Uncertainty and retrieval sensitivity in TROPOMI-based methane inversions over the North Slope of Alaska

Abstract. The Arctic is experiencing unprecedented environmental changes with rapidly rising temperatures. Emissions of methane (CH₄) – a potent greenhouse gas – may be increasing from the region, making accurate monitoring essential. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) instrument offers high spatial and temporal coverage of CH₄ column mole fractions. However, its data in the Arctic has historically exhibited seasonal and latitudinal biases and low-quality retrievals. A major challenge is the lack of ground-based validation data in high-latitude regions, which are used to improve satellite retrievals. This study evaluates inverse modelling to estimate CH₄ emissions using TROPOMI measurements over the North Slope of Alaska. Using two retrieval products – the operational SRON product and the scientific WFMD product from the University of Bremen – we assess the alignment of derived emissions with surface measurement-derived inversions over 2018–2020 and test their robustness through sensitivity analyses. Our results show that tundra emissions from SRON inversions align more closely with surface measurement-derived emissions than WFMD inversions. Both TROPOMI-product derived emissions have anomalously low emissions in August 2018 compared to surface measurement-derived emissions, likely due to low data density resulting from high cloud cover. TROPOMI inversions provided stronger constraints on fugitive anthropogenic emissions compared to surface inversions. However, each retrieval produced different emission estimates, highlighting retrieval-dependent differences. Sensitivity tests revealed a strong prior dependence in both retrievals, raising concerns about robustness in northern high latitudes. This study highlights the importance of using multiple retrievals and rigorous sensitivity testing in high-latitude satellite inversions.