A PMP-inspired Evaluation Framework for Assessing Deep-Learning Earth System Models

Abstract. In recent years, Deep-Learning Earth System Models (DL-ESMs) have emerged as promising, computationally efficient complements to traditional Earth system models. Here, we present an evaluation framework for testing DL-ESMs from an Earth system model-development perspective using standardized diagnostics from the PCMDI Metrics Package (PMP). This framework allows DL-ESMs, including Ai2’s ACE2 and Google’s NeuralGCM, to be assessed with metrics that quantify their ability to reproduce climatology, major modes of variability, monsoon behavior, and precipitation variability relative to observational reference datasets and CMIP-class benchmarks. By evaluating DL-ESMs with tools commonly used for traditional models, we extend their assessment beyond short-range forecast skill and toward longer Earth system–relevant applications. The results identify encouraging strengths in several large-scale fields and modes of variability while also highlighting persistent challenges in precipitation, tropical variability, and long-run stability for some model versions. This evaluation is a critical step toward building trust in DL-ESMs, guiding future model development, and clarifying their fitness for Earth system science applications.