The JUpiter ICy moons Explorer Lunar-Earth Gravity Assist (LEGA): Overview

Vallat, Claire; Witasse, Olivier; Altobelli, Nicolas; Dietz, Angela; Aberasturi, Miriam; Aldebert, Clement; Andres, Rafael; Boutonnet, Arnaud; Budnik, Frank; Cornet, Thomas; Costa, Marc

doi:10.5194/egusphere-2026-3074

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https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3074

Preprints

11 Jun 2026

| 11 Jun 2026

Status: this preprint is open for discussion and under review for Annales Geophysicae (ANGEO).

The JUpiter ICy moons Explorer Lunar-Earth Gravity Assist (LEGA): Overview

Claire Vallat, Olivier Witasse, Nicolas Altobelli, Angela Dietz, Miriam Aberasturi, Clement Aldebert, Rafael Andres, Arnaud Boutonnet, Frank Budnik, Thomas Cornet, and Marc Costa

Abstract. The European Space Agency’s JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE), launched in April 2023, aims to assess the potential habitability of Jupiter’s icy moons–Ganymede, Europa, and Callisto–while investigating the Jovian system as a whole. During its cruise phase, JUICE performed in August 2024 the first-ever combined Moon–Earth gravity assist (LEGA), a critical milestone for optimizing its trajectory toward Jupiter. Beyond its navigation objectives, this unique event provided an exceptional opportunity for in-flight calibration and validation of the scientific payload under known Earth environment. Despite significant operational constraints, all instruments were operated. The Moon flyby enabled precise calibration of remote sensing instruments, radar testing and in situ measurements of the Moon’s environment while within the Earth’s magnetotail, as well as the detection of a spacecraft outgassing event observed by multiple instruments and sensors. The subsequent Earth flyby complemented these efforts through atmospheric, magnetospheric, and radiation belt observations. These measurements confirmed the excellent performances of the JUICE instruments and demonstrated the mission’s capability to deliver high-quality scientific data already during cruise. This campaign represents a key step in preparing for nominal operations at Jupiter while providing valuable scientific results.

Received: 28 May 2026 – Discussion started: 11 Jun 2026

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Claire Vallat, Olivier Witasse, Nicolas Altobelli, Angela Dietz, Miriam Aberasturi, Clement Aldebert, Rafael Andres, Arnaud Boutonnet, Frank Budnik, Thomas Cornet, and Marc Costa

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RC1:
'Comment on egusphere-2026-3074', Anonymous Referee #1, 13 Jul 2026 reply

The manuscript entitled "The JUpiter ICy moons Explorer Lunar-Earth Gravity Assist (LEGA): Overview" summarizes the JUICE spacecraft operations and science instrument activities during the Lunar Earth Gravity Assist, intended to be read as an overview to the LEGA special issue manuscripts, without entering too much in detail to prevent overlapping with specific manuscripts.
I recommend minor revisions. I find the manuscript to be informative enough, however the Figures need reworking to improve their readability and some parts of the text need further clarification. Please, find bellow my comments with the intention to help improving the clarity of the manuscript.

Title: LEGA acronym is defined in the title but not the Juice one. For consistency, I would suggest to introduce “Juice” acronym also in the title.
line 34: “After Jupiter Orbit Insertion” -> “After the Jupiter Orbit Insertion”
lines 36-37: the sentence is difficult to read. Here is a suggestion: “… first on an elliptical orbit and circular orbit at 5000km altitude, before going down to 500km and 200km” -> “... first on an elliptical orbit, then on three different circular orbits at altitudes of 5000km, 500km and 200km, respectively.”
lines 38-43: it is not clear that the facility instruments are not considered as scientific instruments. Though 3GM is now responsible for HAA, I believe this facility instrument should also be listed in the text. Also, having a table listing all the instruments with respective descriptions and acronym definition would help those readers that are not familiar with the Juice mission.
lines 47-49: this sentence is not a new paragraph, as the text is a continuation of the previous sentence topic.

