the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 13 Dec 2024
Geostrophic circulation and tidal effects in the Gulf of Gabès
Abstract. The mean kinematic features in the Gulf of Gabès region is analyzed based on 30 years of altimetry data (1993–2022) and the outputs of a high resolution ocean model for the year 2022. A comparison of the seasonal variability in three different geographical areas within the gulf is presented. In the northern and southern parts of the gulf, anticyclonic structures prevail, while the central area is dominated by divergence. Similarity in the flow topology is found in these three areas of the gulf due to the signature of hyperbolic regions. In winter and fall, the mean flow is oriented northward while it is reversed in spring and summer. The tidal perturbation influences sea level, kinetic energy and hyperbolic geostrophic structures, leading to the generation of a cyclonic current located in the central part of the gulf and to the presence of persistent strain gradients amplifying hyperbolic structures. The Finite Time Lyapunov Exponent (FTLE) computed using altimetry data highlights the link between physical and biogeochemical processes, with the Gulf of Gabès mean circulation features acting as transport barriers for phytoplankton dispersion.
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Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-3730', Anonymous Referee #1, 14 Feb 2025
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Maher Bouzaiene, 16 May 2025
We thank Referee #1 for his/her comments on the first version of the manuscript. We have addressed all the comments to improve the paper. Our responses to questions are detailed as follows:
Review of manuscript: Geostrophic circulation and tidal effects in the Gulf of Gabès by Bouzaiene et al
This study is about the ocean dynamics and kinematic properties of the Gulf of Gabès, with a focus on the influence of tides on circulation patterns and transport processes. The authors present very relevant research questions, and on an understudied region of the Mediterranean Sea. An interesting framework to investigating the tidal signals is presented too. While the study presents a well-motivated analysis, the manuscript would benefit from a clearer aim with more concrete objectives. This seems to be clear at the beginning, but the results need refining and cohesion. Additionally, even if the proposed framework and diagnostics are very interesting, certain methodological aspects require further justification and refinement, particularly regarding the choice of datasets, diagnostics and/or region of study one the research question is clearer. For example, if the idea is to focus more on the underlying dynamics that affect the phytoplankton blooms, things should be organised differently than if the main focus is on the impact of the tidal signal. I recommend that this manuscript be considered for publication, provided the authors restructure the study and address the following major concerns:
Major comments
Q1: This study presents relevant research question for the oceanographic physics community, but also for the biogeochemical one due to the insights it can bring to understanding the nutrients and phytoplankton present in the study zone and ones with similar dynamics. However, the research question I feel is not clear. There seems to be a focus on impact of tidal signal on the geostrophic circulation, but then a focus on phytoplankton impact, and how FTLEs can show this. Maybe linking better the ideas an results and help also make the research clearer and better linked to results, their discussion and conclusions.
R1: The aim of the present study is to focus on both geostrophic circulation in the Gulf of Gabès bigger domain (GG) and on the impact of tidal signals on geostrophic patterns in the Central Gulf of Gabès (CGG). The CGG represents also a site of particular interest to investigate the influence of physical processes on the biogeochemical features (with a focus on algal blooms). The focus on phytoplankton impact is mainly intended as an example of the application of metrics, such as FTLE, that can be used to describe ocean turbulence and horizontal mixing/stirring, but which can also be applied to other areas of marine sciences, fostering a better understanding of the links between physical and biogeochemical processes.
Q2: Throughout the manuscript it is mentioned several times without tidal forcing, when, to my understanding, what is removed is the tidal signal, but the impact of having tidal forcing on the geostrophic field is still there. If the direct impact of tidal forcing was the focus, a simulation without and with tidal forcing would be necessary.
R2: In the manuscript we focused on the impact of the tidal signal and that's the removal of the tidal signal that we refer to when we mention SSH detided fields. We agree that referring to this as without tidal forcing is misleading, thus we corrected this issue on the present version of the manuscript.
Q3: If the focus is on the effect of tides, it is not clear to me why there is so much focus put on the analysis of the altimetry data. The limitations are mentioned in L65. Again, a rearrangement of some ideas and analyses maybe could help clarify the relevance of the analyses with altimetric data, for example as a geostrophic baseline of what can be understood in the region of interest with these observations. Moreover, the reasoning behind looking at the 30 years of data is not clear. Would be interesting also to see an equivalent analysis to that done with the model data. It is not clear why both datasets used in this study are not compared. Lastly, there is no mention either on the impacts of their different resolutions (1/8 altimetry, 1/24 model).
R3: In the first part of the present manuscript we used a 30-years altimetry dataset with low spatial resolution (1/8 deg) to have an overview of the main circulation features (and their seasonal variability) of the Gulf of Gabès . The mean kinetic energy and FTLEs computed from the altimetry data show in the gulf larger domain the presence of well-known gyres, eddies and currents (MG, SMG, LSBV, ATC, AIS and BATC) that could influence the main circulation patterns of the GG smaller domain. Furthermore, FTLE, Div and O-W spatial distributions show the presence of three different dynamical areas close to the GG coastal zones; North Gulf of Gabes (NGG), Central Gulf of Gabes (CGG) and Southern Gulf of Gabes (SGG). The CGG dynamic is very different with respect to the NGG and SGG by the presence of filaments while both NCC and SGG were identified anticyclonic patterns. The CGG can be classified as an area with larger filaments. Since high resolution in situ and satellite data observations are limited in the CGG, especially close to boundaries not allowing to study tidal signal impact on geostrophic circulation. We used model data with high spatial (1/24 deg) and temporal (1 h) resolutions to focus on tidal signal impact on geostrophic pattern. The comparison of the geostrophic circulation from daiyled altimetry product and model data with resolutions of 1/8° and 1/ 24°, respectively in the GG bigger domain in 2022 is shown in Figure 5. We chose the year 2022 because, at the time the dataset was processed, it was the only complete (Jan-Dec) year for the MEDSEA_ANALYSISFORECAST_PHY_006_013 product, the only CMEMS product for the Mediterranean Sea that included the tidal forcing in the hydrodynamic model used. The general circulation features are retrieved from both observations and model in 2022 as follows: SMG, LSBV, ATC1, ATC2, ALC, AIS and BATC (Figure 5 a vs b). The impact of high resolution model data can be observed in ATC1 intensity in CGG (Figure 5 b).
Q4: More refinement needed: The choice of the temporal period, and of the spatial domain chosen is not clear. The same domain for the altimetry and model data is not chosen, when there is seems to be data available for the same domain. Moreover it worries me that features so close to land are studied given the limitations of both datasets in coastal areas. I understand the difficulty of having data to validate these datasets, and specially so close to land, but there is no mention of it in the datasets description, not even in the discussion. There is no mention of general validation of the datasets, for the model only the QUID. Should be clarified if for example that is part of the reason to include the altimetry data, as a kind of ground truth to the model data (at a geostrophic level).
R4: For the computation of the mean kinematic features in the Gulf of Gabès using altimetry data, we selected a long time period (30 years) to ensure the robustness and representativeness of the analysis. For the model data, we chose the year 2022, as at the time the dataset was processed, it was the only complete (Jan-Dec) year available for the MEDSEA_ANALYSISFORECAST_PHY_006_013 product. This is the only CMEMS product for the Mediterranean Sea that includes the tidal forcing in the hydrodynamic model. Following the analysis of the physical features of the Gulf of Gabès, we focused on its central portion (CGG), where the highest tidal ranges are observed (Abdennadher and Boukthir, 2006; Othnani et al, 2017), in order to closely examine the area of the study region where the most significant impact of the tidal signal could potentially be detected. We agree that a specific validation of both the model and altimetry datasets for the study area is lacking. Nevertheless, both datasets have been extensively validated within the framework of their respective Quality Information Documents (QUIDs). In particular, see page 53 of SEALEVEL_EUR_PHY_L4_MY_008_068 QUID (https://documentation.marine.copernicus.eu/QUID/CMEMS-SL-QUID-008-032-068.pdf), which we referenced in the updated version of the manuscript (line, 94). For the MEDSEA_ANALYSISFORECAST_PHY_006_013 (https://documentation.marine.copernicus.eu/QUID/CMEMS-MED-QUID-006-013.pdf), refer to pages 8–9 of the QUID. For this product, please refer specifically to the metrics of Region 7, which includes our study area (see Figure 1 on page 7 of the QUID). It is important to note that Region 7 is the second lowest in terms of the mean number of available SLA satellite observations per week (after the Northern Adriatic Sea), and it also has the highest SLA RMSD among the regions listed in Table 4 of the MEDSEA_ANALYSISFORECAST_PHY_006_013 QUID (page 9). This limitation is emphasized more explicitly in the present version of the manuscript, lines: 462-464. In Fig. 5, we included a comparison between the geostrophic currents derived from the altimetry product and those from the model product for the overlapping period, in order to demonstrate that the main circulation features are well represented by the model.
Q5: Missed part mentioning that once tidal forcing included (and also the fact that it is a wave-couple model), in some cases you might not be in geostrophic balance anymore. Also, having a higher resolution model, might also imply that the geostrophic balance does not dominate all the time anymore.
R5: We agree that, in regions or time scales where geostrophic components become significant, given that the model includes tidal forcing and wave coupling, we might not be in geostrophic balance anymore. Whereas, in the Mediterranean Sea, given that the high resolution model includes waves and tides, it offers an accurate geostrophic circulation (Escudier et al, 2021). lines: 464-467.
Q6: General formatting: wrong numbering of sections and subsections e.g. introduction should be 1, L138, ..
R6: Done,
Q7: Summary and conclusions needs improvement, better structure this section to make it clearer to reader. A lot of interesting points, that a better structure can help to understand and follow the ideas.
R7: Done,
Specific comments
L19: Add references here
Done, line: 20.
L20: “region of relevant tides”: Add references. Moreover, as read later, it has relevant tides within the Mediterranean, but not compared to other regions globally. Please clarify text.
Done, line: 21.
L24: Add reference
Done, line: 25.
L54: “Two anomalous..”: This paragraph is not very clear to me, namely why do you refer to these 2 regimes as anomalous? With respect to what?
The two anomalous or abnormal absolute dispersion regimes are referred with respect to two other well-known absolute dispersion regimes. These regimes were not studied theoretically till the study presented in Elhmaidi et al, 1993. They designed these two regimes as anomalous or abnormal regimes with respect to the ballistic t2 and random-walk t1 regimes.
L59 “shared”: sheared?
Yes, sheared. We corrected this typo in the revised manuscript (line 61).
L60: There is preprint on this topic in other region: Gomez-Navarro et al:https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10512397.5
In Gomez-Navarro et al, (2024) the impact of tidal forcing on surface particle transport is explored, while how tidal perturbation influences the dispersion of elliptic and hyperbolic regions lacks, in our opinion, a certain degree of discussion (lines: 61-63).
L72: Not directly tides, but Barkan et al., (2017, 2021), mention impact of internal waves (signal increases significantly when tidal forcing present) on mesoscale eddies.
Done, lines: 75-76.
Other references not mentioned that could be relevant:
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Drillet et al (2019)
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Ruhs et al (2025) (similar dataset used, but for impact of waves, important to mention here too as wave-coupled)
References and text are added to the revised version of the manuscript (Lines: 76-78).
