Evaluating the EPICC-Model for Regional Air Quality Simulation: A Comparative Study with CAMx and CMAQ

Abstract. This study presents a systematic evaluation of China’s independently developed EPICC-Model for regional PM_2.5 and MDA8 O₃ simulations against established international models, using WRF meteorological fields and a multi-source integrated emission inventory. Results highlight the strengths of the EPICC-Model in several aspects: it achieves relatively high spatial consistency with measurements for PM_2.5, with an annual ​​index of agreement (IOA) of 0.80, and accurately captures pollution patterns in heavily polluted North China. It also demonstrates improved performance in simulating summer O₃ peaks, reducing maximum biases by more than 20 μg m^-3, primarily through enhanced heterogeneous HONO formation and nitrate photolysis pathways that elevate OH concentrations, and it incorporates the CB6r5 mechanism to better represent biogenic VOC oxidation. The model exhibits the highest hit rate (45.6 %) for forecasting moderate PM_2.5 and moderate O₃ pollution events and successfully reproduces persistent pollution episodes. However, all models share common limitations, including insufficient capability in reproducing heavy pollution episodes, systematic underestimation of SO₄²⁻, and uncertainties in SOA-related OC simulations. Future improvements should focus on refining secondary aerosol chemistry, emission inventories, and boundary layer representations. This study has not only demonstrated the performance of the EPICC-Model against international models but also provides guidance for improving regional and global air quality models.