the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 17 Nov 2022
Pressure-dependent performance of CEN-specified Condensation Particle Counters
Paulus S. Bauer
Dorian Spät
Martina Eisenhut
Andreas Gattringer
Bernadett Weinzierl
Abstract. One of the most important parameters to quantify an aerosol is the particle number concentration. Condensation Particle Counters (CPCs) are commonly used to measure the aerosol number concentration in the nanometer range. To compare the data from different measurement stations and campaigns it is important to harmonize the instrument specifications, which is why the Technical Specification CEN/TS 16976:2016 was introduced for CPCs. There, the parameters of the CEN-CPC are specified for standard pressure and temperature. However, CEN-CPCs are used in various surroundings, on high mountains or on airplanes, where they are exposed to low-pressure conditions. Here, we present the pressure-dependent performance (including the concentration linearity and counting efficiency) of two different models of CEN-CPCs, the Grimm 5410 CEN and the TSI 3772-CEN. We found that their performance at 1000 hPa and 750 hPa was in accordance with the CEN-technical-specifications. Below 500 hPa, the performance decreased for both CPC-models, but the decrease was different for the two models. To gain insight into the performance of the two CPC-models, we performed a simulation study. This study included simulations of the saturation profiles and calculations of internal particle losses within the CPCs. The simulations reproduced the overall performance decrease with decreasing pressure and reveal that the internal structure of the CPC has a significant influence on the performance. We anticipate our publication to provide a deeper understanding of the counting efficiency of CPCs and their pressure dependence. Our findings might be a starting point for new standards that include the pressure-dependent performance or they could help for designing new CPCs.
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-1206', Anonymous Referee #1, 23 Nov 2022
The manuscript by Bauer et al. presents experimental and simulation characterization of two CPC models that fulfil the CEN technical standard. To my understanding, characterization of the CEN CPCs is the main progress of this paper, other methods and qualitative understandings on the instruments are previously known.
The size and dependent counting efficiency curves were measured and simulated at pressures ranging from 1 to 0.15 bar, and the cutoff diameter was found to increase with decreasing pressure, while the plateau counting efficiency was found to decrease with decreasing pressure. The pressure dependent effects were explained by the simulations, demonstrating that the length of the insulator between the saturator and condenser affects the results. The manuscript is well-written and the experiments and simulations appear valid, and I have only very minor technical suggestions for the manuscript.
- intro: I would take the opportunity in this manuscript to briefly summarize some of the past findings related to the pressure dependency of a CPC. Currently, only some recent studies are vaguely mentioned. It would give better introduction to the reader on this topic
- Line 82, η∞, i would use something else than infinity. Already at ~5 µm the detection efficiency starts to drop.
- L285, please include the inputs for loss calculations, I cannot preproduce your loss calculation results as they are now presented.
- L391-393, the temperature difference is 1 degree. I would say they are within the experimental/fitting uncertainties
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1206-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Bernadett Weinzierl, 18 Apr 2023
We want to thank the referee for the valuable comments on the manuscript which help to improve the manuscript. We will address the comments as described in our following responses in bold.
The manuscript by Bauer et al. presents experimental and simulation characterization of two CPC models that fulfil the CEN technical standard. To my understanding, characterization of the CEN CPCs is the main progress of this paper, other methods and qualitative understandings on the instruments are previously known.
The size and dependent counting efficiency curves were measured and simulated at pressures ranging from 1 to 0.15 bar, and the cutoff diameter was found to increase with decreasing pressure, while the plateau counting efficiency was found to decrease with decreasing pressure. The pressure dependent effects were explained by the simulations, demonstrating that the length of the insulator between the saturator and condenser affects the results. The manuscript is well-written and the experiments and simulations appear valid, and I have only very minor technical suggestions for the manuscript.
- intro: I would take the opportunity in this manuscript to briefly summarize some of the past findings related to the pressure dependency of a CPC. Currently, only some recent studies are vaguely mentioned. It would give better introduction to the reader on this topic
Our initial intension, was to keep the intro as short as possible, because the paper is already very lengthy. However, we also see the point of the referee and we will include some sentences on past findings related to pressure dependencies of CPCs. We will also include some older papers on this topic:
Cofer, W. R., Anderson, B. E., Winstead, E. L., and Bagwell, D. R.: Calibration and demonstration of a condensation nuclei counting system for airborne measurements of aircraft exhausted particles, 32, 169–177, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00318-X, 1998.