L73: “estimated as the balance of the Coriolis force and the horizontal pressure gradients” : maybe not necessary to include this here?
Ok, the sentence is removed (line: 80).
L82: Altimetry data
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Temporal resolution of data not mentioned
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daily (see please line 92 of the revised version of the manuscript).
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“EUROPEAN SEAS GRIDDED L4 SEA SURFACE HEIGHTS AND DERIVED VARIABLES REPROCESSED (1993-ONGOING) [dataset].”: no need for uppercase and [dataset]. Improve reference to data.
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Done, lines 90-92.
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“30-year period (1993–2022)”: line above states that ongoing? Please clarify
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Done, lines: 92-93.
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“variable used is the absolute surface geostrophic velocity, while altimetry data were used to estimate the vorticity,”: this is not clear. Absolute surface geostrophic velocity is also inferred from altimetry data. Do you mean you inferred vorticity and the other parameters from this velocity variable of from the ADT or SLA?
Yes, that means we inferred vorticity and the other parameters from this velocity variable deduced from the ADT. The sentence is modified in the revised version of the manuscript (lines : 94-96).
L90: Chlorophyll-a data
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Should be chlorophyll-a??
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Yes, chlorophyll-a, corrected (line 99 of the revised version of the manuscript).
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Temporal resolution of dataset is daily? Please clearly specify
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Temporal resolution is daily (line 100 of the revised version of the manuscript).
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Missing brackets at end
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Yes, brachets is added (line 101 of the revised version of the manuscript).
L94: In the introduction you mention the model has temporal resolution, but this detail not included here.
Specified at line 103: Hourly.
L96: “We have chosen year 2022 since at the time the dataset was processed it was the only complete year for the CMS system including tidal signal in the hydrodynamic model used.”: Related to general comment 4, if for the model data you were limited to year 2022, and given that the model includes data assimilation, why are the fields not compared to the altimetry fields during 2022 instead of the average of 30 years? (See major comment 3)
We added a new Figure 5 to compare altimetry fields to model outputs in 2022. The average of the 30 years altimetry data is functional for obtaining an overview of the geostrophic patterns in the GG.
L99 “coupled hydrodynamic-wave model”: importance of being coupled with a wave model is not mentioned. This can also be affecting the geostrophic field as shown by other studies (Morales-Marquez et al 2023, Ruhs et al, 2025). Even if the focus here is on tides, I was expecting a mention to this important factor at least in the discussion.
We agree, please see lines: 461-462 of the revised version of the manuscript.
L105: “from the MEDSEA_ANALYSISFORECAST_PHY_006_013 product SSH fields”: for clarity refer to this as model data including in brackets the product reference if you want, so that in L106 it does not seem that there 3 datasets
Done, line 113 of the revised version of the manuscript.
L106: “normalized”: with respect to ?? Later you specify that to f and cite plain et al 2023, but this should already be clear here.
Yes, “normalized”: with respect to f (see lines: 114-115).
L111: “the geostrophic equations as follows (Vigo et al., 2018a; 2018b)”: maybe other references are more relevant? if not include as e.g.
We added another reference, Apel (1987), line 119 of the revised version of the manuscript.
L112: “sea surface elevation”: specify (model SSH)
Ok, modified line 122 of the revised version of the manuscript.
L121: “Where H denotes the sea level elevation”: so this is SSH too, i.e., ŋ? If so, please homegenize.
Yes, SSH stays for ŋ, now it is more homogenized, lines: 131-132 of the revised version of the manuscript.
L122: Further details on the implementation of the deciding on the model data would be appreciated. For example to clarify the impact (if any) of the choice of parameter(s) in the detided result.
We used a low-pass symmetric filter to remove the tidal energy at diurnal and higher frequencies from model SSH for 39 hours of data for each value calculated. The filter is applied for each day. The choice of these parameters allows obtaining accurate detided SSH datasets as have been shown in the Manual on Sea Level Measurement and Interpretation of the IOC (1985) (https://psmsl.org/train_and_info/training/manuals/ioc_14i.pdf).
L126: “sub-mesoscale, mesoscale, filaments, eddies and fronts activity”: concepts mixed, please clarify
We rephrased it, see please line 136 of the revised version of the manuscript.
L127: The mentioned normalised vorticity would not be equivalent to the Rossby number? There is no mention of it and no references with respect to the order of magnitudes implying a mesoscale or submesoscale driven circulation, e.g. Thomas et al, (2008). Moreover, in this article they mention that for mesoscale Ro <<1 and O(1) for the submesoscale.
Yes, the normalized vorticity is equivalent to the Rossby number and we modified the definition (lines: 134, 136-138 in the revised version of the manuscript).
L140: Q* is supposed to be normalized by f too? Then in eq. (6) you use S* and ζ*?
Yes,
L145: Space missing after comma
Ok,
L149: “S is normalized by f to identify the sheared and/or stretched regions:” why need to normalize to show these regions?
S is normalized by f in order to get a dimensionless number, which represents a particularly effective tool for identifying sheared and/or stretched regions.
The Finite Time Lyapunov Exponents
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L154: “In previous investigations within the Mediterranean region, the emphasis was on the Finite Scale Lyapunov Exponent (FSLE) rather than the FTLE.” Aren’t both FTLE and FSLE supposed to be equivalent? They should render the same (or very very similar) transport barriers. The only difference should be how the Lyapunov Exponent is calculated (defining time or space). The later mentioned gap could then be focused on calculating it in coastal areas, not the use of FTLE itself. As mentioned in general comments, it is important to consider that the implementation of this in coastal areas, namely from altimetry data, has been limited by the error of the data in very coastal areas.
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Yes, FTLE and FSLE are very similar since both are detecting LCS. However, the difference between them is in the calculation methods. FSLE is deduced from the exponential growth of distances between Lagrangian particle pairs initially separated by a predefined distance while FTLE is computed from the separation rate of initially neighboring particles for a finite time. The novelty of this paper is to focus on FTLE within the Gulf of Gabès coastal areas. The implementation of FTLE in coastal areas, namely from altimetry data, has been limited by the error of the data in very coastal areas (line 170-171).
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Integration time of 6 days? FTLE fields are then obtained daily? And averaged for 30 days and 7 days? Please clarify.
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FTLE fields are obtained daily and then averaged seasonally over a 30 year period (lines: 183-184 of the revised version).
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L166: missing tr “indicates the..”
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Done, line 177 of the revised version.
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L169: Missing clearer explanation that FTLE can be implemented forward and/or backward in time and the implications for phytoplankton as one shows attracting and the other repelling structures.
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Done, lines: 179-180 of the revised version.
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L172: “30 years to detect mean features”: why 30 years? Are so many years necessary?
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The Mediterranean features are strongly driven by the instability of intense coastal currents, which have frequently changed their location and lifespan over the past decades (Bouzaiene et al, 2020; Poulain et al, 2012). In order to investigate the kinematic properties of mesoscale features, we used 30 years of altimetry data in the present paper, focusing on the main circulation features in the GG. This 30 year dataset allows for the detection of mean patterns across three decades, providing a basis to discuss the well-known mean features during the observational data availability period (lines: 201-206 of the revised manuscript.
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L175: “16 times larger” : is it really necessary? I understand it is beneficial to go below the grid resolution, but I was expecting around 4 times more.
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16 times larger to show a high resolution FTLE image.
L180: A 2D bathymetry figure could be used to compare the figures shown in the results where impact of bathymetry mentioned.
Done, see please Fig 1 of the revised version.
L190: Fig. 2 (top), and other figures showing currents should be bigger or refined to see better the circulation patterns mentioned in the discussion of the results.
Done,
L200: GGSD area could be shown in fig. 2, but difference in domain shown for altimetry and model data is confusing. Limitation mentioned here clear, but then why not same domain used for model data as for the altimetry results shown in fig. 2?
We modified the GGSD to be CGG for the coherence of the results.
L203: Are these averages also removed from the altimetry data?
No,
L205: Therefore, only model data really used to assess effect of tides? Makes it confusing then as to why altimetry data then used in this study.
See please R3.
L220: this could go in the methods section were the FTLEs are described.
Done, see lines: 190-192.
L265: Some of these details could go in the introduction.
Done, see lines: 26-27.
L271: Can you give more details on this agreement?
Ok, our results are in good agreement with previous studies in the Mediterranean Sea (Vigo et al., 2018a) where in winter/fall the mean flow tends to inflow from the south to the north, while in spring and summer its circulation is mainly cyclonic bordering the coastline.
L285: Maybe missing something but not very clear for me in figure 5. Please give more details.
We added in the new figs 6 and 7 red lines to show the presence of the cyclonic currents that are influenced by tides.
L290: Some of the circulation patterns (for example cyclonic circulation in the mentioned cases) not very clear, maybe improvement of figure can help. Also colorer in last 2 rows might need to be adjusted?
Done, please see the new figures, 6-9.
L308: “absence of tidal forcing”, would actually be without tidal signal not tidal forcing as detided. See major comment 2.
Yes, without tidal signal, see line 348.
L314: Maybe you can support this theory with wind data? Maybe the atmospheric forcing data used for the model?
The dominance of hyperbolic regions in the GG is deduced from Q* which was derived from the surface current velocities. Looking at wind data used for the model does not allow us to focus on the direct impact of winds on the presence of the hyperbolic regions. We referred to Bouzaiene et al, (2021) where they related the presence of hyperbolic structures to wind stress in Black Sea. The wind is the most responsible factor driving surface circulation while tidal perturbations are very limited in that region.
L325: How is the PDF obtained? What is the sensitivity of the skewness and kurtosis values to this?
The PDF is obtained by computing the histogram of normalized vorticity as a function of season. The sensitivity of the skewness and kurtosis values in case of the presence of tides and detided one is to identify how tides impact turbulence being the anisotropy of the GG turbulent flow. We also showed as a function of season the skewness and kurtosis values are very different, which means that the GG dynamics is strongly influenced by seasonal variability of atmospheric forcing.
L330: Maybe adding a grid on the plot and having all x-axis alike can help make results clearer
Done (see figure 11).
L336: “The first case”: ??
The first case means SSH fields including tides, line: 376.
L343: Application mentioned is very interesting, but the connection with previous results not so clear. Also the connection between FTLE and Chl-a plots a bit hard to understand. This last part needs improvement.
Done, lines: 383-391, line 416-422 and the new Figure 13 of the revised manuscript.
L515: Here year of publication put at end, check that formatting of references is consistent.
Done,
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Maher Bouzaiene, 16 May 2025
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CC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-3730', Tarek Nemsi, 19 Mar 2025
he paper does a good job of combining a long-term altimetry dataset (30 years) with high-resolution model output (for 2022). This multi-faceted approach is crucial for understanding complex systems like the Gulf of Gabès (GG).
Focus on a Key Region: The Gulf of Gabès is an important, yet perhaps understudied, region of the Mediterranean Sea, particularly concerning the interplay of tides, geostrophic circulation, and biogeochemical processes.
