Preprints
https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4056
https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4056
14 Feb 2025
 | 14 Feb 2025

Machine learning data fusion for high spatio-temporal resolution PM2.5

Andrea Porcheddu, Ville Kolehmainen, Timo Lähivaara, and Antti Lipponen

Abstract. Understanding PM2.5 variability at fine scale is crucial to assess urban pollution impact on the population and to inform the policy-making process. PM2.5 in-situ measurements at ground level cannot offer gapless spatial coverage, while current satellite retrievals generally cannot offer both high-spatial and high-temporal resolution, with night-time estimation posing further challenges. This study tackles these difficulties, introducing an innovative deep learning data fusion method to estimate hourly PM2.5 maps at 100 m resolution on urban areas. We combine low resolution geophysical model data, high resolution geographical indicators, PM2.5 in-situ ground stations measurements and PM2.5 retrieved at satellite overpass. To simultaneously treat spatial and temporal correlations in our data, we deploy a 3D U-Net based neural network model. To evaluate the model, we select the city of Paris, France, in the year 2019 as our study region and time. Quantitative assessment of the model is carried out using the ground station data with a leave-one-out cross-validation approach. Our method outperforms MERRA-2 PM2.5 estimates, predicting PM2.5 hourly (R2 = 0.51, RMSE = 6.58 μg/m3), daily (R2 = 0.65, RMSE = 4.92 μg/m3), and monthly (R2 = 0.87, RMSE = 2.87 μg/m3). The proposed approach and its possible future developments can be highly beneficial for PM2.5 exposure and regulation studies at fine suburban scale.

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Andrea Porcheddu, Ville Kolehmainen, Timo Lähivaara, and Antti Lipponen

Status: closed

Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse
  • RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-4056', Anonymous Referee #1, 31 Mar 2025
    • AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Andrea Porcheddu, 23 Jun 2025
  • RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-4056', Anonymous Referee #2, 26 May 2025
    • AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Andrea Porcheddu, 23 Jun 2025

Status: closed

Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse
  • RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-4056', Anonymous Referee #1, 31 Mar 2025
    • AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Andrea Porcheddu, 23 Jun 2025
  • RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-4056', Anonymous Referee #2, 26 May 2025
    • AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Andrea Porcheddu, 23 Jun 2025
Andrea Porcheddu, Ville Kolehmainen, Timo Lähivaara, and Antti Lipponen
Andrea Porcheddu, Ville Kolehmainen, Timo Lähivaara, and Antti Lipponen

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Short summary
This study proposes a novel machine learning method to estimate pollution levels (PM2.5) on urban areas at fine scale. Our model generates hourly PM2.5 maps with high spatial resolution (100 meters), by combining satellite data, ground measurements, geophysical model data, and different geographical indicators. The model properly accounts for spatial and temporal variability of the urban pollution levels, offering relevant insights for air quality monitoring and health protection.
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