Impact of Spectral Aerosol Radiative Forcing at the Izaña Observatory during the August 2023 Extreme Wildfires

Abstract. Extreme wildfires represent a highly variable source of atmospheric aerosols with potentially strong impacts on surface solar radiation. In August 2023, an exceptional wildfire on Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) reached the neighbourhoods of the Izana Observatory (IZO, 2400 m a.s.l.). This near-source configuration enabled a rare observational characterisation of the spectral radiative effects of biomass-burning aerosols. During the most intense phases of the event (17–18 August), aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 500 nm reached extreme values of 3.63 and 2.25, respectively, with Angstrom Exponent (AE) above, indicating a strong dominance of fine-mode smoke particles. Spectral measurements of global-horizontal, direct-normal and diffuse-horizontal solar irradiance (300–1100 nm) show a pronounced attenuation of direct and global irradiances, particularly in the visible range, together with a strong enhancement of diffuse radiation. Relative to clean-sky conditions, daily global irradiance decreased by 21–27 %, while direct-normal irradiance was reduced by 72–99 %. Spectral aerosol radiative forcing and radiative forcing efficiency at the surface were quantified using radiative transfer simulations under pristine atmospheric conditions as a reference. The integrated spectral radiative forcing (300–1100 nm) for global irradiance reached -395 and -299 W m⁻² on 17 and 18 August, respectively, indicating strong surface cooling dominated by scattering processes. Maximum forcing and efficiency occurred in the visible spectral range, consistent with the optical properties of freshly emitted smoke aerosols. At the same time, increases in the amount of present particles, equivalent black carbon (eBC) and greenhouse gases (CO₂, CH₄ and CO) confirm the direct influence of the wildfire plume on atmospheric composition at IZO. These observations provide one of the few detailed spectral assessments of surface radiative forcing by extreme biomass-burning aerosols at a high-altitude site and highlight the need to accurately represent fine-mode smoke aerosols in radiative transfer and climate models.