Application of Advanced Techniques: The use of Finite-Time Lyapunov Exponents (FTLE) and the Okubo-Weiss parameter to analyze flow topology and Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCS) is appropriate and adds valuable insight.
Clear Research Questions: The paper clearly states its aims, focusing on the influence of tides on geostrophic features and the connection between physical and biogeochemical processes.
Links made with Biological Data using Chlorophyl a data.
Potential Gaps and Areas for Further Research (Lacunes)
Based on my review, here are some areas where the research could be extended or where gaps might exist:
Limited Temporal Scope of High-Resolution Model:
* Lacune: The high-resolution model data is only for one year (2022). While this is understandable due to computational constraints and data availability, it limits the ability to draw conclusions about interannual variability or long-term trends in tidal effects.
Suggestion: If possible, extending the high-resolution model analysis to cover more years, or even performing targeted simulations of specific events (e.g., strong bloom years, anomalous atmospheric conditions), would strengthen the conclusions.
Mechanism of Tidal Influence:
Lacune: While the paper convincingly demonstrates that tides influence the circulation and topology, the mechanisms of this influence are not fully explored. For example, how do specific tidal constituents (M2, S2, etc.) interact with the bathymetry and coastline to generate the observed patterns?
Suggestion: A deeper dive into the tidal dynamics, perhaps through harmonic analysis of the tidal currents and sea level, could help elucidate the specific mechanisms. Analyzing the contributions of different tidal constituents would be valuable.
Vertical Structure and 3D Effects:
Lacune: The analysis primarily focuses on surface geostrophic currents. However, tidal interactions with bathymetry can generate significant vertical currents and mixing. The paper acknowledges this (e.g., vertical mixing and chlorophyll), but doesn't fully incorporate it into the analysis.
Suggestion: Incorporating 3D model output, if available, could provide a more complete picture of the tidal influence, particularly on upwelling/downwelling and nutrient transport. Investigating the vertical structure of the FTLE fields could reveal subsurface LCS.
Biogeochemical Coupling Details:
Lacune: The link between physics (FTLE) and biogeochemistry (chlorophyll-a) is presented qualitatively. While the correlation is suggestive, a more quantitative analysis would be beneficial.
Suggestion: Exploring statistical relationships between FTLE, divergence, vorticity, and chlorophyll-a concentrations (e.g., correlation analysis, regression models) could strengthen the conclusions. Considering other biogeochemical variables (e.g., nutrients, dissolved oxygen) would provide a more holistic view. Investigating the time lag between physical forcing and biological response would be valuable.
Wind Forcing Role:
Lacune: The paper acknowledges the potential role of wind forcing but doesn't analyze it in detail. Wind stress can significantly influence surface currents and mixing, potentially interacting with tidal effects.
Suggestion: Including a more detailed analysis of wind forcing (e.g., from reanalysis datasets or atmospheric models) would help to disentangle the relative contributions of wind and tides to the observed patterns.
Impact on Higher Trophic Levels:
**Lacune:**The study highlights the connection between physics and phytoplankton. Extending this to consider the potential impacts on higher trophic levels (e.g., zooplankton, fish) would enhance the ecological relevance of the findings.
**Suggestion:** Using the FTLE to predict zooplankton blooms and nutrients advections.
Model Validation:
Lacune: Although it is briefly mentioned that the model data have a section on quality information, there is no specific discussion of how well the model used reproduces the observed circulation features in the study area.
Suggestion: Add a section on model validation, comparing model outputs (SSH, currents) with available observations (e.g., altimetry, drifter data).
Limited Discussion of Anomalous Dispersion
Lacune: The paper touches upon previous studies which identified anomalous dispersion laws. It is not addressed in the result and discussions.
Suggestion: Calculate the absolute dispersion and asses the anomlous dispresion regimes in the study area.
Overall Assessment
The paper presents a valuable contribution to understanding the complex dynamics of the Gulf of Gabès. The identified "lacunes" are not necessarily flaws, but rather opportunities for future research to build upon the foundation established by this study. By addressing these gaps, a more complete and nuanced understanding of the interplay between tides, geostrophic circulation, and biogeochemical processes in this important region can be achieved.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3730-CC1 -
AC3: 'Reply on CC1', Maher Bouzaiene, 16 May 2025
Thank you for your interest in our work and for letting us know about your suggestions. We have addressed all the comments as follows.
The paper does a good job of combining a long-term altimetry dataset (30 years) with high-resolution model output (for 2022). This multi-faceted approach is crucial for understanding complex systems like the Gulf of Gabès (GG).
Focus on a Key Region: The Gulf of Gabès is an important, yet perhaps understudied, region of the Mediterranean Sea, particularly concerning the interplay of tides, geostrophic circulation, and biogeochemical processes.
Application of Advanced Techniques: The use of Finite-Time Lyapunov Exponents (FTLE) and the Okubo-Weiss parameter to analyze flow topology and Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCS) is appropriate and adds valuable insight.
Clear Research Questions: The paper clearly states its aims, focusing on the influence of tides on geostrophic features and the connection between physical and biogeochemical processes.
Links made with Biological Data using Chlorophyl a data.
Potential Gaps and Areas for Further Research (Lacunes)
Based on my review, here are some areas where the research could be extended or where gaps might exist:
Limited Temporal Scope of High-Resolution Model:
* Lacune: The high-resolution model data is only for one year (2022). While this is understandable due to computational constraints and data availability, it limits the ability to draw conclusions about interannual variability or long-term trends in tidal effects.
Suggestion: If possible, extending the high-resolution model analysis to cover more years, or even performing targeted simulations of specific events (e.g., strong bloom years, anomalous atmospheric conditions), would strengthen the conclusions.
We agree that (i) extending the high-resolution model analysis to cover more years, or (ii) even performing targeted simulations of specific events would strengthen the conclusions, but, concerning (i), we used only 2022 model data because, at the time the dataset was processed, it was the only complete (Jan-Dec) year for the MEDSEA_ANALYSISFORECAST_PHY_006_013 product, the only CMEMS product for the Mediterranean Sea that included the tidal forcing in the hydrodynamic model used. Regarding point (ii), since we used a CMEMS product for this study rather than a numerical model implemented by us in the study area, it was not possible for us to perform targeted simulations of specific events. However, we agree that a potential future implementation of a numerical model by us in the study area would provide the opportunity to develop a tool more tailored to our needs, and therefore strengthen the conclusions of a study of this kind.
Furthermore, we developed a high resolution ocean model in the Gulf of Gabès through a multiple nesting approach to focus on predefined years i.g. when phytoplankton blooms are detected that allows to study the bloom dispersion under a turbulent flow field. For more detail you can find them in Bouzaiene et al , 2025: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-11742 (https://presentations.copernicus.org/EGU25/EGU25-11742_presentation.pdf).
Mechanism of Tidal Influence:
Lacune: While the paper convincingly demonstrates that tides influence the circulation and topology, the mechanisms of this influence are not fully explored. For example, how do specific tidal constituents (M2, S2, etc.) interact with the bathymetry and coastline to generate the observed patterns?
Suggestion: A deeper dive into the tidal dynamics, perhaps through harmonic analysis of the tidal currents and sea level, could help elucidate the specific mechanisms. Analyzing the contributions of different tidal constituents would be valuable.
In this work, we focused on the impact of the tidal signal on 2D SSH fields by applying a low-pass symmetric Doodson filter, see please for more details the eq.3. When the tidal signals are removed from SSH we computed the geostrophic currents as the balance between the Coriolis force and the horizontal pressure gradient eq.1 and 2. The influence of specific tidal constituents M2 or S2 has been discussed in Othmani et al, 2017. While, in the present paper the mean aim of the analysis is to focus on tides influence geostrophic patterns and not for each tidal constituents.
Vertical Structure and 3D Effects:
Lacune: The analysis primarily focuses on surface geostrophic currents. However, tidal interactions with bathymetry can generate significant vertical currents and mixing. The paper acknowledges this (e.g., vertical mixing and chlorophyll), but doesn't fully incorporate it into the analysis.
Suggestion: Incorporating 3D model output, if available, could provide a more complete picture of the tidal influence, particularly on upwelling/downwelling and nutrient transport. Investigating the vertical structure of the FTLE fields could reveal subsurface LCS.
We fully agree that a more complete picture of the tidal influence, particularly on nutrient transport, would benefit from the integration into the treatment of the topic of vertical dynamics as well. Nevertheless, this study mainly focuses on the horizontal features and characteristics of the geostrophic circulation in the Gulf of Gabès, while the emphasis on phytoplankton impact is primarily intended as an example of how metrics such as FTLE can be applied to other areas of marine sciences. Should there be an opportunity in the future to further investigate the biogeochemical processes and phytoplankton dispersion in the Gulf of Gabès, the vertical dynamics of the study area will certainly be analyzed in detail.
Biogeochemical Coupling Details:
Lacune: The link between physics (FTLE) and biogeochemistry (chlorophyll-a) is presented qualitatively. While the correlation is suggestive, a more quantitative analysis would be beneficial.
Suggestion: Exploring statistical relationships between FTLE, divergence, vorticity, and chlorophyll-a concentrations (e.g., correlation analysis, regression models) could strengthen the conclusions. Considering other biogeochemical variables (e.g., nutrients, dissolved oxygen) would provide a more holistic view. Investigating the time lag between physical forcing and biological response would be valuable.
We greatly appreciate the suggestion, which we find extremely valuable. Exploring the statistical relationships between chlorophyll-a concentrations and the metrics used in the study (at least FTLE) would help demonstrate more clearly and quantitatively the physical-biological coupling in the study area. For instance, computing the Pearson correlation coefficient between chlorophyll-a and FTLE over the study area could clarify this aspect and provide insights into the time lag between physical forcing and biological response.
Considering other biogeochemical variables would certainly offer a more systemic view of the study area; however, this might be better suited for a potential future study specifically dedicated to the biogeochemical dynamics of the Gulf of Gabès.
Wind Forcing Role:
Lacune: The paper acknowledges the potential role of wind forcing but doesn't analyze it in detail. Wind stress can significantly influence surface currents and mixing, potentially interacting with tidal effects.
Suggestion: Including a more detailed analysis of wind forcing (e.g., from reanalysis datasets or atmospheric models) would help to disentangle the relative contributions of wind and tides to the observed patterns.
The seasonal variability of wind stress at 10 m above the CGG surface layer from delayed ECMWF (1/8 deg ) winds data in 2022 is shown in the attached figure 1. The contribution of winds on CGG geostrophic patterns can be clearly observed in the reversed wind directions from winter (northwest-southeast) to spring/summer (east-west), while in fall the winds flow anticyclonically (the attached figure 1). The difference in flow direction as shown in Figures 6-9- can be related; (1) to wind stress, (2) the topography of the gulf (Figure 1 of the present manuscript) and/or (3) horizontal pressure force influenced by other atmospheric components could be other causes of the presence of the different seasonal geostrophic patterns shown in Figures 6-9.
Impact on Higher Trophic Levels:
**Lacune:**The study highlights the connection between physics and phytoplankton. Extending this to consider the potential impacts on higher trophic levels (e.g., zooplankton, fish) would enhance the ecological relevance of the findings.