line 45: would change the verb to past simple. “This combined Moon-Earth gravity assist has been a major navigation milestone’’ -> “This combined Moon-Earth gravity assist was a major navigation milestone”
section 2.1 could benefit of a summary related to Table 1.
Table 1: to be in harmony with the acronyms, I would suggest to update as follows: “Closest Approach Moon” -> “Moon Closest Approach”, “Closest Approach Earth” -> “Earth Closest Approach”
line 61: would add HAA to the list of facility instruments.
Figure 1 and Figure 2 are too small, making it hard to read the labels and text. I would suggest to merge first panel from Figure 1 and Figure 2, in a separated figure, supporting Table 1 in the previous section.
Figure 2, I would suggest having 2 separated panels one for the incidence angle and another for the spacecraft altitude, as done for the Moon flyby, as the superposition doesn’t allow to read the spacecraft altitude.
Figure 3 legend: typo “22d” -> “22nd”
lines 91-94 no need of making it a new paragraph.
line 91: for precision, I would suggest to define from which body the magnetotail is from: “The Moon Closest Approach is occurring while the Moon is in the magnetotail (trajectory part on the left). “ -> “The Moon Closest Approach is occurring while the Moon is in the Earth’s magnetotail (trajectory part on the left). “
line 93: “… before exiting in the Solar wind” -> “… before reaching the Solar wind”
line 96: can the authors precise the amount of time available for the observations?
line 97-98 “In addition, this period also presented several challenging operational constraints that are briefly described below.” -> “In addition, this period also presented several challenging operational constraints (navigation, eclipse, spacecraft attitude, thermal, electromagnetic interferences) that are briefly described below.”
line 100: please remove “, they” from the sentence. “Gravity assists being key manoeuvres for the mission success, they require robust “ -> “Gravity assists being key manoeuvres for the mission success require robust …”
line 101: I would also capitalize Approach in “Closest approach”, to use CA acronym in the following text.
line 104, please revise the verb tense, as this was an activity schedules in the past.
line 105: “and one 4 hours before “ -> “and another 4 hours before”
lines 104-105: I believe information of the possible eTCM could be included in Table1, even if this is not a certain event, it constrains the payload activities, as the Eclipse does.
line 115: I believe the eclipse needs to be defined in this spacecraft navigation context, this will mainly benefit those readers that have reduced knowledge of spacecraft navigation.
line 123: “resp. Earth” -> “respective to Earth”
section 2.3.3: an introduction to Figure 4 is missing in the text.
Figure 4 legend:

“up” -> “Top panel”

“The green background indicates when the target is within the JANUS science camera field of view, showing that Earth was not in the camera FoV at Earth closest approach.” -> “The green background indicates when the target is within the JANUS science camera field of view. Note that the Earth was not in the camera FoV at Earth closest approach.”
lines 139-144: Figure 5 can be referred to, here.
section 3 title is quite loose term, could the authors be more precise? I am missing a sentence to introduce what this section will entail.
Figure 5 needs improvement, as it is difficult to read. The x axis is too small to be easily read, as well as the text in the different colored bars associated to instruments. The shade “Rime Quiet Time” is not grey as indicated in the legend, effect from overlapping with violet color. “Min Altitude” in red should be called “Moon Closest Approach” to be in agreement with the legend and text. However, I wouldn’t add either “Min Altitude” or MCA or “Terminator” to the figure, but only describe the dashed red and black lines in the Figure’s legend, for simplicity. The shaded colors should be placed behind the instrument activities colored bars (or on top of the Figure as the blue ‘+Zsc intersecting the surface’ bar is) to prevent the instrument bar color change over time.

