Preprints
https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3338
https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3338
21 Jul 2025
 | 21 Jul 2025
Status: this preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).

Rocket-Induced Lower Ionosphere Disturbances Derived from Measurements of VLF Transmitter Signals

Jingyuan Feng, Wei Xu, Xudong Gu, Binbin Ni, Shiwei Wang, Bin Li, Ze-Jun Hu, Fang He, Xiang-Cai Chen, and Hong-Qiao Hu

Abstract. Rocket launch can induce large-scale atmospheric disturbances, which were mainly investigated using measurements of total electron content (TEC) in previous studies. In this study, we report the perturbations in Very-Low-Frequency (VLF) transmitter signals triggered by three rocket launch events, which, different from TEC measurements, are directly related to the D-region ionosphere. Although the rocket type, launch site, transmitting frequency, and receiver location were different, the perturbations in VLF measurements were similar in all three events. They typically occurred ~4–14 minutes after the liftoff, resulted in an amplitude change of up to 14 dB, and had a common period of ~3–7 minutes. Moreover, all perturbations consisted of two isolated pulses and this feature is notably different from previous measurements. The VLF amplitude change, in general, increases with the rocket weight and decreases with the distance from the launch site. Given the close correlation between rocket launch and VLF measurements, as well as the similarity between these events, these perturbations were likely caused by the shock acoustic waves generated during rocket launch since both the propagation speed and periods were similar.

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Jingyuan Feng, Wei Xu, Xudong Gu, Binbin Ni, Shiwei Wang, Bin Li, Ze-Jun Hu, Fang He, Xiang-Cai Chen, and Hong-Qiao Hu

Status: open (until 21 Sep 2025)

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  • RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2025-3338', Paul Bernhardt, 26 Aug 2025 reply
Jingyuan Feng, Wei Xu, Xudong Gu, Binbin Ni, Shiwei Wang, Bin Li, Ze-Jun Hu, Fang He, Xiang-Cai Chen, and Hong-Qiao Hu
Jingyuan Feng, Wei Xu, Xudong Gu, Binbin Ni, Shiwei Wang, Bin Li, Ze-Jun Hu, Fang He, Xiang-Cai Chen, and Hong-Qiao Hu

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Short summary
With the rapid growth of space exploration, rocket launches have become a significant source of ionospheric disturbances. In this study, we reported the perturbations in Very Low Frequency signals triggered by rocket launches. These perturbations exhibited two-stage structure, with a period of ~3–7 minutes, matching shock acoustic waves induced by rocket launches. Our findings provide a new method to study human impacts on near-Earth space and improving our understanding of the lower ionosphere.
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