**Suggestion:** Using the FTLE to predict zooplankton blooms and nutrients advections.
We sincerely appreciate your suggestion. This aspect is undoubtedly of significant interest and could be a valuable focus for a potential future study specifically dedicated to the biogeochemical dynamics of the Gulf of Gabès.
Model Validation:
Lacune: Although it is briefly mentioned that the model data have a section on quality information, there is no specific discussion of how well the model used reproduces the observed circulation features in the study area.
Suggestion: Add a section on model validation, comparing model outputs (SSH, currents) with available observations (e.g., altimetry, drifter data).
A comprehensive validation for the MEDSEA_ANALYSISFORECAST_PHY_006_013 (https://documentation.marine.copernicus.eu/QUID/CMEMS-MED-QUID-006-013.pdf) product is available through its Quality Information Document (QUID), in particular refer to pages 8–9. Please refer specifically to the metrics of Region 7, which includes our study area (see Figure 1 on page 7 of the QUID). Unfortunately, as shown in the QUID from Figure 16 on page 36, there are no available data from fixed stations in our study area through which to assess the model's performance in reproducing the observed circulation features in the Gulf of Gabès. However, the accuracy and robustness demonstrated by the CMEMS product at the basin scale suggests that the model's performance is likely satisfactory in our study area as well.
Furthermore, we added in the present manuscript a new figure 5 where we compared the geostrophic circulation between altimetry and model in 2022. A good satisfaction between the two results, and the model is able to reproduce the reality very well. As it has been generally found the model limitation is observed along the coastal areas of the Mediterranean sea where atmospheric forcing plays a fundamental role.
Limited Discussion of Anomalous Dispersion
Lacune: The paper touches upon previous studies which identified anomalous dispersion laws. It is not addressed in the result and discussions.
Suggestion: Calculate the absolute dispersion and assess the anomlous dispresion regimes in the study area.
The present study focuses particularly on the geostrophic circulation and tidal effect in the Gulf of Gabès. The presence of hyperbolic/elliptic regions were related to anomalous regimes as found in Bouzaiene et al, (2020, 2021): hyperbolic (5/4) and elliptic (5/3) regimes. In our study we found a dominance of hyperbolic regions. The statistical dispersion behaviours in the Gulf of Gabès under bloom and non bloom conditions are discussed in Bouzaiene, M., Menna, M., Dilmahamod, A. F., Delrosso, D., Simoncelli, S., and Fratianni, C.: Two-particle dispersion in the Gulf of Gabès using a high resolution nested ocean model , EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-11742, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-11742 (https://presentations.copernicus.org/EGU25/EGU25-11742_presentation.pdf).
Overall Assessment
The paper presents a valuable contribution to understanding the complex dynamics of the Gulf of Gabès. The identified "lacunes" are not necessarily flaws, but rather opportunities for future research to build upon the foundation established by this study. By addressing these gaps, a more complete and nuanced understanding of the interplay between tides, geostrophic circulation, and biogeochemical processes in this important region can be achieved.
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AC3: 'Reply on CC1', Maher Bouzaiene, 16 May 2025
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RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-3730', Anonymous Referee #2, 18 Apr 2025
The authors study surface circulation in Gulf of Gabes near Libyan coast in the Mediterranaen Sea. I was not familiar with this region even though I worked on several other regions in the Med domain. The study is conducted mainly using altimeter data. The primary original aspect of the study is that the effect of tides on FSLEs are studied. I was also not aware that tides were of any importance in the Med, but it seems this region has some of the largest tidal effects. The main conclusion of the study is that tidal effects increase the importance of hyperbolic regions, hence chaotic advection. I guess that it makes sense that moving around the hyperbolic region by tidal influences would do that.
I do not think that this is a major discovery, but the study region is probably undernalyzed and the study is well conducted. So for these reasons, I do not have a major objection to publication of this paper. It is good to have things documented in this way.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3730-RC2 - AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Maher Bouzaiene, 16 May 2025
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-3730', Anonymous Referee #1, 14 Feb 2025
Review of manuscript: Geostrophic circulation and tidal effects in the Gulf of Gabès by Bouzaiene et al
This study is about the ocean dynamics and kinematic properties of the Gulf of Gabès, with a focus on the influence of tides on circulation patterns and transport processes. The authors present very relevant research questions, and on an understudied region of the Mediterranean Sea. An interesting framework to investigating the tidal signals is presented too. While the study presents a well-motivated analysis, the manuscript would benefit from a clearer aim with more concrete objectives. This seems to be clear at the beginning, but the results need refining and cohesion. Additionally, even if the proposed framework and diagnostics are very interesting, certain methodological aspects require further justification and refinement, particularly regarding the choice of datasets, diagnostics and/or region of study one the research question is clearer. For example, if the idea is to focus more on the underlying dynamics that affect the phytoplankton blooms, things should be organised differently than if the main focus is on the impact of the tidal signal. I recommend that this manuscript be considered for publication, provided the authors restructure the study and address the following major concerns:
Major comments
- This study presents relevant research question for the oceanographic physics community, but also for the biogeochemical one due to the insights it can bring to understanding the nutrients and phytoplankton present in the study zone and ones with similar dynamics. However, the research question I feel is not clear. There seems to be a focus on impact of tidal signal on the geostrophic circulation, but then a focus on phytoplankton impact, and how FTLEs can show this. Maybe linking better the ideas an results and help also make the research clearer and better linked to results, their discussion and conclusions.
- Throughout the manuscript it is mentioned several times without tidal forcing, when, to my understanding, what is removed is the tidal signal, but the impact of having tidal forcing on the geostrophic field is still there. If the direct impact of tidal forcing was the focus, a simulation without and with tidal forcing would be necessary.
- If the focus is on the effect of tides, it is not clear to me why there is so much focus put on the analysis of the altimetry data. The limitations are mentioned in L65. Again, a rearrangement of some ideas and analyses maybe could help clarify the relevance of the analyses with altimetric data, for example as a geostrophic baseline of what can be understood in the region of interest with these observations. Moreover, the reasoning behind looking at the 30 years of data is not clear. Would be interesting also to see an equivalent analysis to that done with the model data. It is not clear why both datasets used in this study are not compared. Lastly, there is no mention either on the impacts of their different resolutions (1/8 altimetry, 1/24 model).
- More refinement needed: The choice of the temporal period, and of the spatial domain chosen is not clear. The same domain for the altimetry and model data is not chosen, when there is seems to be data available for the same domain. Moreover it worries me that features so close to land are studied given the limitations of both datasets in coastal areas. I understand the difficulty of having data to validate these datasets, and specially so close to land, but there is no mention of it in the datasets description, not even in the discussion. There is no mention of general validation of the datasets, for the model only the QUID. Should be clarified if for example that is part of the reason to include the altimetry data, as a kind of ground truth to the model data (at a geostrophic level).
- Missed part mentioning that once tidal forcing included (and also the fact that it is a wave-couple model), in some cases you might not be in geostrophic balance anymore. Also, having a higher resolution model, might also imply that te geostrophic balance does not dominate all the time anymore.
- General formatting: wrong numbering of sections and subsections e.g. introduction should be 1, L138, ..
- Summary and conclusions needs improvement, better structure this section to make it clearer to reader. A lot of interesting points, that a better structure can help to understand and follow the ideas.
Specific comments
L19: Add references here
L20: “region of relevant tides”: Add references. Moreover, as read later, it has relevant tides within the Mediterranean, but not compared to other regions globally. Please clarify text.
L24: Add reference
L54: “Two anomalous..”: This paragraph is not very clear to me, namely why do you refer to these 2 regimes as anomalous? With respect to what?
L59 “shared”: sheared?
L60: There is preprint on this topic in other region: Gomez-Navarro et al: https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10512397.5
L72: Not directly tides, but Barkan et al., (2017, 2021), mention impact of internal waves (signal increases significantly when tidal forcing present) on mesoscale eddies.
Other references not mentioned that could be relevant:
- Drillet et al (2019)
- Ruhs et al (2025) (similar dataset used, but for impact of waves, important to mention here too as wave-coupled)
L73: “estimated as the balance of the Coriolis force and the horizontal pressure gradients” : maybe not necessary to include this here?
L82: Altimetry data
- Temporal resolution of data not mentioned
- “EUROPEAN SEAS GRIDDED L4 SEA SURFACE HEIGHTS AND DERIVED VARIABLES REPROCESSED (1993-ONGOING) [dataset].”: no need for uppercase and [dataset]. Improve reference to data.
- “30-year period (1993–2022)”: line above states that ongoing? Please clarify
- “variable used is the absolute surface geostrophic velocity, while altimetry data were used to estimate the vorticity,”: this is not clear. Absolute surface geostrophic velocity is also inferred from altimetry data. Do you mean you inferred vorticity and the other parameters from this velocity variable of from the ADT or SLA?
L90: Chlorophyll-a data
- Should be chlorophyll-a??
- Temporal resolution of dataset is daily? Please clearly specify
- Missing brackets at end
L94: In the introduction you mention the model has temporal resolution, but this detail not included here.
L96: “We have chosen year 2022 since at the time the dataset was processed it was the only complete year for the CMS system including tidal signal in the hydrodynamic model used.”: Related to general comment 4, if for the model data you were limited to year 2022, and given that the model includes data assimilation, why are the fields not compared to the altimetry fields during 2022 instead of the average of 30 years? (See major comment 3)
L99 “coupled hydrodynamic-wave model”: importance of being coupled with a wave model is not mentioned. This can also be affecting the geostrophic field as shown by other studies (Morales-Marquez et al 2023, Ruhs et al, 2025). Even if the focus here is on tides, I was expecting a mention to this important factor at least in the discussion.
L105: “from the MEDSEA_ANALYSISFORECAST_PHY_006_013 product SSH fields”: for clarity refer to this as model data including in brackets the product reference if you want, so that in L106 it does not seem that there 3 datasets
L106: “normalized”: with respect to ?? Later you specify that to f and cite plain et al 2023, but this should already be clear here.
L111: “he geostrophic equations as follows (Vigo et al., 2018a; 2018b)”: maybe other references are more relevant? if not include as e.g.
L112: “sea surface elevation”: specify (model SSH)
L121: “Where H denotes the sea level elevation”: so this is SSH too, i.e., ŋ? If so, please homegenize.
L122: Further details on the implementation of the deciding on the model data would be appreciated. For example to clarify the impact (if any) of the choice of parameter(s) in the detided result.
L126: “sub-mesoscale, mesoscale, filaments, eddies and fronts activity”: concepts mixed, please clarify
L127: The mentioned normalised vorticity would not be equivalent to the Rossby number? There is no mention of it and no references with respect to the order of magnitudes implying a mesoscale or submesoscale driven circulation, e.g. Thomas et al, (2008). Moreover, in this article they mention that for mesoscale Ro <<1 and O(1) for the submesoscale.
L140: Q* is supposed to be normalized by f too? Then in eq. (6) you use S* and ζ*?
L145: Space missing after comma
L149: “S is normalized by f to identify the sheared and/or stretched regions:” why need to normalize to show these regions?