Dreiling, V. and Jaenicke, R.: Aircraft measurement with condensation nuclei counter and optical particle counter, 19, 1045–1050, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(88)90097-3, 1988.
Heintzenberg, J. and Ogren, J. A.: On the operation of the TSI-3020 condensation nuclei counter at altitudes up to 10 km, 19, 1385–1387, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(85)90268-9, 1985.
Noone, K. J. and Hansson, H.-C.: Calibration of the TSI 3760 Condensation Nucleus Counter for Nonstandard Operating Conditions, 13, 478–485, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786829008959462, 1990.
Saros, M. T., Weber, R. J., Marti, J. J., and McMurry, P. H.: Ultrafine Aerosol Measurement Using a Condensation Nucleus Counter with Pulse Height Analysis, 25, 200–213, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786829608965391, 1996.
Schröder, F. and Ström, J.: Aircraft measurements of sub micrometer aerosol particles ( > 7 nm) in the midlatitude free troposphere and tropopause region, 44, 333–356, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(96)00034-8, 1997.
Seifert, M., Tiede, R., Schnaiter, M., Linke, C., Möhler, O., Schurath, U., and Ström, J.: Operation and performance of a differential mobility particle sizer and a TSI 3010 condensation particle counter at stratospheric temperatures and pressures, 35, 981–993, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.03.002, 2004.
Weigel, R., Hermann, M., Curtius, J., Voigt, C., Walter, S., Böttger, T., Lepukhov, B., Belyaev, G., and Borrmann, S.: Experimental characterization of the COndensation PArticle counting System for high altitude aircraft-borne application, 2, 243–258, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2-243-2009, 2009.
- Line 82, η∞, i would use something else than infinity. Already at ~5 µm the detection efficiency starts to drop.
We want to thank the referee for pointing this out. We will change our nomenclature from η∞ to η_plat throughout the entire manuscript and we will change the definition to η_plat = η(d_p,50 << d_p < 1µm) to account for the effect of the decreasing detection efficiency at sizes > 1 µm.
- L285, please include the inputs for loss calculations, I cannot preproduce your loss calculation results as they are now presented.
We added a section in the Supp. Info with the parameters for the loss calculation.
- L391-393, the temperature difference is 1 degree. I would say they are within the experimental/fitting uncertainties
We changed the sentence to:
For the Grimm CPC, there is a larger deviation, which might be explained by the chemical effect on the onset diameter (Tauber et al., 2019).Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1206-AC1
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RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-1206', Alfred Wiedensohler, 11 Feb 2023
Dear authors,
I would like to suggest a change in the scope of the article.
The CEN/TS for the condensation particle counters is currently under revision and will become a new EU standard by 2024. In the new EU standard, the section for the obligatory calibration at two different pressures will be cancelled. The DP50 detetction diameter will be shifted to 10 nm. The TSI 3772 is not sold anmore by the company TSI. In meanwhile, there was also a finding that there is a gap of few percent in counting efficiency at the plateau (40 nm) between counting pulses and measuring the electric current with the electrometer. The CEN working group found an agreement now. The solution is to define a correction factor for this gap, since the ISO working group decided that the electrometer measurement is the true value. Each counter (or model) will use a gap correction factor, either for an individual counter for a counter model. It is from the manuscript however not clear how you got approximately 100% detection efficiency at the plateau around 40 nm.
I propose following, a) remove the focus on a CEN-compliant particle counter, b) define your actually measurements of the plateau efficiency as 100% as a base for the modeling of the counting efficiency at lower pressures, c) change the focus and title to the behaviour at low pressures of modern particle counter, and d) relate this modeled results to experimental results of previous publications of more elderly particle counters. The design of the saturator and condenser might have been changen during the last 30 years.
best regard Alfred Wiedensohler
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1206-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Bernadett Weinzierl, 18 Apr 2023
We want to thank the referee for the valuable comments on the manuscript which help to improve the manuscript. We will address the comments as described in our following responses in bold.
Dear authors,
I would like to suggest a change in the scope of the article.
