DRIVE v1.0: A data-driven framework to estimate road transport emissions and temporal profiles

Abstract. Traffic in urban areas is an important source of greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollutant emissions. Estimating traffic-related emissions is, therefore, a key component in compiling a city emission inventory. Inventories are fundamental for understanding, monitoring, managing, and mitigating local pollutant emissions.

We present DRIVE v1.0, a data-driven framework to calculate road transport emissions based on a multi-modal macroscopic traffic model, vehicle class-specific traffic counting data from more than a hundred counting stations, and HBEFA emission factors. DRIVE introduces a novel approach for estimating traffic emissions with vehicle-specific temporal profiles in hourly resolution. In addition, we use traffic counting data to estimate the uncertainty of traffic activity and the resulting emission estimates at different temporal aggregation levels and with road link resolution. The framework was applied to the City of Munich, covering an area of 311 km² and accounting for GHGs (CO₂, CH₄) and air pollutants (PM, CO, NO_x). It captures irregular events such as COVID lockdowns and holiday periods well and is suitable for use in near real-time applications. Emission estimates for 2019–2022 are presented and differences in city totals and spatial distribution compared to the official municipal reported and national and European downscaled inventories are examined.