The Finite Time Lyapunov Exponents
- L154: “In previous investigations within the Mediterranean region, the emphasis was on the Finite Scale Lyapunov Exponent (FSLE) rather than the FTLE.” Aren’t both FTLE and FSLE supposed to be equivalent? They should render the same (or very very similar) transport barriers. The only difference should be how the Lyapunov Exponent is calculated (defining time or space). The later mentioned gap could then be focused on calculating it in coastal areas, not the use of FTLE itself. As mentioned in general comments, it is important to consider that the implementation of this in coastal areas, namely from altimetry data, has been limited by the error of the data in very coastal areas.
- Integration time of 6 days? FTLE fields are then obtained daily? And averaged for 30 days and 7 days? Please clarify.
- L166: missing tr “indicates the..”
- L169: Missing clearer explanation that FTLE can be implemented forward and/or backward in time and the implications for phytoplankton as one shows attracting and the other repelling structures.
- L172: “30 years to detect mean features”: why 30 years? Are so many years necessary?
- L175: “16 times larger” : is it really necessary? I understand it is beneficial to go below the grid resolution, but I was expecting around 4 times more.
L180: A 2D bathymetry figure could be used to compare the figures shown in the results where impact of bathymetry mentioned.
L190: Fig. 2 (top), and other figures showing currents should be bigger or refined to see better the circulation patterns mentioned in the discussion of the results.
L200: GGSD area could be shown in fig. 2, but difference in domain shown for altimetry and model data is confusing. Limitation mentioned here clear, but then why not same domain used for model data as for the altimetry results shown in fig. 2?
L203: Are these averages also removed from the altimetry data?
L205: Therefore, only model data really used to assess effect of tides? Makes it confusing then as to why altimetry data then used in this study.
L220: this could go in the methods section were the FTLEs are described.
L265: Some of these details could go in the introduction.
L271: Can you give more details on this agreement?
L285: Maybe missing something but not very clear for me in figure 5. Please give more details.
L290: Some of the circulation patterns (for example cyclonic circulation in the mentioned cases) not very clear, maybe improvement of figure can help. Also colorer in last 2 rows might need to be adjusted?
L308: “absence of tidal forcing”, would actually be without tidal signal not tidal forcing as detided. See major comment 2.
L314: Maybe you can support this theory with wind data? Maybe the atmospheric forcing data used for the model?
L325: How is the PDF obtained? What is the sensitivity of the skewness and kurtosis values to this?
L330: Maybe adding a grid on the plot and having all x-axis alike can help make results clearer
L336: “The first case”: ??
L343: Application mentioned is very interesting, but the connection with previous results not so clear. Also the connection between FTLE and Chl-a plots a bit hard to understand. This last part needs improvement.
L515: Here year of publication put at end, check that formatting of references is consistent.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3730-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Maher Bouzaiene, 16 May 2025
We thank Referee #1 for his/her comments on the first version of the manuscript. We have addressed all the comments to improve the paper. Our responses to questions are detailed as follows:
Review of manuscript: Geostrophic circulation and tidal effects in the Gulf of Gabès by Bouzaiene et al
This study is about the ocean dynamics and kinematic properties of the Gulf of Gabès, with a focus on the influence of tides on circulation patterns and transport processes. The authors present very relevant research questions, and on an understudied region of the Mediterranean Sea. An interesting framework to investigating the tidal signals is presented too. While the study presents a well-motivated analysis, the manuscript would benefit from a clearer aim with more concrete objectives. This seems to be clear at the beginning, but the results need refining and cohesion. Additionally, even if the proposed framework and diagnostics are very interesting, certain methodological aspects require further justification and refinement, particularly regarding the choice of datasets, diagnostics and/or region of study one the research question is clearer. For example, if the idea is to focus more on the underlying dynamics that affect the phytoplankton blooms, things should be organised differently than if the main focus is on the impact of the tidal signal. I recommend that this manuscript be considered for publication, provided the authors restructure the study and address the following major concerns:
Major comments
Q1: This study presents relevant research question for the oceanographic physics community, but also for the biogeochemical one due to the insights it can bring to understanding the nutrients and phytoplankton present in the study zone and ones with similar dynamics. However, the research question I feel is not clear. There seems to be a focus on impact of tidal signal on the geostrophic circulation, but then a focus on phytoplankton impact, and how FTLEs can show this. Maybe linking better the ideas an results and help also make the research clearer and better linked to results, their discussion and conclusions.
R1: The aim of the present study is to focus on both geostrophic circulation in the Gulf of Gabès bigger domain (GG) and on the impact of tidal signals on geostrophic patterns in the Central Gulf of Gabès (CGG). The CGG represents also a site of particular interest to investigate the influence of physical processes on the biogeochemical features (with a focus on algal blooms). The focus on phytoplankton impact is mainly intended as an example of the application of metrics, such as FTLE, that can be used to describe ocean turbulence and horizontal mixing/stirring, but which can also be applied to other areas of marine sciences, fostering a better understanding of the links between physical and biogeochemical processes.
Q2: Throughout the manuscript it is mentioned several times without tidal forcing, when, to my understanding, what is removed is the tidal signal, but the impact of having tidal forcing on the geostrophic field is still there. If the direct impact of tidal forcing was the focus, a simulation without and with tidal forcing would be necessary.
R2: In the manuscript we focused on the impact of the tidal signal and that's the removal of the tidal signal that we refer to when we mention SSH detided fields. We agree that referring to this as without tidal forcing is misleading, thus we corrected this issue on the present version of the manuscript.
Q3: If the focus is on the effect of tides, it is not clear to me why there is so much focus put on the analysis of the altimetry data. The limitations are mentioned in L65. Again, a rearrangement of some ideas and analyses maybe could help clarify the relevance of the analyses with altimetric data, for example as a geostrophic baseline of what can be understood in the region of interest with these observations. Moreover, the reasoning behind looking at the 30 years of data is not clear. Would be interesting also to see an equivalent analysis to that done with the model data. It is not clear why both datasets used in this study are not compared. Lastly, there is no mention either on the impacts of their different resolutions (1/8 altimetry, 1/24 model).
R3: In the first part of the present manuscript we used a 30-years altimetry dataset with low spatial resolution (1/8 deg) to have an overview of the main circulation features (and their seasonal variability) of the Gulf of Gabès . The mean kinetic energy and FTLEs computed from the altimetry data show in the gulf larger domain the presence of well-known gyres, eddies and currents (MG, SMG, LSBV, ATC, AIS and BATC) that could influence the main circulation patterns of the GG smaller domain. Furthermore, FTLE, Div and O-W spatial distributions show the presence of three different dynamical areas close to the GG coastal zones; North Gulf of Gabes (NGG), Central Gulf of Gabes (CGG) and Southern Gulf of Gabes (SGG). The CGG dynamic is very different with respect to the NGG and SGG by the presence of filaments while both NCC and SGG were identified anticyclonic patterns. The CGG can be classified as an area with larger filaments. Since high resolution in situ and satellite data observations are limited in the CGG, especially close to boundaries not allowing to study tidal signal impact on geostrophic circulation. We used model data with high spatial (1/24 deg) and temporal (1 h) resolutions to focus on tidal signal impact on geostrophic pattern. The comparison of the geostrophic circulation from daiyled altimetry product and model data with resolutions of 1/8° and 1/ 24°, respectively in the GG bigger domain in 2022 is shown in Figure 5. We chose the year 2022 because, at the time the dataset was processed, it was the only complete (Jan-Dec) year for the MEDSEA_ANALYSISFORECAST_PHY_006_013 product, the only CMEMS product for the Mediterranean Sea that included the tidal forcing in the hydrodynamic model used. The general circulation features are retrieved from both observations and model in 2022 as follows: SMG, LSBV, ATC1, ATC2, ALC, AIS and BATC (Figure 5 a vs b). The impact of high resolution model data can be observed in ATC1 intensity in CGG (Figure 5 b).
Q4: More refinement needed: The choice of the temporal period, and of the spatial domain chosen is not clear. The same domain for the altimetry and model data is not chosen, when there is seems to be data available for the same domain. Moreover it worries me that features so close to land are studied given the limitations of both datasets in coastal areas. I understand the difficulty of having data to validate these datasets, and specially so close to land, but there is no mention of it in the datasets description, not even in the discussion. There is no mention of general validation of the datasets, for the model only the QUID. Should be clarified if for example that is part of the reason to include the altimetry data, as a kind of ground truth to the model data (at a geostrophic level).
R4: For the computation of the mean kinematic features in the Gulf of Gabès using altimetry data, we selected a long time period (30 years) to ensure the robustness and representativeness of the analysis. For the model data, we chose the year 2022, as at the time the dataset was processed, it was the only complete (Jan-Dec) year available for the MEDSEA_ANALYSISFORECAST_PHY_006_013 product. This is the only CMEMS product for the Mediterranean Sea that includes the tidal forcing in the hydrodynamic model. Following the analysis of the physical features of the Gulf of Gabès, we focused on its central portion (CGG), where the highest tidal ranges are observed (Abdennadher and Boukthir, 2006; Othnani et al, 2017), in order to closely examine the area of the study region where the most significant impact of the tidal signal could potentially be detected. We agree that a specific validation of both the model and altimetry datasets for the study area is lacking. Nevertheless, both datasets have been extensively validated within the framework of their respective Quality Information Documents (QUIDs). In particular, see page 53 of SEALEVEL_EUR_PHY_L4_MY_008_068 QUID (https://documentation.marine.copernicus.eu/QUID/CMEMS-SL-QUID-008-032-068.pdf), which we referenced in the updated version of the manuscript (line, 94). For the MEDSEA_ANALYSISFORECAST_PHY_006_013 (https://documentation.marine.copernicus.eu/QUID/CMEMS-MED-QUID-006-013.pdf), refer to pages 8–9 of the QUID. For this product, please refer specifically to the metrics of Region 7, which includes our study area (see Figure 1 on page 7 of the QUID). It is important to note that Region 7 is the second lowest in terms of the mean number of available SLA satellite observations per week (after the Northern Adriatic Sea), and it also has the highest SLA RMSD among the regions listed in Table 4 of the MEDSEA_ANALYSISFORECAST_PHY_006_013 QUID (page 9). This limitation is emphasized more explicitly in the present version of the manuscript, lines: 462-464. In Fig. 5, we included a comparison between the geostrophic currents derived from the altimetry product and those from the model product for the overlapping period, in order to demonstrate that the main circulation features are well represented by the model.
Q5: Missed part mentioning that once tidal forcing included (and also the fact that it is a wave-couple model), in some cases you might not be in geostrophic balance anymore. Also, having a higher resolution model, might also imply that the geostrophic balance does not dominate all the time anymore.
R5: We agree that, in regions or time scales where geostrophic components become significant, given that the model includes tidal forcing and wave coupling, we might not be in geostrophic balance anymore. Whereas, in the Mediterranean Sea, given that the high resolution model includes waves and tides, it offers an accurate geostrophic circulation (Escudier et al, 2021). lines: 464-467.
Q6: General formatting: wrong numbering of sections and subsections e.g. introduction should be 1, L138, ..
R6: Done,
Q7: Summary and conclusions needs improvement, better structure this section to make it clearer to reader. A lot of interesting points, that a better structure can help to understand and follow the ideas.
