Indonesia Tornado Database: Tornado Climatology of Indonesia

Abstract. The climatology of tornadoes, waterspouts, and funnel clouds for Indonesia is constructed into a new tornado database based on newspaper archives, news on the Internet, and social media (X, YouTube) covering the period of 1834–2024. We present the analysis over two periods: (i) historical and (ii) recent periods. The climatology includes the annual, monthly, diurnal, and geographical for tornado cases. Based on a review of 47,669 reports mentioning tornadoes, we identified 436 tornado cases with sufficient evidence to be classified as tornado events. In the recent period (2010–2024), the annual frequency of tornadoes was 16.20 cases/year, while in the historical period (1834–2009), the annual frequency was 1.10 cases/year. Tornadoes were mostly documented in Java Island, followed by Sumatra and Sulawesi. The monthly variability of tornadoes shows a maximum during November, followed by December and January. The peak of the diurnal cycle of tornado cases is between 1300 to 1700 Local Solar Time.