The CEN/TS for the condensation particle counters is currently under revision and will become a new EU standard by 2024. In the new EU standard, the section for the obligatory calibration at two different pressures will be cancelled. The DP50 detetction diameter will be shifted to 10 nm.
We are aware that the CEN/TS16976 is currently under revision and will become a European standard soon. However, the CPCs used in this study were manufactured to meet the CEN Technical Specification 16976:2016, i.e. they for example have a DP50 detection diameter of 7 nm. In addition, the study was undertaken while the CEN Technical Specification 16976:2016 was and is still valid. This is also reflected in our nomenclature of calling the CPC “CEN-specified” and not “CEN-standardized”. Since some parameters might be changed in the standard, we included Sec. 1.2 (CEN Technical Specification 16976:2016), where we describe the main points of the technical specification so that it is clear to the reader what we are referring to. Even if the parameters will change in the future, it will not alter our measurement results.
To point out, that CEN/TS16976 will become a European standard and that parameters of the technical specification will change in the future, we will add the following sentences to the Sec. 1.2:
“[…] The CEN/TS16976 will become a European standard in the near future and some parameters (e.g. the cut-off diameter dp,50 or pressure calibration) might change. However, when the publication was written the CEN/TS16976:2016 was still valid and the most relevant specifications for the presented study are summarized in the following paragraphs: […]”
The TSI 3772 is not sold anmore by the company TSI.
With this paper, we wanted to show a deeper physical understanding of low-pressure behavior of modern CPC and selected two examples of CEN-CPCs, the TSI 3772-CEN and the Grimm 5410 CEN. We are aware that the TSI 3772 and TSI 3772-CEN CPCs are not sold any more. However, many TSI 3772 and TSI 3772-CEN CPCs are still used in many labs and in particular on several research aircraft. We therefore think that our results on the pressure-dependent performance of these CPCs are still interesting to the scientific community. In addition, to our knowledge, the TSI 3772 and TSI 3772-CEN have significant internal differences (e.g. pulse height monitoring). Therefore, it is important to mention that the tested CPCs are the CEN version.
In meanwhile, there was also a finding that there is a gap of few percent in counting efficiency at the plateau (40 nm) between counting pulses and measuring the electric current with the electrometer. The CEN working group found an agreement now. The solution is to define a correction factor for this gap, since the ISO working group decided that the electrometer measurement is the true value. Each counter (or model) will use a gap correction factor, either for an individual counter for a counter model. It is from the manuscript however not clear how you got approximately 100% detection efficiency at the plateau around 40 nm.
We have discussed this point with the manufactures of the instruments. As we understand, the gap is only relevant if the pulse output is used for analysis. However, for this current study we have not used the pulse output. In Sec. 2.2. in L193 we wrote: “Both CPC-models come with an internal coincidence correction (e.g. live-time correction for TSI 3772 CEN), which is why we chose the corrected concentration output of the CPCs (NCPC) for our data analysis.”
I propose following, a) remove the focus on a CEN-compliant particle counter, […] c) change the focus and title to the behaviour at low pressures of modern particle counter,
This study is not focusing on CEN specifications but rather on the behavior of CEN-specified CPCs under varying pressure conditions. The starting point of our investigations were the two different CPC models which are CEN-specified under the currently valid CEN/TS16976:2016. When we bought these CPCs they came with a CEN certificate from the manufacturer. Despite their design differences, they have almost the same performance (cut-off curves) under standard conditions as reported in their calibration certificate. However, the performance (cut-off curves) changes under low-pressure conditions which is one of the points we wanted to illustrate with this publication. We will change the title to: “Pressure-dependent performance of two CEN-specified Condensation Particle Counters” to point out that we used two different types of CEN-specified CPCs.
b) define your actually measurements of the plateau efficiency as 100% as a base for the modeling of the counting efficiency at lower pressures
No pulse output data were used for the analysis of our measurements. We would like to refer to our reply to the “gap question” above. In the manuscript, the calculated activation efficiency and why it reaches 100% is explained in L382 and following.
d) relate this modeled results to experimental results of previous publications of more elderly particle counters. The design of the saturator and condenser might have been changen during the last 30 years.
One key feature of our simulations is the modeling of the insulator before the condenser, which is important for understanding the low-pressure behavior. The only other publication we are aware of that includes the insulator is following:
Reinisch, T., Radl, S., Bergmann, A., Schriefl, M., and Kraft, M.: Effect of model details on the predicted saturation profiles in condensation particle counters, 30, 1625–1633, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2019.05.011, 2019.