Also, I would suggest to add the other facility instruments (e.g., RADEM, NAVCAM, JMC, …) to the graphic.
Figure 5 legend: some important features from the figure need to be described in the legend, e.g., red and black vertical dashed lines. What are the vertical blue dotted lines? Is the violet color indicating nightside, as the yellow is indicating the dayside? Why some instruments have a colored single bar, and others have 2 (same color) bars?
lines 152-154section 3.1 would highly benefit of a summary of the Figure 5.
line 156 first time acronym is used “IR”, definition is missing.
lines 163-164: Is the “130 meters” the image resolution? Then I would suggest to slightly rephrase it to “During the Moon flyby, MAJIS was able to provide local coverage of the lunar surface with a resolution down to ~130 meters, ranging from the visible up to the thermal infrared.”
lines 169-170: this sentence reads odd: “could allow provide high quality scientific data “, removing the “allow” word could work.
lines 172-173: please define acronyms when first used.
line 180-186: authors could add the information that these instruments were operating during the lunar approach within the Earth’s magnetotail at distances from the Earth that were previously little sampled. Also, I would move reference to LaMoury et al. when describing the magnetometer measurements in the next.
line 189: too many “radar” in the sentence.
line 195: “response to Moon gravity” -> “response to the Moon gravity”
Figure 6: labels are too small, this will probably be solved by increasing the size of the figure.
Figure 7: the figure appears to be cropped. One of the JMAG sensors it not displayed. What is the “LP” text appearing in the Figure but not pointing to anywhere? Also, were the solar arrays in that position relative to the spacecraft axis during the lunar flyby, or were they rotated? If they were with a certain angle compared to what is shown, then it needs to be stated in the figure legend, to prevent induce a reader in error.
Figure 8: labels and axis marks are too small. Please, fix Figure.
line 219: the authors can specify that De Filippis et al. used accelerometer data in the following sentence “This outgassing event is reported in De Filippis et al., this collection.”
line 226: “ like e.g. radiance and radiance variability” -> “like radiance and radiance variability, for example.”
lines 230-231: I believe the sentence needs rephrasing for clarity. “The UV emissions from Earth’s atmosphere provided an especially good test of the plans for JUICE-UVS to observe Ganymede’s UV aurora and other atmospheric features.” -> “The UV emissions from Earth’s atmosphere provided a particularly relevant test case for JUICE-UVS planning to observe Ganymede’s UV aurora and other atmospheric features.”
lines 244-245: typo “to the ring current” -> “of the ring current”?
line 245: “On the outbound part of the flyby, …” -> On the outbound part of the Earth flyby, ….”
line 248: direction -> directions
line 252: redundant having “like” and “e.g.” next to each other. I would remove “like” from the sentence.
line 261: first time using the SNR acronym, please define.
line 261: situ particles -> in situ particles
line 264-265 The sentence is in the wrong tense, please correct. Also, “radiations belts” -> “radiation belts”
line 179 “both NAVCAM and JMC” not JANUS, right?
Figures 9 and 10 are not introduced in the text but they should. Figure 9 and 10 could be a single Figure with top and bottom panels.
What about outreach activities, couldn’t these also be reported in such summary paper?
line 292: phases -> phase (I assume the authors refer to the flyby)
line 293: “provided excellent calibration targets” -> “proved to be excellent targets”

line 303: no need to mention “data” after JMC.
General comment: Please, prevent having paragraphs with single sentences.

Reply

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3074-RC1
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Claire Vallat, 23 Jul 2026 reply
  
  The manuscript entitled "The JUpiter ICy moons Explorer Lunar-Earth Gravity Assist (LEGA): Overview" summarizes the JUICE spacecraft operations and science instrument activities during the Lunar Earth Gravity Assist, intended to be read as an overview to the LEGA special issue manuscripts, without entering too much in detail to prevent overlapping with specific manuscripts.
  
  I recommend minor revisions. I find the manuscript to be informative enough, however the Figures need reworking to improve their readability and some parts of the text need further clarification. Please, find bellow my comments with the intention to help improving the clarity of the manuscript.
  [Author's feedback]: the author thanks the reviewer for the time and effort spent to provide a detailed review of the text and figures that will help to improve the article. All comments have been considered and a revised version of the manuscript will be provided, taking into account almost all points, as detailed below.
  
