positive to negative. For the zonal anomaly nudging simulations this is not the case.
Fig. 3: Another interesting detail is that the extent of negative ozone trends into the NH middle latitudes is not reproduced by any simulation. This might point to mixing effects which are perhaps not well represented in the model (as also suggested by Wargan et al., 2018; Orbe et al., 2020). Maybe also worth mentioning.
L239, Fig 4: I think it could make sense to include the figures for tropical latitudes also in Fig. 4, just to show how clear the relation is for the region where we expect it to be clearest.
L297: I don't understand this remark ("...the negative trend in upwelling in that simulation appears to explain roughly half of..."). My problem is that we don't know the true upwelling. If ERA-Interim would be the truth (and not MERRA-2) its positive upwelling trend would be in the range where the linear relation in Fig. 6 is consistent with the observed ozone trend., so that the entire ozone trend difference could be explained by the upwelling trend difference. (This is related to my minor comment above).
L375: Only trends in ERA-Interim upwelling calculated using the standard definition of TEM residual circulation velocities are an outlier (Abalos et al., 2015). (This is related to my minor comment above).
L394: Also here it is not entirely clear to me what is exactly meant. Here, I understand that 50% of the trend difference can be attributed to the spurious upwelling trend due to nudging - and with this statement I would agree. Above (L297), it was not so clear to me what was meant. (Also related to my minor comment above).
L395: Given the linear relation in Fig. 6, isn't it most likely that the simulations underestimate the true upwelling trend? If the true upwelling trend would be positive - similar to ERA-Interim - this would explain the difference. Couldn't this be hypothesized here? (Also related to my minor comment above).
Technical corrections:
L325: I can't find eqn. 1.
L352: There is one "the" too much.Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1267-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Sean Davis, 16 Feb 2023
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2022/egusphere-2022-1267/egusphere-2022-1267-AC2-supplement.pdf
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AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Sean Davis, 16 Feb 2023
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Nicholas Davis
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