For confirmation, we compared our simulation results to their results. However, the authors have used a CPC with 23nm cut-off diameter, which is different from the settings in our study.
Because our simulations include the insulator, it is questionable to draw comparisons to previous simulation results which do not include the insulator.
In addition, the dimensions for other CPC types (especially the dimensions of the insulator between the saturator and the condenser) are often a confidential information and are not mentioned in publications. Therefore, it is difficult to compare the results of our model simulations with experimental result of previous publications of more elderly particle counters.
best regard Alfred Wiedensohler
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1206-AC2
-
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Bernadett Weinzierl, 18 Apr 2023
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-1206', Anonymous Referee #1, 23 Nov 2022
The manuscript by Bauer et al. presents experimental and simulation characterization of two CPC models that fulfil the CEN technical standard. To my understanding, characterization of the CEN CPCs is the main progress of this paper, other methods and qualitative understandings on the instruments are previously known.
The size and dependent counting efficiency curves were measured and simulated at pressures ranging from 1 to 0.15 bar, and the cutoff diameter was found to increase with decreasing pressure, while the plateau counting efficiency was found to decrease with decreasing pressure. The pressure dependent effects were explained by the simulations, demonstrating that the length of the insulator between the saturator and condenser affects the results. The manuscript is well-written and the experiments and simulations appear valid, and I have only very minor technical suggestions for the manuscript.
- intro: I would take the opportunity in this manuscript to briefly summarize some of the past findings related to the pressure dependency of a CPC. Currently, only some recent studies are vaguely mentioned. It would give better introduction to the reader on this topic
- Line 82, η∞, i would use something else than infinity. Already at ~5 µm the detection efficiency starts to drop.
- L285, please include the inputs for loss calculations, I cannot preproduce your loss calculation results as they are now presented.
- L391-393, the temperature difference is 1 degree. I would say they are within the experimental/fitting uncertainties
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1206-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Bernadett Weinzierl, 18 Apr 2023
We want to thank the referee for the valuable comments on the manuscript which help to improve the manuscript. We will address the comments as described in our following responses in bold.
The manuscript by Bauer et al. presents experimental and simulation characterization of two CPC models that fulfil the CEN technical standard. To my understanding, characterization of the CEN CPCs is the main progress of this paper, other methods and qualitative understandings on the instruments are previously known.
The size and dependent counting efficiency curves were measured and simulated at pressures ranging from 1 to 0.15 bar, and the cutoff diameter was found to increase with decreasing pressure, while the plateau counting efficiency was found to decrease with decreasing pressure. The pressure dependent effects were explained by the simulations, demonstrating that the length of the insulator between the saturator and condenser affects the results. The manuscript is well-written and the experiments and simulations appear valid, and I have only very minor technical suggestions for the manuscript.
- intro: I would take the opportunity in this manuscript to briefly summarize some of the past findings related to the pressure dependency of a CPC. Currently, only some recent studies are vaguely mentioned. It would give better introduction to the reader on this topic
Our initial intension, was to keep the intro as short as possible, because the paper is already very lengthy. However, we also see the point of the referee and we will include some sentences on past findings related to pressure dependencies of CPCs. We will also include some older papers on this topic:
Cofer, W. R., Anderson, B. E., Winstead, E. L., and Bagwell, D. R.: Calibration and demonstration of a condensation nuclei counting system for airborne measurements of aircraft exhausted particles, 32, 169–177, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00318-X, 1998.
Dreiling, V. and Jaenicke, R.: Aircraft measurement with condensation nuclei counter and optical particle counter, 19, 1045–1050, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(88)90097-3, 1988.
Heintzenberg, J. and Ogren, J. A.: On the operation of the TSI-3020 condensation nuclei counter at altitudes up to 10 km, 19, 1385–1387, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(85)90268-9, 1985.
Noone, K. J. and Hansson, H.-C.: Calibration of the TSI 3760 Condensation Nucleus Counter for Nonstandard Operating Conditions, 13, 478–485, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786829008959462, 1990.
