the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Rocket-Induced Lower Ionosphere Disturbances Derived from Measurements of VLF Transmitter Signals
Abstract. Rocket launch can induce large-scale atmospheric disturbances, which were mainly investigated using measurements of total electron content (TEC) in previous studies. In this study, we report the perturbations in Very-Low-Frequency (VLF) transmitter signals triggered by three rocket launch events, which, different from TEC measurements, are directly related to the D-region ionosphere. Although the rocket type, launch site, transmitting frequency, and receiver location were different, the perturbations in VLF measurements were similar in all three events. They typically occurred ~4–14 minutes after the liftoff, resulted in an amplitude change of up to 14 dB, and had a common period of ~3–7 minutes. Moreover, all perturbations consisted of two isolated pulses and this feature is notably different from previous measurements. The VLF amplitude change, in general, increases with the rocket weight and decreases with the distance from the launch site. Given the close correlation between rocket launch and VLF measurements, as well as the similarity between these events, these perturbations were likely caused by the shock acoustic waves generated during rocket launch since both the propagation speed and periods were similar.
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2025-3338', Paul Bernhardt, 26 Aug 2025
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Review of Rocket-Induced Lower Ionosphere Disturbances Derived from Measurements of VLF Transmitter Signals by Jingyuan Feng, Wei Xu, Xudong Gu, Binbin Ni, Shiwei Wang, Bin Li, Ze-Jun Hu, Fang He, Xiang-Cai Chen, and Hong-Qiao Hu
This paper describes new observations of in the D-region from rocket launches. This paper should be published after considering the follow changes:
(1) The authors should start with a statement of the discovery first and then discuss how they are different from previous measurements. Besides VLF waveguide amplitude and phase and radio beacon TEC data, mention should be made of ionosonde observations. We recommend the abstract be rewritten as:
Very-Low-Frequency (VLF) signals from ground transmitters propagating for long distances in the earth-ionosphere waveguide showed changes that were coincident with three rocket launch events. These launches produced acoustic disturbances in the D-region ionosphere. Although the rocket type, launch site, transmitting frequency, and receiver location were different, the perturbations in VLF measurements were similar in all three events. Moreover, all perturbations consisted of two isolated pulses and this feature is notably different from previous measurements. The VLF amplitude change, in general, increases with the rocket weight and decreases with the distance from the launch site. Given the close correlation between rocket launch and VLF measurements, as well as the similarity between these events, these perturbations were likely caused by the shock acoustic waves generated during rocket launch since both the propagation speed and periods were similar.
These events are different than rocket launches that induce (a) large-scale atmospheric disturbances in the F-region, which were mainly investigated using measurements of total electron content (TEC) in previous studies [Mendillo et al., 1975; Bernhardt, 1987] or (b) acoustic wave disturbances that are detected with high frequency sounders of the ionosphere [Mabie, et al., 2016 or Mabie and Bullett, 2022].
(2) Mention that VLF measurements along long propagation paths in the earth-ionosphere waveguide has also shown impacts of the lunar tide and man’s lack of activity on the weekend [Bernhardt, Price, and Crary, 1981].
(3) Please add these references:
Paul A. Bernhardt, Kent M. Price, James H. Crary, Periodic fluctuations in the earth-ionosphere waveguide, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 86, No. A4, pages 2461-2466, April 1, 1981
Mabie, J.; Bullett, T. Multiple Cusp Signatures in Ionograms Associated with Rocket-Induced Infrasonic Waves. Atmosphere 2022, 13, 958. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13060958
Mabie, J.; Bullett, T.; Moore, P.; Vieira, G. Identification of rocket-induced acoustic waves in the ionosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2016, 32, 43.Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3338-RC1
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