R7: Done,
Specific comments
L19: Add references here
Done, line: 20.
L20: “region of relevant tides”: Add references. Moreover, as read later, it has relevant tides within the Mediterranean, but not compared to other regions globally. Please clarify text.
Done, line: 21.
L24: Add reference
Done, line: 25.
L54: “Two anomalous..”: This paragraph is not very clear to me, namely why do you refer to these 2 regimes as anomalous? With respect to what?
The two anomalous or abnormal absolute dispersion regimes are referred with respect to two other well-known absolute dispersion regimes. These regimes were not studied theoretically till the study presented in Elhmaidi et al, 1993. They designed these two regimes as anomalous or abnormal regimes with respect to the ballistic t2 and random-walk t1 regimes.
L59 “shared”: sheared?
Yes, sheared. We corrected this typo in the revised manuscript (line 61).
L60: There is preprint on this topic in other region: Gomez-Navarro et al:https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10512397.5
In Gomez-Navarro et al, (2024) the impact of tidal forcing on surface particle transport is explored, while how tidal perturbation influences the dispersion of elliptic and hyperbolic regions lacks, in our opinion, a certain degree of discussion (lines: 61-63).
L72: Not directly tides, but Barkan et al., (2017, 2021), mention impact of internal waves (signal increases significantly when tidal forcing present) on mesoscale eddies.
Done, lines: 75-76.
Other references not mentioned that could be relevant:
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Drillet et al (2019)
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Ruhs et al (2025) (similar dataset used, but for impact of waves, important to mention here too as wave-coupled)
References and text are added to the revised version of the manuscript (Lines: 76-78).
L73: “estimated as the balance of the Coriolis force and the horizontal pressure gradients” : maybe not necessary to include this here?
Ok, the sentence is removed (line: 80).
L82: Altimetry data
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Temporal resolution of data not mentioned
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daily (see please line 92 of the revised version of the manuscript).
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“EUROPEAN SEAS GRIDDED L4 SEA SURFACE HEIGHTS AND DERIVED VARIABLES REPROCESSED (1993-ONGOING) [dataset].”: no need for uppercase and [dataset]. Improve reference to data.
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Done, lines 90-92.
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“30-year period (1993–2022)”: line above states that ongoing? Please clarify
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Done, lines: 92-93.
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“variable used is the absolute surface geostrophic velocity, while altimetry data were used to estimate the vorticity,”: this is not clear. Absolute surface geostrophic velocity is also inferred from altimetry data. Do you mean you inferred vorticity and the other parameters from this velocity variable of from the ADT or SLA?
Yes, that means we inferred vorticity and the other parameters from this velocity variable deduced from the ADT. The sentence is modified in the revised version of the manuscript (lines : 94-96).
L90: Chlorophyll-a data
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Should be chlorophyll-a??
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Yes, chlorophyll-a, corrected (line 99 of the revised version of the manuscript).
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Temporal resolution of dataset is daily? Please clearly specify
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Temporal resolution is daily (line 100 of the revised version of the manuscript).
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Missing brackets at end
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Yes, brachets is added (line 101 of the revised version of the manuscript).
L94: In the introduction you mention the model has temporal resolution, but this detail not included here.
Specified at line 103: Hourly.
L96: “We have chosen year 2022 since at the time the dataset was processed it was the only complete year for the CMS system including tidal signal in the hydrodynamic model used.”: Related to general comment 4, if for the model data you were limited to year 2022, and given that the model includes data assimilation, why are the fields not compared to the altimetry fields during 2022 instead of the average of 30 years? (See major comment 3)
We added a new Figure 5 to compare altimetry fields to model outputs in 2022. The average of the 30 years altimetry data is functional for obtaining an overview of the geostrophic patterns in the GG.
L99 “coupled hydrodynamic-wave model”: importance of being coupled with a wave model is not mentioned. This can also be affecting the geostrophic field as shown by other studies (Morales-Marquez et al 2023, Ruhs et al, 2025). Even if the focus here is on tides, I was expecting a mention to this important factor at least in the discussion.
We agree, please see lines: 461-462 of the revised version of the manuscript.
L105: “from the MEDSEA_ANALYSISFORECAST_PHY_006_013 product SSH fields”: for clarity refer to this as model data including in brackets the product reference if you want, so that in L106 it does not seem that there 3 datasets
Done, line 113 of the revised version of the manuscript.
L106: “normalized”: with respect to ?? Later you specify that to f and cite plain et al 2023, but this should already be clear here.
Yes, “normalized”: with respect to f (see lines: 114-115).
L111: “the geostrophic equations as follows (Vigo et al., 2018a; 2018b)”: maybe other references are more relevant? if not include as e.g.
We added another reference, Apel (1987), line 119 of the revised version of the manuscript.
L112: “sea surface elevation”: specify (model SSH)
Ok, modified line 122 of the revised version of the manuscript.
L121: “Where H denotes the sea level elevation”: so this is SSH too, i.e., ŋ? If so, please homegenize.
Yes, SSH stays for ŋ, now it is more homogenized, lines: 131-132 of the revised version of the manuscript.
L122: Further details on the implementation of the deciding on the model data would be appreciated. For example to clarify the impact (if any) of the choice of parameter(s) in the detided result.
We used a low-pass symmetric filter to remove the tidal energy at diurnal and higher frequencies from model SSH for 39 hours of data for each value calculated. The filter is applied for each day. The choice of these parameters allows obtaining accurate detided SSH datasets as have been shown in the Manual on Sea Level Measurement and Interpretation of the IOC (1985) (https://psmsl.org/train_and_info/training/manuals/ioc_14i.pdf).
L126: “sub-mesoscale, mesoscale, filaments, eddies and fronts activity”: concepts mixed, please clarify
We rephrased it, see please line 136 of the revised version of the manuscript.
L127: The mentioned normalised vorticity would not be equivalent to the Rossby number? There is no mention of it and no references with respect to the order of magnitudes implying a mesoscale or submesoscale driven circulation, e.g. Thomas et al, (2008). Moreover, in this article they mention that for mesoscale Ro <<1 and O(1) for the submesoscale.
Yes, the normalized vorticity is equivalent to the Rossby number and we modified the definition (lines: 134, 136-138 in the revised version of the manuscript).
L140: Q* is supposed to be normalized by f too? Then in eq. (6) you use S* and ζ*?
Yes,
L145: Space missing after comma
Ok,
L149: “S is normalized by f to identify the sheared and/or stretched regions:” why need to normalize to show these regions?
S is normalized by f in order to get a dimensionless number, which represents a particularly effective tool for identifying sheared and/or stretched regions.
The Finite Time Lyapunov Exponents
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L154: “In previous investigations within the Mediterranean region, the emphasis was on the Finite Scale Lyapunov Exponent (FSLE) rather than the FTLE.” Aren’t both FTLE and FSLE supposed to be equivalent? They should render the same (or very very similar) transport barriers. The only difference should be how the Lyapunov Exponent is calculated (defining time or space). The later mentioned gap could then be focused on calculating it in coastal areas, not the use of FTLE itself. As mentioned in general comments, it is important to consider that the implementation of this in coastal areas, namely from altimetry data, has been limited by the error of the data in very coastal areas.
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Yes, FTLE and FSLE are very similar since both are detecting LCS. However, the difference between them is in the calculation methods. FSLE is deduced from the exponential growth of distances between Lagrangian particle pairs initially separated by a predefined distance while FTLE is computed from the separation rate of initially neighboring particles for a finite time. The novelty of this paper is to focus on FTLE within the Gulf of Gabès coastal areas. The implementation of FTLE in coastal areas, namely from altimetry data, has been limited by the error of the data in very coastal areas (line 170-171).
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Integration time of 6 days? FTLE fields are then obtained daily? And averaged for 30 days and 7 days? Please clarify.
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FTLE fields are obtained daily and then averaged seasonally over a 30 year period (lines: 183-184 of the revised version).
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L166: missing tr “indicates the..”
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Done, line 177 of the revised version.
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L169: Missing clearer explanation that FTLE can be implemented forward and/or backward in time and the implications for phytoplankton as one shows attracting and the other repelling structures.
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Done, lines: 179-180 of the revised version.
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L172: “30 years to detect mean features”: why 30 years? Are so many years necessary?
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The Mediterranean features are strongly driven by the instability of intense coastal currents, which have frequently changed their location and lifespan over the past decades (Bouzaiene et al, 2020; Poulain et al, 2012). In order to investigate the kinematic properties of mesoscale features, we used 30 years of altimetry data in the present paper, focusing on the main circulation features in the GG. This 30 year dataset allows for the detection of mean patterns across three decades, providing a basis to discuss the well-known mean features during the observational data availability period (lines: 201-206 of the revised manuscript.
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L175: “16 times larger” : is it really necessary? I understand it is beneficial to go below the grid resolution, but I was expecting around 4 times more.
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16 times larger to show a high resolution FTLE image.
L180: A 2D bathymetry figure could be used to compare the figures shown in the results where impact of bathymetry mentioned.
Done, see please Fig 1 of the revised version.
L190: Fig. 2 (top), and other figures showing currents should be bigger or refined to see better the circulation patterns mentioned in the discussion of the results.
Done,
L200: GGSD area could be shown in fig. 2, but difference in domain shown for altimetry and model data is confusing. Limitation mentioned here clear, but then why not same domain used for model data as for the altimetry results shown in fig. 2?
We modified the GGSD to be CGG for the coherence of the results.
L203: Are these averages also removed from the altimetry data?
No,
L205: Therefore, only model data really used to assess effect of tides? Makes it confusing then as to why altimetry data then used in this study.
See please R3.
L220: this could go in the methods section were the FTLEs are described.
Done, see lines: 190-192.
L265: Some of these details could go in the introduction.
Done, see lines: 26-27.
L271: Can you give more details on this agreement?
Ok, our results are in good agreement with previous studies in the Mediterranean Sea (Vigo et al., 2018a) where in winter/fall the mean flow tends to inflow from the south to the north, while in spring and summer its circulation is mainly cyclonic bordering the coastline.
L285: Maybe missing something but not very clear for me in figure 5. Please give more details.
We added in the new figs 6 and 7 red lines to show the presence of the cyclonic currents that are influenced by tides.
L290: Some of the circulation patterns (for example cyclonic circulation in the mentioned cases) not very clear, maybe improvement of figure can help. Also colorer in last 2 rows might need to be adjusted?
Done, please see the new figures, 6-9.
L308: “absence of tidal forcing”, would actually be without tidal signal not tidal forcing as detided. See major comment 2.
Yes, without tidal signal, see line 348.
L314: Maybe you can support this theory with wind data? Maybe the atmospheric forcing data used for the model?
The dominance of hyperbolic regions in the GG is deduced from Q* which was derived from the surface current velocities. Looking at wind data used for the model does not allow us to focus on the direct impact of winds on the presence of the hyperbolic regions. We referred to Bouzaiene et al, (2021) where they related the presence of hyperbolic structures to wind stress in Black Sea. The wind is the most responsible factor driving surface circulation while tidal perturbations are very limited in that region.
