Explicit Representation and Calibration of Different Landscape Units for a Robust Catchment DOC Export Model

Abstract. Elevated dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations are a major concern for ecosystems and drinking water supply. Data-driven studies revealed variable functioning of different landscape units (upland, riparian zone, and groundwater) in catchment DOC mobilization and export. However, lumped and landscape-explicit (separating upland and riparian zone) model structures are generally calibrated to stream DOC concentrations, while the internal DOC dynamics often do not receive sufficient attention. Here, we developed a flexible model with a lumped and landscape-explicit structure for four headwater catchments in the Harz Mountains, Germany. We evaluated these models under a baseline calibration (only using stream DOC concentration) and a constrained calibration (using stream DOC and internal DOC concentrations). Under the baseline calibration, both model structures can reasonably represent stream DOC dynamics in some catchments (Kling–Gupta efficiency of some behavioural simulations > 0.6), but with unreasonably high groundwater DOC. By contrast, the constrained calibration reduces the KGE for stream DOC concentrations but ensures a more realistic representation of internal DOC dynamics. Additionally, the landscape-explicit model structure is more robust than the lumped model structure under changing boundary conditions. Our study thus highlights the necessity of representing different landscape units explicitly in combination with constraining the calibration of DOC concentrations in these landscape units.