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https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3729
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3729
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
14 Jan 2025
| 14 Jan 2025
Status: this preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP): Reviewing project history, evolution, infrastructure and implementation
Abstract. The CMIP6 project was the most expansive and ambitious Model Intercomparison Project (MIP), the latest in a long history, extending back four decades. CMIP has captivated and engaged a broad, growing community focused on improving our climate understanding. It has anchored our ability to quantify and attribute the drivers and responses of the observed climate changes we are experiencing today.
The project's profound impact has been achieved by combining the latest climate science and technology. This has enabled the production of latest-generation climate simulations and the dissemination of their output, which has seen increased community attention in every successive phase. The review emphasizes the pragmatics of progressively scaling up efforts, the evolution of how the MIPs were implemented, and the coordinated efforts to establish a minimal infrastructure to make that possible, most recently delivering CMIP6.
How to cite. Durack, P. J., Taylor, K. E., Gleckler, P. J., Meehl, G. A., Lawrence, B. N., Covey, C., Stouffer, R. J., Levavasseur, G., Ben-Nasser, A., Denvil, S., Stockhause, M., Gregory, J. M., Juckes, M., Ames, S. K., Antonio, F., Bader, D. C., Dunne, J. P., Ellis, D., Eyring, V., Fiore, S. L., Joussaume, S., Kershaw, P., Lamarque, J.-F., Lautenschlager, M., Lee, J., Mauzey, C. F., Mizielinski, M., Nassisi, P., Nuzzo, A., O’Rourke, E., Painter, J., Potter, G. L., Rodriguez, S., and Williams, D. N.: The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP): Reviewing project history, evolution, infrastructure and implementation, EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3729, 2025.
Publisher's note: Copernicus Publications remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors.
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Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, California, USA
Karl E. Taylor
Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, California, USA
Peter J. Gleckler
Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, California, USA
Gerald A. Meehl
National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, Colorado, USA
Bryan N. Lawrence
NCAS, Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK
Curt Covey
Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, California, USA
Ronald J. Stouffer
The University of Arizona (UA), Tucson, Arizona, USA
Guillaume Levavasseur
Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Paris, France
Sorbonne University (SU), Paris, France
Atef Ben-Nasser
Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Paris, France
Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
Sebastien Denvil
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Reading, UK
formerly at: Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL)
Martina Stockhause
German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ), Hamburg, Germany
Jonathan M. Gregory
NCAS, Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK
Met Office (MOHC), Exeter, UK
Martin Juckes
Kellogg College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Oxfordshire, UK
Sasha K. Ames
Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, California, USA
Fabrizio Antonio
CMCC Foundation - Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC), Lecce, Italy
David C. Bader
Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, California, USA
John P. Dunne
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA-GFDL), Princeton, New Jersey, USA
Daniel Ellis
CMIP International Project Office (CMIP-IPO); European Space Agency (ESA), Oxfordshire, UK
Veronika Eyring
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
University of Bremen, Institute of Environmental Physics (IUP), Bremen, Germany
Sandro L. Fiore
University of Trento, Trento, Italy
formerly at: CMCC Foundation - Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC)
Sylvie Joussaume
Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Paris, France
Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
Philip Kershaw
Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA), RAL Space, Oxfordshire, UK
UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Oxfordshire, UK
Jean-Francois Lamarque
formerly at: National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)
Michael Lautenschlager
formerly at: German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ)
Jiwoo Lee
Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, California, USA
Chris F. Mauzey
Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, California, USA
Matthew Mizielinski
Met Office (MOHC), Exeter, UK
Paola Nassisi
CMCC Foundation - Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC), Lecce, Italy
Alessandra Nuzzo
CMCC Foundation - Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC), Lecce, Italy
Eleanor O’Rourke
CMIP International Project Office (CMIP-IPO); European Space Agency (ESA), Oxfordshire, UK
Jeffrey Painter
formerly at: Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI)
Gerald L. Potter
formerly at: Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI)
Sven Rodriguez
Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Paris, France
Sorbonne University (SU), Paris, France
Dean N. Williams
formerly at: Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF), Livermore, California, USA
Short summary
CMIP6 was the most expansive and ambitious Model Intercomparison Project (MIP), the latest in a history, extending four decades. CMIP engaged a growing community focused on improving climate understanding, and quantifying and attributing observed climate change being experienced today. The project's profound impact is due to the combining the latest climate science and technology, enabling the latest-generation climate simulations and increasing community attention in every successive phase.
CMIP6 was the most expansive and ambitious Model Intercomparison Project (MIP), the latest in a...