Dilemmas and Actions for Tropical Cyclone Risk Insurance under Climate Change: Governmental Bodies, Market Entities, and Scientific Communities

Abstract. Faced with the increased frequency of tropical cyclones (TCs) amid climate change, insurance plays a pivotal role in disaster response and adaptation. Current research on TC risk insurance exhibits a trend of multidisciplinary integration and multi-stakeholder participation. Using a large language model, this paper systematically reviews 890 TC risk insurance publications. Spatio-temporal distribution analysis reveals growing research attention yet persistent spatial imbalances. Co-authorship network analysis uncovers varying but still insufficient degrees of collaboration among three stakeholder groups: governmental bodies, market entities, and scientific communities. Generally, the literature mainly converges on four interlocking dilemmas that constrain the current insurance system: Can TC risk remain insurable under climate change? Is insurance comprehensive enough? Is insurance accessible to those who need it most? Will people purchase insurance even when it is available? In response, the paper proposes a dilemma-aligned tripartite collaboration framework that specifies joint actions for the three stakeholder groups. This framework aims to strengthen cooperation and innovation, advancing the TC risk insurance system toward greater fairness, efficiency, and resilience in a changing climate.