  Title: LEGA acronym is defined in the title but not the Juice one. For consistency, I would suggest to introduce “Juice” acronym also in the title.
  [Author's feedback]: Done.
  
  line 34: “After Jupiter Orbit Insertion” -> “After the Jupiter Orbit Insertion”
  [Author's feedback]: Done.
  
  lines 36-37: the sentence is difficult to read. Here is a suggestion: “… first on an elliptical orbit and circular orbit at 5000km altitude, before going down to 500km and 200km” -> “... first on an elliptical orbit, then on three different circular orbits at altitudes of 5000km, 500km and 200km, respectively.”
  [Author's feedback]: rephrased. ’It will then enter in orbit around Ganymede for an additional year towards the end of 2034, first on an elliptical orbit followed by a circular orbit at 500km altitude and finally at 200km altitude.’
  
  lines 38-43: it is not clear that the facility instruments are not considered as scientific instruments. Though 3GM is now responsible for HAA, I believe this facility instrument should also be listed in the text. Also, having a table listing all the instruments with respective descriptions and acronym definition would help those readers that are not familiar with the Juice mission.
  [Author's feedback]: Table 1 added.
  
  lines 47-49: this sentence is not a new paragraph, as the text is a continuation of the previous sentence topic.
  [Author's feedback]: Done.
  
  line 45: would change the verb to past simple. “This combined Moon-Earth gravity assist has been a major navigation milestone’’ -> “This combined Moon-Earth gravity assist was a major navigation milestone”
  [Author's feedback]: Done.
  
  section 2.1 could benefit of a summary related to Table 1.
  [Author's feedback]: Added.
  
  Table 1: to be in harmony with the acronyms, I would suggest to update as follows: “Closest Approach Moon” -> “Moon Closest Approach”, “Closest Approach Earth” -> “Earth Closest Approach”
  [Author's feedback]: Done.
  
  line 61: would add HAA to the list of facility instruments.
  [Author's feedback]: Done.
  
  Figure 1 and Figure 2 are too small, making it hard to read the labels and text. I would suggest to merge first panel from Figure 1 and Figure 2, in a separated figure, supporting Table 1 in the previous section.
  [Author's feedback]: Changes implemented as suggested.
  
  Figure 2, I would suggest having 2 separated panels one for the incidence angle and another for the spacecraft altitude, as done for the Moon flyby, as the superposition doesn’t allow to read the spacecraft altitude.
  [Author's feedback]: Done.
  
  Figure 3 legend: typo “22d” -> “22nd”
  [Author's feedback]: Corrected
  
  lines 91-94 no need of making it a new paragraph.
  [Author's feedback]: Done.
  
  line 91: for precision, I would suggest to define from which body the magnetotail is from: “The Moon Closest Approach is occurring while the Moon is in the magnetotail (trajectory part on the left). “ -> “The Moon Closest Approach is occurring while the Moon is in the Earth’s magnetotail (trajectory part on the left). “
  [Author's feedback]: Modified as suggested.
  
  line 93: “… before exiting in the Solar wind” -> “… before reaching the Solar wind”
  [Author's feedback]: Modified as suggested.
  
  line 96: can the authors precise the amount of time available for the observations?
  [Author's feedback]: Added.
  
  line 97-98 “In addition, this period also presented several challenging operational constraints that are briefly described below.” -> “In addition, this period also presented several challenging operational constraints (navigation, eclipse, spacecraft attitude, thermal, electromagnetic interferences) that are briefly described below.”
  [Author's feedback]: Modified as suggested.
  
  line 100: please remove “, they” from the sentence. “Gravity assists being key manoeuvres for the mission success, they require robust “ -> “Gravity assists being key manoeuvres for the mission success require robust …”
  [Author's feedback]: Modified as suggested.
  
  line 101: I would also capitalize Approach in “Closest approach”, to use CA acronym in the following text.
  [Author's feedback]: Done
  
  line 104, please revise the verb tense, as this was an activity schedules in the past.
  [Author's feedback]: corrected. ‘’In addition, to cope with the unlikely case where the latest orbit determination and trajectory optimisation revealed that Jupiter would not be reached within the given mission constraints (or with a prohibitive Delta-v penalty), an emergency Trajectory Correction Manoeuvre (eTCM) was scheduled a few hours before the actual flyby’.
  