L325: How is the PDF obtained? What is the sensitivity of the skewness and kurtosis values to this?
The PDF is obtained by computing the histogram of normalized vorticity as a function of season. The sensitivity of the skewness and kurtosis values in case of the presence of tides and detided one is to identify how tides impact turbulence being the anisotropy of the GG turbulent flow. We also showed as a function of season the skewness and kurtosis values are very different, which means that the GG dynamics is strongly influenced by seasonal variability of atmospheric forcing.
L330: Maybe adding a grid on the plot and having all x-axis alike can help make results clearer
Done (see figure 11).
L336: “The first case”: ??
The first case means SSH fields including tides, line: 376.
L343: Application mentioned is very interesting, but the connection with previous results not so clear. Also the connection between FTLE and Chl-a plots a bit hard to understand. This last part needs improvement.
Done, lines: 383-391, line 416-422 and the new Figure 13 of the revised manuscript.
L515: Here year of publication put at end, check that formatting of references is consistent.
Done,
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CC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-3730', Tarek Nemsi, 19 Mar 2025
he paper does a good job of combining a long-term altimetry dataset (30 years) with high-resolution model output (for 2022). This multi-faceted approach is crucial for understanding complex systems like the Gulf of Gabès (GG).
Focus on a Key Region: The Gulf of Gabès is an important, yet perhaps understudied, region of the Mediterranean Sea, particularly concerning the interplay of tides, geostrophic circulation, and biogeochemical processes.
Application of Advanced Techniques: The use of Finite-Time Lyapunov Exponents (FTLE) and the Okubo-Weiss parameter to analyze flow topology and Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCS) is appropriate and adds valuable insight.
Clear Research Questions: The paper clearly states its aims, focusing on the influence of tides on geostrophic features and the connection between physical and biogeochemical processes.
Links made with Biological Data using Chlorophyl a data.
Potential Gaps and Areas for Further Research (Lacunes)
Based on my review, here are some areas where the research could be extended or where gaps might exist:
Limited Temporal Scope of High-Resolution Model:
* Lacune: The high-resolution model data is only for one year (2022). While this is understandable due to computational constraints and data availability, it limits the ability to draw conclusions about interannual variability or long-term trends in tidal effects.
Suggestion: If possible, extending the high-resolution model analysis to cover more years, or even performing targeted simulations of specific events (e.g., strong bloom years, anomalous atmospheric conditions), would strengthen the conclusions.
Mechanism of Tidal Influence:
Lacune: While the paper convincingly demonstrates that tides influence the circulation and topology, the mechanisms of this influence are not fully explored. For example, how do specific tidal constituents (M2, S2, etc.) interact with the bathymetry and coastline to generate the observed patterns?
Suggestion: A deeper dive into the tidal dynamics, perhaps through harmonic analysis of the tidal currents and sea level, could help elucidate the specific mechanisms. Analyzing the contributions of different tidal constituents would be valuable.
Vertical Structure and 3D Effects:
Lacune: The analysis primarily focuses on surface geostrophic currents. However, tidal interactions with bathymetry can generate significant vertical currents and mixing. The paper acknowledges this (e.g., vertical mixing and chlorophyll), but doesn't fully incorporate it into the analysis.
Suggestion: Incorporating 3D model output, if available, could provide a more complete picture of the tidal influence, particularly on upwelling/downwelling and nutrient transport. Investigating the vertical structure of the FTLE fields could reveal subsurface LCS.
Biogeochemical Coupling Details:
Lacune: The link between physics (FTLE) and biogeochemistry (chlorophyll-a) is presented qualitatively. While the correlation is suggestive, a more quantitative analysis would be beneficial.
Suggestion: Exploring statistical relationships between FTLE, divergence, vorticity, and chlorophyll-a concentrations (e.g., correlation analysis, regression models) could strengthen the conclusions. Considering other biogeochemical variables (e.g., nutrients, dissolved oxygen) would provide a more holistic view. Investigating the time lag between physical forcing and biological response would be valuable.
Wind Forcing Role:
Lacune: The paper acknowledges the potential role of wind forcing but doesn't analyze it in detail. Wind stress can significantly influence surface currents and mixing, potentially interacting with tidal effects.
Suggestion: Including a more detailed analysis of wind forcing (e.g., from reanalysis datasets or atmospheric models) would help to disentangle the relative contributions of wind and tides to the observed patterns.
Impact on Higher Trophic Levels:
**Lacune:**The study highlights the connection between physics and phytoplankton. Extending this to consider the potential impacts on higher trophic levels (e.g., zooplankton, fish) would enhance the ecological relevance of the findings.
**Suggestion:** Using the FTLE to predict zooplankton blooms and nutrients advections.
Model Validation:
Lacune: Although it is briefly mentioned that the model data have a section on quality information, there is no specific discussion of how well the model used reproduces the observed circulation features in the study area.
Suggestion: Add a section on model validation, comparing model outputs (SSH, currents) with available observations (e.g., altimetry, drifter data).
Limited Discussion of Anomalous Dispersion
Lacune: The paper touches upon previous studies which identified anomalous dispersion laws. It is not addressed in the result and discussions.
Suggestion: Calculate the absolute dispersion and asses the anomlous dispresion regimes in the study area.
Overall Assessment
The paper presents a valuable contribution to understanding the complex dynamics of the Gulf of Gabès. The identified "lacunes" are not necessarily flaws, but rather opportunities for future research to build upon the foundation established by this study. By addressing these gaps, a more complete and nuanced understanding of the interplay between tides, geostrophic circulation, and biogeochemical processes in this important region can be achieved.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3730-CC1 -
AC3: 'Reply on CC1', Maher Bouzaiene, 16 May 2025
Thank you for your interest in our work and for letting us know about your suggestions. We have addressed all the comments as follows.
The paper does a good job of combining a long-term altimetry dataset (30 years) with high-resolution model output (for 2022). This multi-faceted approach is crucial for understanding complex systems like the Gulf of Gabès (GG).
Focus on a Key Region: The Gulf of Gabès is an important, yet perhaps understudied, region of the Mediterranean Sea, particularly concerning the interplay of tides, geostrophic circulation, and biogeochemical processes.
Application of Advanced Techniques: The use of Finite-Time Lyapunov Exponents (FTLE) and the Okubo-Weiss parameter to analyze flow topology and Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCS) is appropriate and adds valuable insight.
Clear Research Questions: The paper clearly states its aims, focusing on the influence of tides on geostrophic features and the connection between physical and biogeochemical processes.
Links made with Biological Data using Chlorophyl a data.
Potential Gaps and Areas for Further Research (Lacunes)
Based on my review, here are some areas where the research could be extended or where gaps might exist:
Limited Temporal Scope of High-Resolution Model:
* Lacune: The high-resolution model data is only for one year (2022). While this is understandable due to computational constraints and data availability, it limits the ability to draw conclusions about interannual variability or long-term trends in tidal effects.
Suggestion: If possible, extending the high-resolution model analysis to cover more years, or even performing targeted simulations of specific events (e.g., strong bloom years, anomalous atmospheric conditions), would strengthen the conclusions.
We agree that (i) extending the high-resolution model analysis to cover more years, or (ii) even performing targeted simulations of specific events would strengthen the conclusions, but, concerning (i), we used only 2022 model data because, at the time the dataset was processed, it was the only complete (Jan-Dec) year for the MEDSEA_ANALYSISFORECAST_PHY_006_013 product, the only CMEMS product for the Mediterranean Sea that included the tidal forcing in the hydrodynamic model used. Regarding point (ii), since we used a CMEMS product for this study rather than a numerical model implemented by us in the study area, it was not possible for us to perform targeted simulations of specific events. However, we agree that a potential future implementation of a numerical model by us in the study area would provide the opportunity to develop a tool more tailored to our needs, and therefore strengthen the conclusions of a study of this kind.
Furthermore, we developed a high resolution ocean model in the Gulf of Gabès through a multiple nesting approach to focus on predefined years i.g. when phytoplankton blooms are detected that allows to study the bloom dispersion under a turbulent flow field. For more detail you can find them in Bouzaiene et al , 2025: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-11742 (https://presentations.copernicus.org/EGU25/EGU25-11742_presentation.pdf).
Mechanism of Tidal Influence:
Lacune: While the paper convincingly demonstrates that tides influence the circulation and topology, the mechanisms of this influence are not fully explored. For example, how do specific tidal constituents (M2, S2, etc.) interact with the bathymetry and coastline to generate the observed patterns?
Suggestion: A deeper dive into the tidal dynamics, perhaps through harmonic analysis of the tidal currents and sea level, could help elucidate the specific mechanisms. Analyzing the contributions of different tidal constituents would be valuable.
In this work, we focused on the impact of the tidal signal on 2D SSH fields by applying a low-pass symmetric Doodson filter, see please for more details the eq.3. When the tidal signals are removed from SSH we computed the geostrophic currents as the balance between the Coriolis force and the horizontal pressure gradient eq.1 and 2. The influence of specific tidal constituents M2 or S2 has been discussed in Othmani et al, 2017. While, in the present paper the mean aim of the analysis is to focus on tides influence geostrophic patterns and not for each tidal constituents.
Vertical Structure and 3D Effects:
Lacune: The analysis primarily focuses on surface geostrophic currents. However, tidal interactions with bathymetry can generate significant vertical currents and mixing. The paper acknowledges this (e.g., vertical mixing and chlorophyll), but doesn't fully incorporate it into the analysis.
Suggestion: Incorporating 3D model output, if available, could provide a more complete picture of the tidal influence, particularly on upwelling/downwelling and nutrient transport. Investigating the vertical structure of the FTLE fields could reveal subsurface LCS.
We fully agree that a more complete picture of the tidal influence, particularly on nutrient transport, would benefit from the integration into the treatment of the topic of vertical dynamics as well. Nevertheless, this study mainly focuses on the horizontal features and characteristics of the geostrophic circulation in the Gulf of Gabès, while the emphasis on phytoplankton impact is primarily intended as an example of how metrics such as FTLE can be applied to other areas of marine sciences. Should there be an opportunity in the future to further investigate the biogeochemical processes and phytoplankton dispersion in the Gulf of Gabès, the vertical dynamics of the study area will certainly be analyzed in detail.
Biogeochemical Coupling Details:
Lacune: The link between physics (FTLE) and biogeochemistry (chlorophyll-a) is presented qualitatively. While the correlation is suggestive, a more quantitative analysis would be beneficial.
Suggestion: Exploring statistical relationships between FTLE, divergence, vorticity, and chlorophyll-a concentrations (e.g., correlation analysis, regression models) could strengthen the conclusions. Considering other biogeochemical variables (e.g., nutrients, dissolved oxygen) would provide a more holistic view. Investigating the time lag between physical forcing and biological response would be valuable.
We greatly appreciate the suggestion, which we find extremely valuable. Exploring the statistical relationships between chlorophyll-a concentrations and the metrics used in the study (at least FTLE) would help demonstrate more clearly and quantitatively the physical-biological coupling in the study area. For instance, computing the Pearson correlation coefficient between chlorophyll-a and FTLE over the study area could clarify this aspect and provide insights into the time lag between physical forcing and biological response.
