| 12 Jan 2026
Ballistic projectile hazard of major explosions and paroxysms at Stromboli (Italy) with uncertainty quantification: 1. Mapping method and data analysis
Abstract. This study presents a novel method to map the areas affected by ballistic fallout generated by major explosions and paroxysms at Stromboli as well as quantitative analyzes of these areas. The mapping method is based on a simplified description of the affected areas by a circular proximal area and up to three circular sectors with variable radius and width, and uncertainty based on expert judgement. The dataset of maps includes a total of 67 events over ≈ 150 years, based on an extensive review of historical, observational, and monitoring data. Our findings highlight that 12 %–14 % of major explosions can exceed 1,000 m, and 29 % of paroxysms extend over 2,000 m of distance; (2) directional analysis of ballistic dispersal shows a predominant direction towards the East half-plane (87 %) for major explosions and towards the North half-plane (64 %) for paroxysms; (3) the average affected area was 6.9 × 104 m² for major explosions and 3.6 × 105 m² for paroxysms with a mean sector width of ≈ 90° for both categories. Notably, major explosions and paroxysms show a continuous distribution of maximum ballistic distance and area affected, suggesting the absence of a net separation between these two categories in terms of these products dispersal. Results highlight the limited influence of uncertainty in reconstructing the dispersal areas and stress the importance of volcanological monitoring. By quantifying distances, directions, and areas affected by ballistic fallout, we provide the necessary data, together with their uncertainty, to produce probabilistic maps of ballistic hazard presented in the companion study.
The manuscript by Bevilacqua et al. is an interesting analysis of historical and science documents that aims at producing a quantitative dataset of where volcanic ballistic projectiles (VBPs) impacted during major explosions and paroxysms at Stromboli volcano. Starting from previous databases of past eruptive events, the authors define a few parameters that effectively measure the range, direction, and dispersal of VBPs, also providing an associated error. The results are discussed mainly in terms of the methodology and associated sources of uncertainty, in the perspective of a companion manuscript that will use these results to generate hazard maps for VBPs at Stromboli. It is very interesting to read about how the authors approached the difficulty of extracting useful information from such a diverse span of sources. The cursory discussions on the distinction between activity styles and the factors controlling VBPs ejection are valuable, although slightly simplistic.
Editorially, the manuscript is very well written and clearly illustrated.
To improve the manuscript, I suggest spending a few more words on the Monte Carlo simulations, how they are used to estimate uncertainty, what is the rationale for choosing them and the steps followed to implement them. It would also be beneficial to add some comments and references on the use of the VBPs range in dividing major explosions from paroxysms. This risks appearing to the reader as a circular reasoning, since the distinction is made a priori but then the VBPs ranges for the two styles are shown to have no clear divide. Finally, a few words could be used to emphasize how much bouncing and rolling contributed to the final range of VBPs on the steep slopes of Stromboli, a problem possibly unknown in some flatter volcanic areas.
Minor corrections and suggestions are as follows:
Line 8: analyzes >> analyses, I guess. Or do you mean Analyzes (Verb - US): Third-person singular present tense of the verb analyze?
Line 11: Our findings highlight that>> Our findings highlight that: (1). Since later you have a (2), you need a (1) here.
Line 28: Ballistic projectiles>> Volcanic Ballistic Projectiles. More accurate terminology.
Line 29: Missing stop mark after ‘activity’.
Line 254: 3.1 Analysis of maximum distance, direction and area affected by ballistic projectiles IN MAJOR EXPLOSIONS. This section deals only with major explosions.
Line 348: ‘and’ instead of ‘+’.
Line 423: ‘…it would have been impossible to...’: This sounds a bit too strong. Other simplified approaches could have worked equally well.
Line 457: …’ able to re-shape the shallow conduits and craters…’. For activity change related to paroxysm at Stromboli see Salvatore, V., Silleni, A., Corneli, D., Taddeucci, J., Palladino, D. M., Sottili, G., ... & Cristaldi, A. (2018). Parameterizing multi-vent activity at Stromboli volcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy). Bulletin of Volcanology, 80(7), 64.