Saros, M. T., Weber, R. J., Marti, J. J., and McMurry, P. H.: Ultrafine Aerosol Measurement Using a Condensation Nucleus Counter with Pulse Height Analysis, 25, 200–213, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786829608965391, 1996.
Schröder, F. and Ström, J.: Aircraft measurements of sub micrometer aerosol particles ( > 7 nm) in the midlatitude free troposphere and tropopause region, 44, 333–356, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(96)00034-8, 1997.
Seifert, M., Tiede, R., Schnaiter, M., Linke, C., Möhler, O., Schurath, U., and Ström, J.: Operation and performance of a differential mobility particle sizer and a TSI 3010 condensation particle counter at stratospheric temperatures and pressures, 35, 981–993, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.03.002, 2004.
Weigel, R., Hermann, M., Curtius, J., Voigt, C., Walter, S., Böttger, T., Lepukhov, B., Belyaev, G., and Borrmann, S.: Experimental characterization of the COndensation PArticle counting System for high altitude aircraft-borne application, 2, 243–258, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2-243-2009, 2009.
- Line 82, η∞, i would use something else than infinity. Already at ~5 µm the detection efficiency starts to drop.
We want to thank the referee for pointing this out. We will change our nomenclature from η∞ to η_plat throughout the entire manuscript and we will change the definition to η_plat = η(d_p,50 << d_p < 1µm) to account for the effect of the decreasing detection efficiency at sizes > 1 µm.
- L285, please include the inputs for loss calculations, I cannot preproduce your loss calculation results as they are now presented.
We added a section in the Supp. Info with the parameters for the loss calculation.
- L391-393, the temperature difference is 1 degree. I would say they are within the experimental/fitting uncertainties
We changed the sentence to:
For the Grimm CPC, there is a larger deviation, which might be explained by the chemical effect on the onset diameter (Tauber et al., 2019).Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1206-AC1
-
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-1206', Alfred Wiedensohler, 11 Feb 2023
Dear authors,
I would like to suggest a change in the scope of the article.
The CEN/TS for the condensation particle counters is currently under revision and will become a new EU standard by 2024. In the new EU standard, the section for the obligatory calibration at two different pressures will be cancelled. The DP50 detetction diameter will be shifted to 10 nm. The TSI 3772 is not sold anmore by the company TSI. In meanwhile, there was also a finding that there is a gap of few percent in counting efficiency at the plateau (40 nm) between counting pulses and measuring the electric current with the electrometer. The CEN working group found an agreement now. The solution is to define a correction factor for this gap, since the ISO working group decided that the electrometer measurement is the true value. Each counter (or model) will use a gap correction factor, either for an individual counter for a counter model. It is from the manuscript however not clear how you got approximately 100% detection efficiency at the plateau around 40 nm.
I propose following, a) remove the focus on a CEN-compliant particle counter, b) define your actually measurements of the plateau efficiency as 100% as a base for the modeling of the counting efficiency at lower pressures, c) change the focus and title to the behaviour at low pressures of modern particle counter, and d) relate this modeled results to experimental results of previous publications of more elderly particle counters. The design of the saturator and condenser might have been changen during the last 30 years.
best regard Alfred Wiedensohler
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1206-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Bernadett Weinzierl, 18 Apr 2023
We want to thank the referee for the valuable comments on the manuscript which help to improve the manuscript. We will address the comments as described in our following responses in bold.
Dear authors,
I would like to suggest a change in the scope of the article.
The CEN/TS for the condensation particle counters is currently under revision and will become a new EU standard by 2024. In the new EU standard, the section for the obligatory calibration at two different pressures will be cancelled. The DP50 detetction diameter will be shifted to 10 nm.
We are aware that the CEN/TS16976 is currently under revision and will become a European standard soon. However, the CPCs used in this study were manufactured to meet the CEN Technical Specification 16976:2016, i.e. they for example have a DP50 detection diameter of 7 nm. In addition, the study was undertaken while the CEN Technical Specification 16976:2016 was and is still valid. This is also reflected in our nomenclature of calling the CPC “CEN-specified” and not “CEN-standardized”. Since some parameters might be changed in the standard, we included Sec. 1.2 (CEN Technical Specification 16976:2016), where we describe the main points of the technical specification so that it is clear to the reader what we are referring to. Even if the parameters will change in the future, it will not alter our measurement results.