  line 105: “and one 4 hours before “ -> “and another 4 hours before”
  [Author's feedback]: Done.
  
  lines 104-105: I believe information of the possible eTCM could be included in Table1, even if this is not a certain event, it constrains the payload activities, as the Eclipse does.
  [Author's feedback]: Table updated
  
  line 115: I believe the eclipse needs to be defined in this spacecraft navigation context, this will mainly benefit those readers that have reduced knowledge of spacecraft navigation.
  [Author's feedback]:eclipse section merged with Navigation and details added.
  
  line 123: “resp. Earth” -> “respective to Earth” —> ‘respectively’
  [Author's feedback]: added ‘respectively’ instead of ‘resp.’
  
  section 2.3.3: an introduction to Figure 4 is missing in the text.
  [Author's feedback]: Done
  
  Figure 4 legend:
  
  “up” -> “Top panel”
  
  “The green background indicates when the target is within the JANUS science camera field of view, showing that Earth was not in the camera FoV at Earth closest approach.” -> “The green background indicates when the target is within the JANUS science camera field of view. Note that the Earth was not in the camera FoV at Earth closest approach.”
  [Author's feedback]: updated legend.
  
  lines 139-144: Figure 5 can be referred to, here.
  [Author's feedback]: Done
  
  section 3 title is quite loose term, could the authors be more precise? I am missing a sentence to introduce what this section will entail.
  [Author's feedback]”: modified section name. ‘Observations during LEGA ’. Added introductory sentence :’This section provides a description of all activities performed around the Moon and Earth flybys by the various instruments, together with an overview of the main findings that are further described in the different articles of this collection or on other scientific publications.’
  
  Figure 5 needs improvement, as it is difficult to read.
  The x axis is too small to be easily read, as well as the text in the different colored bars associated to instruments.
  The shade “Rime Quiet Time” is not grey as indicated in the legend, effect from overlapping with violet color.
  “Min Altitude” in red should be called “Moon Closest Approach” to be in agreement with the legend and text.
  However, I wouldn’t add either “Min Altitude” or MCA or “Terminator” to the figure, but only describe the dashed red and black lines in the Figure’s legend, for simplicity.
  The shaded colors should be placed behind the instrument activities colored bars (or on top of the Figure as the blue ‘+Zsc intersecting the surface’ bar is) to prevent the instrument bar color change over time.
  
  Also, I would suggest to add the other facility instruments (e.g., RADEM, NAVCAM, JMC, …) to the graphic.
  Figure 5 legend: some important features from the figure need to be described in the legend, e.g., red and black vertical dashed lines. What are the vertical blue dotted lines? Is the violet color indicating nightside, as the yellow is indicating the dayside? Why some instruments have a colored single bar, and others have 2 (same color) bars?
  [Author's feedback]: Figure 5 reworked taking into account all above comments.
  
  lines 152-15 4section 3.1 would highly benefit of a summary of the Figure 5.
  [Author's feedback]: added
  
  line 156 first time acronym is used “IR”, definition is missing.
  [Author's feedback]: corrected
  
  lines 163-164: Is the “130 meters” the image resolution? Then I would suggest to slightly rephrase it to “During the Moon flyby, MAJIS was able to provide local coverage of the lunar surface with a resolution down to ~130 meters, ranging from the visible up to the thermal infrared.”
  [Author's feedback]: implemented as suggested.
  
  lines 169-170: this sentence reads odd: “could allow provide high quality scientific data “, removing the “allow” word could work.
  [Author's feedback]: corrected
  
  lines 172-173: please define acronyms when first used.
  [Author's feedback]: done
  
  line 180-186: authors could add the information that these instruments were operating during the lunar approach within the Earth’s magnetotail at distances from the Earth that were previously little sampled. Also, I would move reference to LaMoury et al. when describing the magnetometer measurements in the next.
  [Author's feedback]: ok. Correction implemented.
  
  line 189: too many “radar” in the sentence.
  [Author's feedback]: Corrected.
  
  line 195: “response to Moon gravity” -> “response to the Moon gravity”
  [Author's feedback]: Corrected.
  