Considering other biogeochemical variables would certainly offer a more systemic view of the study area; however, this might be better suited for a potential future study specifically dedicated to the biogeochemical dynamics of the Gulf of Gabès.
Wind Forcing Role:
Lacune: The paper acknowledges the potential role of wind forcing but doesn't analyze it in detail. Wind stress can significantly influence surface currents and mixing, potentially interacting with tidal effects.
Suggestion: Including a more detailed analysis of wind forcing (e.g., from reanalysis datasets or atmospheric models) would help to disentangle the relative contributions of wind and tides to the observed patterns.
The seasonal variability of wind stress at 10 m above the CGG surface layer from delayed ECMWF (1/8 deg ) winds data in 2022 is shown in the attached figure 1. The contribution of winds on CGG geostrophic patterns can be clearly observed in the reversed wind directions from winter (northwest-southeast) to spring/summer (east-west), while in fall the winds flow anticyclonically (the attached figure 1). The difference in flow direction as shown in Figures 6-9- can be related; (1) to wind stress, (2) the topography of the gulf (Figure 1 of the present manuscript) and/or (3) horizontal pressure force influenced by other atmospheric components could be other causes of the presence of the different seasonal geostrophic patterns shown in Figures 6-9.
Impact on Higher Trophic Levels:
**Lacune:**The study highlights the connection between physics and phytoplankton. Extending this to consider the potential impacts on higher trophic levels (e.g., zooplankton, fish) would enhance the ecological relevance of the findings.
**Suggestion:** Using the FTLE to predict zooplankton blooms and nutrients advections.
We sincerely appreciate your suggestion. This aspect is undoubtedly of significant interest and could be a valuable focus for a potential future study specifically dedicated to the biogeochemical dynamics of the Gulf of Gabès.
Model Validation:
Lacune: Although it is briefly mentioned that the model data have a section on quality information, there is no specific discussion of how well the model used reproduces the observed circulation features in the study area.
Suggestion: Add a section on model validation, comparing model outputs (SSH, currents) with available observations (e.g., altimetry, drifter data).
A comprehensive validation for the MEDSEA_ANALYSISFORECAST_PHY_006_013 (https://documentation.marine.copernicus.eu/QUID/CMEMS-MED-QUID-006-013.pdf) product is available through its Quality Information Document (QUID), in particular refer to pages 8–9. Please refer specifically to the metrics of Region 7, which includes our study area (see Figure 1 on page 7 of the QUID). Unfortunately, as shown in the QUID from Figure 16 on page 36, there are no available data from fixed stations in our study area through which to assess the model's performance in reproducing the observed circulation features in the Gulf of Gabès. However, the accuracy and robustness demonstrated by the CMEMS product at the basin scale suggests that the model's performance is likely satisfactory in our study area as well.
Furthermore, we added in the present manuscript a new figure 5 where we compared the geostrophic circulation between altimetry and model in 2022. A good satisfaction between the two results, and the model is able to reproduce the reality very well. As it has been generally found the model limitation is observed along the coastal areas of the Mediterranean sea where atmospheric forcing plays a fundamental role.
Limited Discussion of Anomalous Dispersion
Lacune: The paper touches upon previous studies which identified anomalous dispersion laws. It is not addressed in the result and discussions.
Suggestion: Calculate the absolute dispersion and assess the anomlous dispresion regimes in the study area.
The present study focuses particularly on the geostrophic circulation and tidal effect in the Gulf of Gabès. The presence of hyperbolic/elliptic regions were related to anomalous regimes as found in Bouzaiene et al, (2020, 2021): hyperbolic (5/4) and elliptic (5/3) regimes. In our study we found a dominance of hyperbolic regions. The statistical dispersion behaviours in the Gulf of Gabès under bloom and non bloom conditions are discussed in Bouzaiene, M., Menna, M., Dilmahamod, A. F., Delrosso, D., Simoncelli, S., and Fratianni, C.: Two-particle dispersion in the Gulf of Gabès using a high resolution nested ocean model , EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-11742, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-11742 (https://presentations.copernicus.org/EGU25/EGU25-11742_presentation.pdf).
Overall Assessment
The paper presents a valuable contribution to understanding the complex dynamics of the Gulf of Gabès. The identified "lacunes" are not necessarily flaws, but rather opportunities for future research to build upon the foundation established by this study. By addressing these gaps, a more complete and nuanced understanding of the interplay between tides, geostrophic circulation, and biogeochemical processes in this important region can be achieved.
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AC3: 'Reply on CC1', Maher Bouzaiene, 16 May 2025
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RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-3730', Anonymous Referee #2, 18 Apr 2025
The authors study surface circulation in Gulf of Gabes near Libyan coast in the Mediterranaen Sea. I was not familiar with this region even though I worked on several other regions in the Med domain. The study is conducted mainly using altimeter data. The primary original aspect of the study is that the effect of tides on FSLEs are studied. I was also not aware that tides were of any importance in the Med, but it seems this region has some of the largest tidal effects. The main conclusion of the study is that tidal effects increase the importance of hyperbolic regions, hence chaotic advection. I guess that it makes sense that moving around the hyperbolic region by tidal influences would do that.
I do not think that this is a major discovery, but the study region is probably undernalyzed and the study is well conducted. So for these reasons, I do not have a major objection to publication of this paper. It is good to have things documented in this way.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3730-RC2 - AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Maher Bouzaiene, 16 May 2025
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Maher Bouzaiene
Antonio Guarnieri
Damiano Delrosso
Ahmad F. Dilmahamod
Simona Simoncelli
Claudia Fratianni
The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
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Review of manuscript: Geostrophic circulation and tidal effects in the Gulf of Gabès by Bouzaiene et al
This study is about the ocean dynamics and kinematic properties of the Gulf of Gabès, with a focus on the influence of tides on circulation patterns and transport processes. The authors present very relevant research questions, and on an understudied region of the Mediterranean Sea. An interesting framework to investigating the tidal signals is presented too. While the study presents a well-motivated analysis, the manuscript would benefit from a clearer aim with more concrete objectives. This seems to be clear at the beginning, but the results need refining and cohesion. Additionally, even if the proposed framework and diagnostics are very interesting, certain methodological aspects require further justification and refinement, particularly regarding the choice of datasets, diagnostics and/or region of study one the research question is clearer. For example, if the idea is to focus more on the underlying dynamics that affect the phytoplankton blooms, things should be organised differently than if the main focus is on the impact of the tidal signal. I recommend that this manuscript be considered for publication, provided the authors restructure the study and address the following major concerns:
Major comments
Specific comments
L19: Add references here
L20: “region of relevant tides”: Add references. Moreover, as read later, it has relevant tides within the Mediterranean, but not compared to other regions globally. Please clarify text.
L24: Add reference
L54: “Two anomalous..”: This paragraph is not very clear to me, namely why do you refer to these 2 regimes as anomalous? With respect to what?
L59 “shared”: sheared?
L60: There is preprint on this topic in other region: Gomez-Navarro et al: https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10512397.5
L72: Not directly tides, but Barkan et al., (2017, 2021), mention impact of internal waves (signal increases significantly when tidal forcing present) on mesoscale eddies.
Other references not mentioned that could be relevant:
L73: “estimated as the balance of the Coriolis force and the horizontal pressure gradients” : maybe not necessary to include this here?
L82: Altimetry data
L90: Chlorophyll-a data
L94: In the introduction you mention the model has temporal resolution, but this detail not included here.
L96: “We have chosen year 2022 since at the time the dataset was processed it was the only complete year for the CMS system including tidal signal in the hydrodynamic model used.”: Related to general comment 4, if for the model data you were limited to year 2022, and given that the model includes data assimilation, why are the fields not compared to the altimetry fields during 2022 instead of the average of 30 years? (See major comment 3)
L99 “coupled hydrodynamic-wave model”: importance of being coupled with a wave model is not mentioned. This can also be affecting the geostrophic field as shown by other studies (Morales-Marquez et al 2023, Ruhs et al, 2025). Even if the focus here is on tides, I was expecting a mention to this important factor at least in the discussion.
L105: “from the MEDSEA_ANALYSISFORECAST_PHY_006_013 product SSH fields”: for clarity refer to this as model data including in brackets the product reference if you want, so that in L106 it does not seem that there 3 datasets
L106: “normalized”: with respect to ?? Later you specify that to f and cite plain et al 2023, but this should already be clear here.
L111: “he geostrophic equations as follows (Vigo et al., 2018a; 2018b)”: maybe other references are more relevant? if not include as e.g.
L112: “sea surface elevation”: specify (model SSH)
L121: “Where H denotes the sea level elevation”: so this is SSH too, i.e., ŋ? If so, please homegenize.
L122: Further details on the implementation of the deciding on the model data would be appreciated. For example to clarify the impact (if any) of the choice of parameter(s) in the detided result.
L126: “sub-mesoscale, mesoscale, filaments, eddies and fronts activity”: concepts mixed, please clarify
L127: The mentioned normalised vorticity would not be equivalent to the Rossby number? There is no mention of it and no references with respect to the order of magnitudes implying a mesoscale or submesoscale driven circulation, e.g. Thomas et al, (2008). Moreover, in this article they mention that for mesoscale Ro <<1 and O(1) for the submesoscale.
L140: Q* is supposed to be normalized by f too? Then in eq. (6) you use S* and ζ*?
L145: Space missing after comma
L149: “S is normalized by f to identify the sheared and/or stretched regions:” why need to normalize to show these regions?
The Finite Time Lyapunov Exponents
L180: A 2D bathymetry figure could be used to compare the figures shown in the results where impact of bathymetry mentioned.
L190: Fig. 2 (top), and other figures showing currents should be bigger or refined to see better the circulation patterns mentioned in the discussion of the results.
L200: GGSD area could be shown in fig. 2, but difference in domain shown for altimetry and model data is confusing. Limitation mentioned here clear, but then why not same domain used for model data as for the altimetry results shown in fig. 2?
L203: Are these averages also removed from the altimetry data?
L205: Therefore, only model data really used to assess effect of tides? Makes it confusing then as to why altimetry data then used in this study.
L220: this could go in the methods section were the FTLEs are described.
L265: Some of these details could go in the introduction.
L271: Can you give more details on this agreement?
L285: Maybe missing something but not very clear for me in figure 5. Please give more details.
L290: Some of the circulation patterns (for example cyclonic circulation in the mentioned cases) not very clear, maybe improvement of figure can help. Also colorer in last 2 rows might need to be adjusted?
L308: “absence of tidal forcing”, would actually be without tidal signal not tidal forcing as detided. See major comment 2.
L314: Maybe you can support this theory with wind data? Maybe the atmospheric forcing data used for the model?
L325: How is the PDF obtained? What is the sensitivity of the skewness and kurtosis values to this?
L330: Maybe adding a grid on the plot and having all x-axis alike can help make results clearer
L336: “The first case”: ??
L343: Application mentioned is very interesting, but the connection with previous results not so clear. Also the connection between FTLE and Chl-a plots a bit hard to understand. This last part needs improvement.
L515: Here year of publication put at end, check that formatting of references is consistent.