To point out, that CEN/TS16976 will become a European standard and that parameters of the technical specification will change in the future, we will add the following sentences to the Sec. 1.2:
“[…] The CEN/TS16976 will become a European standard in the near future and some parameters (e.g. the cut-off diameter dp,50 or pressure calibration) might change. However, when the publication was written the CEN/TS16976:2016 was still valid and the most relevant specifications for the presented study are summarized in the following paragraphs: […]”
The TSI 3772 is not sold anmore by the company TSI.
With this paper, we wanted to show a deeper physical understanding of low-pressure behavior of modern CPC and selected two examples of CEN-CPCs, the TSI 3772-CEN and the Grimm 5410 CEN. We are aware that the TSI 3772 and TSI 3772-CEN CPCs are not sold any more. However, many TSI 3772 and TSI 3772-CEN CPCs are still used in many labs and in particular on several research aircraft. We therefore think that our results on the pressure-dependent performance of these CPCs are still interesting to the scientific community. In addition, to our knowledge, the TSI 3772 and TSI 3772-CEN have significant internal differences (e.g. pulse height monitoring). Therefore, it is important to mention that the tested CPCs are the CEN version.
In meanwhile, there was also a finding that there is a gap of few percent in counting efficiency at the plateau (40 nm) between counting pulses and measuring the electric current with the electrometer. The CEN working group found an agreement now. The solution is to define a correction factor for this gap, since the ISO working group decided that the electrometer measurement is the true value. Each counter (or model) will use a gap correction factor, either for an individual counter for a counter model. It is from the manuscript however not clear how you got approximately 100% detection efficiency at the plateau around 40 nm.
We have discussed this point with the manufactures of the instruments. As we understand, the gap is only relevant if the pulse output is used for analysis. However, for this current study we have not used the pulse output. In Sec. 2.2. in L193 we wrote: “Both CPC-models come with an internal coincidence correction (e.g. live-time correction for TSI 3772 CEN), which is why we chose the corrected concentration output of the CPCs (NCPC) for our data analysis.”
I propose following, a) remove the focus on a CEN-compliant particle counter, […] c) change the focus and title to the behaviour at low pressures of modern particle counter,
This study is not focusing on CEN specifications but rather on the behavior of CEN-specified CPCs under varying pressure conditions. The starting point of our investigations were the two different CPC models which are CEN-specified under the currently valid CEN/TS16976:2016. When we bought these CPCs they came with a CEN certificate from the manufacturer. Despite their design differences, they have almost the same performance (cut-off curves) under standard conditions as reported in their calibration certificate. However, the performance (cut-off curves) changes under low-pressure conditions which is one of the points we wanted to illustrate with this publication. We will change the title to: “Pressure-dependent performance of two CEN-specified Condensation Particle Counters” to point out that we used two different types of CEN-specified CPCs.
b) define your actually measurements of the plateau efficiency as 100% as a base for the modeling of the counting efficiency at lower pressures
No pulse output data were used for the analysis of our measurements. We would like to refer to our reply to the “gap question” above. In the manuscript, the calculated activation efficiency and why it reaches 100% is explained in L382 and following.
d) relate this modeled results to experimental results of previous publications of more elderly particle counters. The design of the saturator and condenser might have been changen during the last 30 years.
One key feature of our simulations is the modeling of the insulator before the condenser, which is important for understanding the low-pressure behavior. The only other publication we are aware of that includes the insulator is following:
Reinisch, T., Radl, S., Bergmann, A., Schriefl, M., and Kraft, M.: Effect of model details on the predicted saturation profiles in condensation particle counters, 30, 1625–1633, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2019.05.011, 2019.
For confirmation, we compared our simulation results to their results. However, the authors have used a CPC with 23nm cut-off diameter, which is different from the settings in our study.
Because our simulations include the insulator, it is questionable to draw comparisons to previous simulation results which do not include the insulator.
In addition, the dimensions for other CPC types (especially the dimensions of the insulator between the saturator and the condenser) are often a confidential information and are not mentioned in publications. Therefore, it is difficult to compare the results of our model simulations with experimental result of previous publications of more elderly particle counters.
best regard Alfred Wiedensohler
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1206-AC2
-
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Bernadett Weinzierl, 18 Apr 2023
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Paulus S. Bauer et al.
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