Intrahalocline eddies in the Amundsen Basin observed in the distributed network from the MOSAiC expedition

Abstract. Hydrographic and velocity observations from the Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition (2019–2020) reveal the presence of nine intrahalocline eddies (IHEs) in the Amundsen Basin during the winter drift of the Distributed Network (DN). Despite their relevance for Arctic stratification and mixing, IHEs in the Amundsen Basin remain poorly documented. Our study addresses this gap by providing the first detailed characterisation based on coordinated in situ hydrographic and velocity observations during wintertime. Eddies were identified as isopycnal displacements in Ice-Tethered Profiler (ITP) data. Additionally, by assessing rotational velocity signatures from Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measurements, we applied a centre-detection method based on maximum swirl velocity (MSV). Nine anticyclonic eddies were observed, with radii ranging from 3.7 to 8.4 km and vertical extents between 23 and 80 m. Most eddies exhibited solid-body rotation in their cores, with maximum azimuthal velocities of up to 0.28 ms⁻¹ and localised shallowing of the mixed layer by over 10 m. Water mass analysis showed that the eddy cores contained Eurasian halocline waters with consistent anomalies in temperature, salinity, and density relative to surrounding profiles, allowing us to infer pre-existing stratification conditions and offering clues to their origin. The observed eddy scales lie close to or slightly below the first baroclinic Rossby deformation radius L₁ ≈ 6.9 km, placing them in the (sub)mesoscale dynamical regime, consistent with quasi-geostrophic behaviour. The MSV method yields systematically larger eddy radius estimates up to 25 % greater than traditional detection techniques that rely on velocity profiles or isopycnal displacements alone. This correction to the radius is essential, as it provides a more realistic measure of eddy size and dynamics under ice-covered conditions and could improve comparability across under-ice eddy studies. Although specific generation mechanisms remain uncertain, thermohaline signatures suggest that local convection and baroclinic instability play a role in their formation. Our results provide new insights into the dynamics of under-ice eddies and their potential impact on Arctic oceanography and climate processes, addressing essential gaps in understanding polar mesoscale dynamics.