The impact of suspended sediments on exchange flow in a macrotidal, hyperturbid estuary

Abstract. This study investigates the sensitivity of the total exchange flow (TEF) to the consideration of suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) in water density calculations. We consider two model scenarios of an idealized model based on a macrotidal, highly turbid estuary: one where density depends on both salinity and SSC and another where density depends only on salinity. These models are used to understand how TEF volume inflow (Qin) varies along the estuary over fortnightly and monthly time scales. The inflow TEF bulk-values between the two model scenarios show small differences (less than 4%) over 5 months. However, differences in TEF bulk volume inflow reach 7% downstream of the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM), 22% at the ETM, and nearly 70% upstream of the ETM when quantified only over spring tides. The gradient Richardson number indicates that sediment-induced stratification suppress shear production ∼30 km further upstream when suspended sediments are an active tracer. The most profound impact on TEF occur during spring tides at -and upstream of- the ETM where sediment contributions to density exceed those from salinity. The sediment contribution leads to increased stratification in the upper-reaches of the estuary, effectively reducing the longitudinal density gradient and therefore the exchange flow as much as 2000 m³ s⁻¹, indicating a dominant role of suspended sediments in attenuating exchange in hyperturbid estuaries. The results from this work highlight the importance of the consideration of SSC on density calculations on estuarine studies of the exchange flow.