the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 30 Dec 2025
Cross-regional NO2 transport over the Tibetan Plateau (2005–2024): Bidirectional flux dynamics, seasonal drivers, and environmental implications
Abstract. Tropospheric NO₂ over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) reflects the combined influence of local emissions and long-range transport. We characterize the spatiotemporal variability of tropospheric NO₂ columns, surface concentrations, and transport boundary fluxes during 2005–2024 by integrating OMI and TROPOMI satellite data, ground-based observations (CNEMC), and flux diagnostics based on a closed-loop integral method. The TP shows a marked spatial gradient in tropospheric NO₂ columns, with overall levels substantially lower than those over South Asia. During the study period, NO₂ in urban areas of the plateau increased, with the most pronounced rises observed in Lhasa and Qamdo. Flux analysis shows that tropospheric NO₂ transport over the TP is quasi-symmetric across segments, manifesting as a bidirectional transport structure, with external influx dominating the southwestern segment and internal efflux toward the northeastern segment. The northeastern segment shows both a higher net flux and more rapid increases in internal efflux and external influx relative to the southwestern segment, highlighting its growing contribution to eastern China. Random forest (RF) and SHAP analyses reveal distinct dynamical controls, with winter–spring transport dominated by the upper-level westerly jet (200–400 hPa) and summer external influx primarily linked to the Indian summer monsoon (450–550 hPa). Overall, this study emphasizes the important role of the TP in cross-regional nitrogen oxide transport and provides a reference for understanding its potential impacts on regional air quality and environmental conditions.
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Status: open (until 18 Feb 2026)
- RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2025-6052', Anonymous Referee #1, 30 Jan 2026 reply
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RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2025-6052', Anonymous Referee #2, 30 Jan 2026
reply
The authors analysed the transport of NO2 over the Tibetan Plateau using OMI and TROPOMI observations in a ML-model that they have published before. They found a seasonality and a spatial gradient in the NO2 columns over the TP with increasing NO2 levels.
The topic can be interesting but I currently miss several aspects in this research: The chemical lifetime of NO2 was not studied, validation of the results is missing and the effect on air quality is not very convincing. Below I will give a more detailed account of my concerns.When presenting transport of NO2 a discussion of its chemical lifetime is expected. The relative short lifetime of hours for NO2 distinguishes it from a passive tracer and also from CO. The transport of NO2 was modelled based only on concentrations and wind fields, while the chemical lifetime was not taken into account. If the temperature was take into account in the ML model, at least a simple link could have been made with the chemical lifetime, which is temperature dependent.
The authors show that the incoming flux and outgoing flux over the TP is more or less equal, which is puzzling. Does this mean that there is no relevant chemical loss, or is the loss coincidently equal to the local emissions over the TP, or do other chemical processes (conversion with PAN) play a role? Maybe the chemical lifetime is especially long for this region? These questions are not answered or even discussed.It is difficult to judge the reliability of the results when no validation is presented. There are apparently 30 sites with in-situ observations that could be used for comparison at ground level of the model, but they are largely ignored. I am also surprised that the model has layers from 1000 hPa (in steps of 25 hPa) as shown in Figure 9, while the TP has typically ground pressure levels of less than 600 hPa, which put the Figure in a completely different perspective.
The conclusion that this study is important for air quality is difficult to understand. Figure 1 shows concentrations that are too low to be visible with the used colour scale. The authors claim that the ground observations are showing a decreasing trend but are unreliable. I would like to know why they are considered unreliable. The authors also conclude that the transport from polluted areas takes place on higher levels in the atmosphere. Would this mean that they do not affect the surface level? On top of this, the receptor area of the NO2 transport in China has already high concentration levels due to local emissions, so the effect would also be very limited for this region.
While focus of this study is the TP, this region is completely white in Figure 1 with no visible NO2 concentrations. There are also no other figures of observed concentrations either from satellite or the ground. This provides no reference for any conclusions about the relevance for air quality.Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6052-RC2
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General Comments
This paper uses the closed-loop integration method, together with OMI and TROPOMI satellite observations and ground-based monitoring data, to systematically analyze the spatiotemporal variations of tropospheric NO₂ column concentrations, surface concentrations, and boundary transport fluxes over the Tibetan Plateau from 2005 to 2024. Given the important role of the Tibetan Plateau in regional and global climate systems, this study focuses on the key issue of transboundary NO₂ transport. A random forest approach is also introduced to assess the relative contributions of the westerlies and the South Asian monsoon at different altitude layers to the transport flux. Overall, the results contribute to a deeper understanding of regional pollutant transport processes and their controlling factors and provide references for studies on cross-regional coordinated emission reductions. This study employs a series of advanced datasets and innovative methods, and the relevant conclusions hold scientific value and provide useful reference. This paper fits the scope of ACP, and I recommend publishing it on ACP after some issues have been addressed.
Some aspects could be further refined to enhance the readability and rigor of the manuscript.
Specific comments:
Figure comments