  Figure 6: labels are too small, this will probably be solved by increasing the size of the figure.
  [Author's feedback]: figure revised
  
  Figure 7: the figure appears to be cropped. One of the JMAG sensors is not displayed. What is the “LP” text appearing in the Figure but not pointing to anywhere? Also, were the solar arrays in that position relative to the spacecraft axis during the lunar flyby, or were they rotated? If they were with a certain angle compared to what is shown, then it needs to be stated in the figure legend, to prevent induce a reader in error.
  [Author's feedback]: Figure modified
  
  Figure 8: labels and axis marks are too small. Please, fix Figure.
  [Author's feedback]: Updated figure
  
  line 219: the authors can specify that De Filippis et al. used accelerometer data in the following sentence “This outgassing event is reported in De Filippis et al., this collection.”
  [Author's feedback]: Added.
  
  line 226: “ like e.g. radiance and radiance variability” -> “like radiance and radiance variability, for example.”
  [Author's feedback]: modified as suggested.
  
  lines 230-231: I believe the sentence needs rephrasing for clarity. “The UV emissions from Earth’s atmosphere provided an especially good test of the plans for JUICE-UVS to observe Ganymede’s UV aurora and other atmospheric features.” -> “The UV emissions from Earth’s atmosphere provided a particularly relevant test case for JUICE-UVS planning to observe Ganymede’s UV aurora and other atmospheric features.”
  [Author's feedback]: modified as suggested.
  
  lines 244-245: typo “to the ring current” -> “of the ring current”?
  [Author's feedback]: in this sentence distinction was made between plasmasphere and ring current to distinguish between different energy ranges. Ring current reference was removed and only reference to the plasmasphere and the radiation belts was kept.
  
  line 245: “On the outbound part of the flyby, …” -> On the outbound part of the Earth flyby, ….”
  [Author's feedback]: modified as suggested.
  
  line 248: direction -> directions
  [Author's feedback]: corrected
  
  line 252: redundant having “like” and “e.g.” next to each other. I would remove “like” from the sentence.
  [Author's feedback]: corrected
  
  line 261: first time using the SNR acronym, please define.
  [Author's feedback]: added
  
  line 261: situ particles -> in situ particles
  [Author's feedback]: corrected
  
  line 264-265 The sentence is in the wrong tense, please correct. Also, “radiations belts” -> “radiation belts”
  [Author's feedback]: corrected
  
  line 179 “both NAVCAM and JMC” not JANUS, right?
  [Author's feedback]: No. Reference to NAVCAM and JANUS is correct here.
  
  Figures 9 and 10 are not introduced in the text but they should. Figure 9 and 10 could be a single Figure with top and bottom panels.
  [Author's feedback]: Introduced in the text but not merged in a single figure since they do not correspond to the same period of time (flyby vs farewell, 3 weeks later)
  
  What about outreach activities, couldn’t these also be reported in such summary paper?
  [Author's feedback]: Section added
  
  line 292: phases -> phase (I assume the authors refer to the flyby)
  [Author's feedback]: corrected
  
  line 293: “provided excellent calibration targets” -> “proved to be excellent targets”
  [Author's feedback]: modified as suggested.
  
  line 303: no need to mention “data” after JMC.
  [Author's feedback]: corrected
  
  General comment: Please, prevent having paragraphs with single sentences.
  [Author's feedback]: revised as suggested.
  
  Reply
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3074-AC1

Claire Vallat, Olivier Witasse, Nicolas Altobelli, Angela Dietz, Miriam Aberasturi, Clement Aldebert, Rafael Andres, Arnaud Boutonnet, Frank Budnik, Thomas Cornet, and Marc Costa

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Short summary

The first ever double gravity assist of Moon and Earth on the 19th and 20th of August 2024 by the ESA JUICE spacecraft provided a unique opportunity for payload calibration in preparation for the nominal science phase. Despite the complex set of constraints applicable to such operationally critical phases, the payload and facility instruments were able to operate. The excellent scientific dataset acquired confirmed the instrument performances.


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